Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ruhsal Hastalıklar ve Damgalama Üzerine Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2022, , 545 - 554, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1069845

Öz

Damgalama kavramı, birçok araştırmaya konu olmuş evrensel bir sorundur. Psikiyatrik hastalıklarda damgalama olgusu da özellikle üzerinde durulması gereken bir konudur. Yapılan araştırmalar damgalamaya en çok maruz kalan tanı gruplarının psikotik bozukluklar, bipolar bozukluklar, depresif bozukluklar, kaygı bozuklukları, madde kullanım bozuklukları olduğunu bildirmektedir. Damgalama sürecini özellikle psikiyatrik hastalıkların klinik özellikleri ve toplumun psikiyatrik hastalıkların nedenlerine yönelik atıfları şekillendirmektedir. Damgalamayı önlemek amacıyla geliştirilecek müdahalelerin etkili olması için önce damgalamaya sebep olan nedenlerin anlaşılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada psikiyatrik hastalık türlerine göre damgalanma süreçlerinin ayrı ayrı gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah T, Brown TL (2011) Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:934-948.
  • Alonso J, Buron A, Bruffaerts R, He Y, Posada‐Villa J, Lepine JP et al. (2008) Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 118:305-314.
  • Amsalem D, Markowitz JC, Jankowski S, Yang LH, Valeri L, Lieff SA et al. (2021) Sustained effect of a brief video in reducing stigma towards individuals with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial of young adults. Am J Psychiatry, 178:635-642.
  • Amsalem D, Martin A (2022). Reducing depression‐related stigma and increasing treatment seeking among adolescents: randomized controlled trial of a brief video intervention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 63:210-217.
  • Amsalem D, Yang LH, Jankowski S, Lieff SA, Markowitz JC, Dixon LB (2020) Reducing stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia using a brief video: A randomized controlled trial of young adults. Schizophr Bull, 46:7-14.
  • Arıkan Z, Genç Y, Etik Ç, Aslan S, Parlak İ (2004) Alkol ve diğer madde bağımlılıklarında hastalar ve yakınlarında etiketleme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 5:3-7.
  • Arkar H, Eker D (1992) Influence of having a hospitalized mentally ill member In the family on attitudes toward mental patients in Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol, 27:151-155.
  • Aromaa E, Tolvanen A, Tuulari J, Wahlbeck K (2011) Personal stigma and use of mental health services among people with depression in a general population in Finland. BMC Psychiatry, 11:1-6.
  • Arslantaş H, Gültekin KB, Söylemez A, Dereboy F (2010) Bir üniversite hastanesi psikiyatri polikliniğine ilk kez başvuran hastaların damgalamayla ilgili inanç, tutum ve davranışları. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 11:11-17.
  • Avcil C, Bulut H, Sayar GH (2016) Psikiyatrik hastalıklar ve damgalama. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2:175-202.
  • Ay P, Save D, Fidanoğlu O (2006) Does stigma concerning mental disorders differ through medical education?. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol, 41:63-67.
  • Aydemir Ö (2004) Bipolar bozukluğa yönelik tutumlar ve damgalama. 3P (Psikoloji, Psikiyatri, Psikofarmakoloji) Dergisi, 12:61-64.
  • Barney LJ, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF, Christensen H (2006) Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 40:51-54.
  • Batterham PJ, Griffiths KM, Barney LJ, Parsons A (2013) Predictors of generalized anxiety disorder stigma. Psychiatry Res, 206:282-286.
  • Benkert O, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hillert A, Sandmann J, Ehmig SC, Weissbecker H et al. (1997) Public opinion on psychotropic drugs: an analysis of the factors influencing acceptance or rejection. J Nerv Ment Dis, 185:151-158.
  • Bilge A, Çam O (2010) Ruhsal hastalığa yönelik damgalama ile mücadele. TAF Prev Med Bull, 9:71-78.
  • Blascovich J, Mendes WB, Hunter SB, Lickel B, Kowai-Bell N (2001) Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. J Pers Soc Psychol, 80:253-267.
  • Brohan E, Slade M, Clement S, Thornicroft G (2010) Experiences of mental illness stigma, prejudice and discrimination: a review of measures. BMC Health Serv Res, 10:1-11.
  • Can G (2012) Madde bağımlılığı tanısı alan bireylerin sosyal işlevsellik ve içselleştirilmiş damgalanma düzeyleri (Yüksek lisans tezi). Gaziantep, Gaziantep Üniversitesi.
  • Chung KF, Chen EYH, Lui CSM (2001) University students attitudes towards mental patients and psychiatric treatment. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47:63-72.
  • Collins RL, Wong EC, Cerully JL, Shults D, Eberhart NK (2013) Interventions to reduce mental health stigma and discrimination: a literature review to guide evaluation of California's mental health prevention and early intervention initiative. Rand Health Q, 2:3-48.
  • Coppens E, Van-Audenhove C, Scheerder G, Arensman E, Coffey C, Costa, S et al. (2013) Public attitudes toward depression and help-seeking in four European countries baseline survey prior to the OSPI-Europe intervention. J Affect Disord, 150:320-329.
  • Corrigan PW (2000) Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7:48-67.
  • Corrigan PW, Kerr A, Knudsen L (2005a) The stigma of mental illness: explanatory models and methods for change. Appl Prev Psychol, 11:179-190.
  • Corrigan PW, Michaels PJ, Vega E, Gause M, Larson J, Krzyzanowski R et al. (2014) Key ingredients to contact-based stigma change: A cross-validation. Psychiatr Rehabil J, 37:62-64.
  • Corrigan PW, Penn DL (1999) Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. Am Psychol, 54:765-776.
  • Corrigan PW, River LP, Lundin RK, Penn DL, Uphoff-Wasowski K, Campion J et al. (2001) Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophr Bull, 27:187-195.
  • Corrigan PW, Vega E, Larson J, Michaels PJ, McClintock G, Krzyzanowski R et al. (2013) The California schedule of key ingredients for contact-based antistigma programs. Psychiatr Rehabil J, 36:173-179.
  • Corrigan PW, Watson A, Barr L (2006) The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25:875-884.
  • Corrigan PW, Watson A, Heyrman M, Warpinski A, Gracia G, Slopen N et al. (2005b) Structural stigma in state legislation. Psychiatr Serv, 56:557-563.
  • Crisp AH, Gelder MG, Rix S, Meltzer HI, Rowlands OJ (2000) Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. Br J Psychiatry, 177:4-7.
  • Çam O, Bilge A (2007) Ruh hastalığına yönelik inanç ve tutumlar. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 8:215-223.
  • Çam O, Bilge A (2013) Türkiye’de ruhsal hastalığa/hastaya yönelik inanç, tutum ve damgalama süreci: Sistematik derleme. J Psy Nurs, 4:91-101.
  • Çam O, Bilge A, Engin E, Baykal-Akmeşe Z, Öztürk-Turgut E, Çakır N (2014) Muhtarlara verilen ruhsal hastalığa yönelik damgalama ile mücadele eğitiminin etkililiğinin araştırılması. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 5:129-136.
  • Çam O, Çuhadar D (2013) Bipolar bozukluğu olan hastalarda işlevsellik düzeyi ve içselleştirilmiş damgalama arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2:230-246.
  • Davies MR (2000) The stigma of anxiety disorders. Int J Clin Pract, 54:44-47.
  • De las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ (2007) Attitudes toward psychiatric drug treatment: the experience of being treated. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 63:1063-1067.
  • Demirören M, Şenol Y, Aytuğ-Koşan AM, Saka MC (2015) Tıp eğitiminde ruhsal bozukluklara karşı damgalama eğitimi gereksiniminin değerlendirilmesi: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşım. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 16:22-29.
  • Dietrich S, Beck M, Bujantugs B, Kenzine D, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2004) The relationship between public causal beliefs and social distance toward mentally ill people. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 38:348-354.
  • Doğanavşargil-Baysal GÖ (2010) Şizofreni ve depresyonda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve yaşam kalitesi (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
  • Doğanavşargil-Baysal GÖ (2013) Damgalanma ve ruh sağlığı. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 22:239-251.
  • Duman-Çetinkaya Z, Bademli K (2013) Kronik psikiyatri hastalarının aileleri: sistematik bir inceleme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5:78-94.
  • Duman-Çetinkaya Z, Partlak-Günüşen N (2017) Effects of the psychiatric nursing course on students' attitudes towards mental ıllnesses, perceptions of psychiatric nursing and career choices. J Nurs Res, 9:255-264.
  • Eker D (1989) Attitudes toward mental illness: recognition, desired social distance, expected burden and negative influence on mental health among Turkish freshmen. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 24:146-150.
  • Gazalle FK, Frey BN, Hallal PC, Andreazza AC, Cunha ABM, Santin A et al. (2007) Mismatch between self-reported quality of life and functional assessment in acute mania: a matter of unawareness of illness?. J Affect Disord, 103:247-252.
  • Goffman E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (1990) Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Gökmen BD, Okanlı A (2017) Özel bakım merkezlerinde çalışan bakım elemanlarına verilen psikoeğitimin şizofreniye yönelik bilgi, tutum ve yaklaşımlarına etkisi. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 14:264-274.
  • Göktaş S, Işıklı B, Önsüz MF, Yenilmez Ç, Metintaş S (2020) Depresyon Damgalama Ölçeği’nin (DDÖ) Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9:9-15.
  • Grant JB, Bruce CP, Batterham PJ (2016) Predictors of personal, perceived and self-stigma towards anxiety and depression. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 25:247-254.
  • Gronholm PC, Thornicroft G, Laurens KR, Evans-Lacko S (2017) Mental health-related stigma and pathways to care for people at risk of psychotic disorders or experiencing first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Psychol Med, 47:1867-1879.
  • Işık I, Savaş G, Kılıç N (2019) Şizofreni hastalığına sahip bireylerin çalışma hayatı konusunda yaşadıkları güçlükler. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (3):399-408.
  • Janouskova M, Tuskova E, Weissova A, Trancik P, Pasz J, Evans-Lacko S et al. (2017) Can video interventions be used to effectively destigmatize mental illness among young people? A systematic review. Eur Psychiatry, 41:1-9.
  • Janulis P, Ferrari JR, Fowler P (2013) Understanding public stigma toward substance dependence. J Appl Soc Psychol, 43:1065-1072.
  • Jorm AF, Korten AE, Jacomb PA (1997) Helpfulness of interventions for mental disorder: beliefs of health professionals compared with the general public. Br J Psychiatry, 171:233-237.
  • Kanaak S, Modgill G, Patten SB (2014) Key ıngredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: a data synthesis of evaluative studies. Can J Psychiatry, 59:19-26.
  • Kaya C (2017) Depresyon tanısı almış yatan hastaların ve madde bağımlılığı tanısı almış yatan hastaların sosyal damgalanma açısından incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi.
  • Kaya-Yüksel Z (2015) Bonzai bağımlılarında içselleştirilmiş damgalanma, sözel bellek ve görsel mekansal işlevlerin incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). İstanbul, Haliç Üniversitesi.
  • Kocabaşoğlu N, Aliustaoğlu S (2003) Stigmatizasyon. Yeni Symposium, 41:190-192.
  • Koike S, Yamaguchi S, Ojio Y, Ohta K, Shimada T, Watanabe K et al. (2018) A randomised controlled trial of repeated filmed social contact on reducing mental illness-related stigma in young adults. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 27:199-208.
  • Kök H, Demir S (2018) Şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluğu olan hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma, benlik saygısı ve algılanan sosyal destek. Cukurova Medical Journal, 43:99-106.
  • Lee S (2002) The stigma of schizophrenia: a transcultural problem. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 15:37-41.
  • Link BG, Phelan JC (2001) Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol, 27:363-385.
  • Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC (2002) On describing and seeking to change the experience of stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6:20l-231.
  • Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY (2004) Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophr Bull, 30:511-541.
  • Livingston JD, Boyd JE (2010) Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sos Sci Med, 71:2150-2161.
  • Lolich M, Vazquez G, Leiderman EA (2010) First psychotic episode in BD: Clinical differentiation and functional impact in an Argentinean national sample. Vertex, 21:418-427.
  • Luoma JB, Nobles RH, Drake CE, Hayes SC, O’Hair A, Fletcher L et al. (2013) Self-stigma in substance abuse: Development of a new measure. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 35:223-234.
  • Luoma JB, Twohig MP, Waltz T, Hayes SC, Roget N, Padilla M et al. (2007) An investigation of stigma in individuals receiving treatment for substance abuse. J Behav Addict, 32:1331-1346.
  • Manzo JF (2004) On the sociology and social organization of stigma: some ethnomethodological insights. Human Studies, 27:401-416.
  • Marcussen K, Ritter C, Munetz RM (2010) The effect of services and stigma on quality of life for persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv, 61:489-494.
  • Martin J, Pescosolido B, Tuch S (2000) Of fear and loathing: The role of "disturbing behavior," labels, and causal attributions in shaping public attitudes toward people with mental illness. J Health Soc Behav, 41:208-223.
  • Myers DG, Dewall CN (2016) Psikoloji (Çeviri Ed. A Durak-Batıgün). Ankara. Palme Yayıncılık.
  • Norman RM, Windell D, Lynch J, Manchanda R (2011) Parsing the relationship of stigma and insight to psychological well-being in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res, 133:3-7.
  • Ociskova M, Prasko J, Sedlackova Z (2013) Stigma and self-stigma in patients with anxiety disorders. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 55:12-18.
  • Ong HC, Ibrahim N, Wahab S (2016) Psychological distress, perceived stigma, and coping among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 9:211-218.
  • Oral TE, Şahin Ş, Akman B, Verimli A (2002) İki uçlu duygudurum bozukluğu olan hastalarda tedaviye uyum: “Farz edelim ki, şeker hastasısın.” demek yeterli mi?. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 3:212-222.
  • Ögel K (2004) Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluklarına yönelik tutumlar ve damgalama. 3P (Psikoloji, Psikiyatri, Psikofarmakoloji) Dergisi, 12:71-76.
  • Özmen E, Ögel K, Aker T, Sağduyu A, Tamar D, Boratav C (2004a) Public attitudes to depression in urban Turkey: The influence of perceptions and causal attributions on social distance towards individuals suffering from depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39:1010–1016.
  • Özmen E, Taşkın EO, Özmen D, Demet MM (2004b) Which psychiatric label is more stigmatizating?: “ruhsal hastalık" or “akıl hastalığı". Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 15:47-55.
  • Özmen S, Erdem R (2018) Damgalamanın kavramsal çerçevesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23:185-208.
  • Park SG, Bennett ME, Couture SM, Blanchard JJ (2013) Internalized stigma in schizophrenia: Relations with dysfunctional attitudes, symptoms, and quality of life. Psychiatry Res, 205:43-47.
  • Patrick W, Corrigan AMY, Watson C (2002) Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1:16-20.
  • Penn DL, Kommana S, Mansfield M, Link BG (1999) Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: II. The impact of information on dangerousness. Schizophr Bull, 25:437-446.
  • Pinfold V, Huxley P, Thornicort G, Farmer P, Toulmin H, Graham T (2003) Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 38:337-344.
  • Pinfold V, Thornicort G, Huxley P, Farmer P (2005) Active ingredients in anti-stigma programmes in mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry, 17:123-131.
  • Pinto-Foltz MD, Logsdon MC (2009) Reducing stigma related to mental disorders: initiatives, interventions, and recommendations for nursing. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 23:32-40.
  • Pyne J, Kuc E, Schroeder P, Fortney J, Edlund M, Sullivan G (2004) Relationship between perceived stigma and depression severity. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192:278-283.
  • Rasinski KA, Woll P, Cooke A (2005) On the stigma of mental illness: practical strategies for research and social change. Stigma and substance use disorders ( Ed PW Corrigan):219-236. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Rüsch N, Corrigan PW, Wassel A, Michaels P, Olschewski M, Wilkniss S et al. (2009) Ingroup perception and responses to stigma among persons with mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 120:320-328.
  • Sağduyu A, Aker T, Özmen E, Ögel K, Tamar D (2001) Halkın şizofreniye bakışı ve yaklaşımı üzerine bir epidemiyolojik araştırma. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 12:99-110.
  • Saillard EK (2010) Ruhsal hastalara yönelik damgalamaya ilişkin psikiyatrist görüşleri ve öneriler. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 21:14-24.
  • Sajatovic M, Biswas K, Kilbourne AK, Fenn H, Williford W, Bauer MS (2008) Factors associated with prospective long-term treatment adherence among individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv, 59:753-759.
  • Sartorius N, Gaebel W, Cleveland HR, Stuart H, Akiyama T, Arboleda-Florez J (2010) Psikiyatri ve psikiyatristlerin damgalanması ile nasıl mücadele edileceği üzerine WPA kılavuzu. World Psychiatry, 9:131-144.
  • Sayce L (1998) Stigma, discrimination and social exclusion: What's in a word?. J Ment Health, 7:331-343.
  • Schulze B, Angermeyer MC (2003) Subjective experienced of stigma. A focus group study of schizoprenic patients, their relatives and mental health profesionals. Soc Sci Med, 56:299-312.
  • Schulze B, Richter Werling M, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2003) Crazy? So what! Effects of a school project on students' attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 107:142-150.
  • Sevindik CS, Özer ÖA, Kolat U, Önem R (2014) Major depresif bozukluğu veya psikotik bozukluğu bulunan hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve işlevsellik üzerine etkisi. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul, 48:198-207.
  • Stone AM, Merlo LJ (2010) Attitudes of college students toward mental illness stigma and the misuse of psychiatric medications. J Clin Psychiatry, 72:134-139.
  • Stuart H, Arboleda-Florez J (2012) A public health perspective on the stigmatization of mental illnesses. Public Health Rev, 34:1-18.
  • Taşkın EO (2004) Şizofreniye yönelik tutumlar ve damgalama. 3P (Psikoloji, Psikiyatri, Psikofarmakoloji) Dergisi, 12:41-50.
  • Taşkın EO (2007) İçselleştirilmiş damga ve damgalanma algısı. Stigma, Ruhsal Hastalıklara Yönelik Tutumlar ve Damgalama, 1. Baskı:31-40. Ankara, Meta Basım Matbaacılık.
  • Taşkın EO, Özmen D, Özmen E, Demet MM (2003) Sağlık yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin şizofreni ile ilgili tutumları. Noro Psikiyatr Ars, 40:5-12.
  • Taşkın EO, Şen FS, Aydemir Ö, Demet MM, Özmen E, İçelli İ (2002) Türkiye’de kırsal bir bölgede yaşayan halkın şizofreniye ilişkin tutumları. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 13:205-214.
  • Thornicroft G (2014) Toplumun Reddettiği Ruhsal Hastalığı Olan İnsanlara Karşı Ayrımcılık (Çeviri Ed. H Soygür). Ankara, Şizofreni Dernekleri Federasyonu.
  • Thornicroft G, Mehta N, Clement S, Evans-Lacko S, Doherty M, Rose D et al. (2016) Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination. Lancet, 387:1123-1132.
  • Trute B, Tefft B, Segall A (1989) Social rejection of the mentally ill: A replication study of public attitude. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 24:69-76.
  • Üçok A (2003) Şizofreni hastası neden damgalanır?. Klinik Psikiyatri, Ek 1:3-8.
  • Üstündağ MF, Kesebir S (2013) İki uçlu bozuklukta içselleştirilmiş damgalanma: Klinik özellikler, yaşam kalitesi ve tedaviye uyum ile ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 24:1-9.
  • Yanos PT, Roe D, Markus K, Lysaker PH (2008) Pathways between internalized stigma and outcomes related to recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatr Serv, 59:1437-1442.
  • Yıldız M, Özten E, Işık S, Özyıldırım İ, Karayün D, Cerit C et al. (2012) Şizofreni hastaları, hasta yakınları ve majör depresif bozukluk hastalarında kendini damgalama. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 13:1-7.
  • Yüksel FT, Karataş B, Saygılı E, Çolak A (2018) Şizofreni ve medya: Damgalamanın önlenmesi. Sosyal Hizmet, 1:14-22.
  • Weiner B (1980) A cognitive (attribution)-emotion-action model of motivated behavior: An analysis of judgements of help-giving. J Pers Soc Psychol, 39:186-200.
  • Weiner B, Graham S, Chandler C (1982) Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 8:226-232.
  • Weiner B, Perry RP, Magnusson J (1988) An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Pers Soc Psychol, 55:738-748.
  • West K, Hewstone M, Lolliot S (2014) Intergroup contact and prejudice against people with schizophrenia. J Soc Psychol, 154:217-232.
  • Wolpert L (2001) Stigma of depression–a personal view. Br Med Bull, 57:221-224.

A Review on Mental Illness and Stigma

Yıl 2022, , 545 - 554, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1069845

Öz

The concept of stigma is a universal problem that has been the subject of many studies. The phenomenon of stigmatization in psychiatric disorders is also an issue that should be particularly emphasized. Studies have reported that the diagnostic groups most exposed to stigmatization are psychotic disorders, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. The stigma process is shaped especially by the clinical features of psychiatric disorders and the society’s attributions to the causes of psychiatric disorders. IIn order for interventions to be developed to prevent stigmatization to be effective, the causes of stigmatization must first be understood.. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to review the stigmatization processes separately according to the types of psychiatric disorders.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah T, Brown TL (2011) Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:934-948.
  • Alonso J, Buron A, Bruffaerts R, He Y, Posada‐Villa J, Lepine JP et al. (2008) Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 118:305-314.
  • Amsalem D, Markowitz JC, Jankowski S, Yang LH, Valeri L, Lieff SA et al. (2021) Sustained effect of a brief video in reducing stigma towards individuals with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial of young adults. Am J Psychiatry, 178:635-642.
  • Amsalem D, Martin A (2022). Reducing depression‐related stigma and increasing treatment seeking among adolescents: randomized controlled trial of a brief video intervention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 63:210-217.
  • Amsalem D, Yang LH, Jankowski S, Lieff SA, Markowitz JC, Dixon LB (2020) Reducing stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia using a brief video: A randomized controlled trial of young adults. Schizophr Bull, 46:7-14.
  • Arıkan Z, Genç Y, Etik Ç, Aslan S, Parlak İ (2004) Alkol ve diğer madde bağımlılıklarında hastalar ve yakınlarında etiketleme. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 5:3-7.
  • Arkar H, Eker D (1992) Influence of having a hospitalized mentally ill member In the family on attitudes toward mental patients in Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol, 27:151-155.
  • Aromaa E, Tolvanen A, Tuulari J, Wahlbeck K (2011) Personal stigma and use of mental health services among people with depression in a general population in Finland. BMC Psychiatry, 11:1-6.
  • Arslantaş H, Gültekin KB, Söylemez A, Dereboy F (2010) Bir üniversite hastanesi psikiyatri polikliniğine ilk kez başvuran hastaların damgalamayla ilgili inanç, tutum ve davranışları. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 11:11-17.
  • Avcil C, Bulut H, Sayar GH (2016) Psikiyatrik hastalıklar ve damgalama. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2:175-202.
  • Ay P, Save D, Fidanoğlu O (2006) Does stigma concerning mental disorders differ through medical education?. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol, 41:63-67.
  • Aydemir Ö (2004) Bipolar bozukluğa yönelik tutumlar ve damgalama. 3P (Psikoloji, Psikiyatri, Psikofarmakoloji) Dergisi, 12:61-64.
  • Barney LJ, Griffiths KM, Jorm AF, Christensen H (2006) Stigma about depression and its impact on help-seeking intentions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 40:51-54.
  • Batterham PJ, Griffiths KM, Barney LJ, Parsons A (2013) Predictors of generalized anxiety disorder stigma. Psychiatry Res, 206:282-286.
  • Benkert O, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hillert A, Sandmann J, Ehmig SC, Weissbecker H et al. (1997) Public opinion on psychotropic drugs: an analysis of the factors influencing acceptance or rejection. J Nerv Ment Dis, 185:151-158.
  • Bilge A, Çam O (2010) Ruhsal hastalığa yönelik damgalama ile mücadele. TAF Prev Med Bull, 9:71-78.
  • Blascovich J, Mendes WB, Hunter SB, Lickel B, Kowai-Bell N (2001) Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. J Pers Soc Psychol, 80:253-267.
  • Brohan E, Slade M, Clement S, Thornicroft G (2010) Experiences of mental illness stigma, prejudice and discrimination: a review of measures. BMC Health Serv Res, 10:1-11.
  • Can G (2012) Madde bağımlılığı tanısı alan bireylerin sosyal işlevsellik ve içselleştirilmiş damgalanma düzeyleri (Yüksek lisans tezi). Gaziantep, Gaziantep Üniversitesi.
  • Chung KF, Chen EYH, Lui CSM (2001) University students attitudes towards mental patients and psychiatric treatment. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 47:63-72.
  • Collins RL, Wong EC, Cerully JL, Shults D, Eberhart NK (2013) Interventions to reduce mental health stigma and discrimination: a literature review to guide evaluation of California's mental health prevention and early intervention initiative. Rand Health Q, 2:3-48.
  • Coppens E, Van-Audenhove C, Scheerder G, Arensman E, Coffey C, Costa, S et al. (2013) Public attitudes toward depression and help-seeking in four European countries baseline survey prior to the OSPI-Europe intervention. J Affect Disord, 150:320-329.
  • Corrigan PW (2000) Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7:48-67.
  • Corrigan PW, Kerr A, Knudsen L (2005a) The stigma of mental illness: explanatory models and methods for change. Appl Prev Psychol, 11:179-190.
  • Corrigan PW, Michaels PJ, Vega E, Gause M, Larson J, Krzyzanowski R et al. (2014) Key ingredients to contact-based stigma change: A cross-validation. Psychiatr Rehabil J, 37:62-64.
  • Corrigan PW, Penn DL (1999) Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. Am Psychol, 54:765-776.
  • Corrigan PW, River LP, Lundin RK, Penn DL, Uphoff-Wasowski K, Campion J et al. (2001) Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophr Bull, 27:187-195.
  • Corrigan PW, Vega E, Larson J, Michaels PJ, McClintock G, Krzyzanowski R et al. (2013) The California schedule of key ingredients for contact-based antistigma programs. Psychiatr Rehabil J, 36:173-179.
  • Corrigan PW, Watson A, Barr L (2006) The self-stigma of mental illness: implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25:875-884.
  • Corrigan PW, Watson A, Heyrman M, Warpinski A, Gracia G, Slopen N et al. (2005b) Structural stigma in state legislation. Psychiatr Serv, 56:557-563.
  • Crisp AH, Gelder MG, Rix S, Meltzer HI, Rowlands OJ (2000) Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. Br J Psychiatry, 177:4-7.
  • Çam O, Bilge A (2007) Ruh hastalığına yönelik inanç ve tutumlar. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 8:215-223.
  • Çam O, Bilge A (2013) Türkiye’de ruhsal hastalığa/hastaya yönelik inanç, tutum ve damgalama süreci: Sistematik derleme. J Psy Nurs, 4:91-101.
  • Çam O, Bilge A, Engin E, Baykal-Akmeşe Z, Öztürk-Turgut E, Çakır N (2014) Muhtarlara verilen ruhsal hastalığa yönelik damgalama ile mücadele eğitiminin etkililiğinin araştırılması. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 5:129-136.
  • Çam O, Çuhadar D (2013) Bipolar bozukluğu olan hastalarda işlevsellik düzeyi ve içselleştirilmiş damgalama arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 2:230-246.
  • Davies MR (2000) The stigma of anxiety disorders. Int J Clin Pract, 54:44-47.
  • De las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ (2007) Attitudes toward psychiatric drug treatment: the experience of being treated. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 63:1063-1067.
  • Demirören M, Şenol Y, Aytuğ-Koşan AM, Saka MC (2015) Tıp eğitiminde ruhsal bozukluklara karşı damgalama eğitimi gereksiniminin değerlendirilmesi: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşım. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 16:22-29.
  • Dietrich S, Beck M, Bujantugs B, Kenzine D, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2004) The relationship between public causal beliefs and social distance toward mentally ill people. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 38:348-354.
  • Doğanavşargil-Baysal GÖ (2010) Şizofreni ve depresyonda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve yaşam kalitesi (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
  • Doğanavşargil-Baysal GÖ (2013) Damgalanma ve ruh sağlığı. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 22:239-251.
  • Duman-Çetinkaya Z, Bademli K (2013) Kronik psikiyatri hastalarının aileleri: sistematik bir inceleme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5:78-94.
  • Duman-Çetinkaya Z, Partlak-Günüşen N (2017) Effects of the psychiatric nursing course on students' attitudes towards mental ıllnesses, perceptions of psychiatric nursing and career choices. J Nurs Res, 9:255-264.
  • Eker D (1989) Attitudes toward mental illness: recognition, desired social distance, expected burden and negative influence on mental health among Turkish freshmen. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 24:146-150.
  • Gazalle FK, Frey BN, Hallal PC, Andreazza AC, Cunha ABM, Santin A et al. (2007) Mismatch between self-reported quality of life and functional assessment in acute mania: a matter of unawareness of illness?. J Affect Disord, 103:247-252.
  • Goffman E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Goodwin FK, Jamison KR (1990) Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Gökmen BD, Okanlı A (2017) Özel bakım merkezlerinde çalışan bakım elemanlarına verilen psikoeğitimin şizofreniye yönelik bilgi, tutum ve yaklaşımlarına etkisi. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 14:264-274.
  • Göktaş S, Işıklı B, Önsüz MF, Yenilmez Ç, Metintaş S (2020) Depresyon Damgalama Ölçeği’nin (DDÖ) Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9:9-15.
  • Grant JB, Bruce CP, Batterham PJ (2016) Predictors of personal, perceived and self-stigma towards anxiety and depression. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 25:247-254.
  • Gronholm PC, Thornicroft G, Laurens KR, Evans-Lacko S (2017) Mental health-related stigma and pathways to care for people at risk of psychotic disorders or experiencing first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Psychol Med, 47:1867-1879.
  • Işık I, Savaş G, Kılıç N (2019) Şizofreni hastalığına sahip bireylerin çalışma hayatı konusunda yaşadıkları güçlükler. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (3):399-408.
  • Janouskova M, Tuskova E, Weissova A, Trancik P, Pasz J, Evans-Lacko S et al. (2017) Can video interventions be used to effectively destigmatize mental illness among young people? A systematic review. Eur Psychiatry, 41:1-9.
  • Janulis P, Ferrari JR, Fowler P (2013) Understanding public stigma toward substance dependence. J Appl Soc Psychol, 43:1065-1072.
  • Jorm AF, Korten AE, Jacomb PA (1997) Helpfulness of interventions for mental disorder: beliefs of health professionals compared with the general public. Br J Psychiatry, 171:233-237.
  • Kanaak S, Modgill G, Patten SB (2014) Key ıngredients of anti-stigma programs for health care providers: a data synthesis of evaluative studies. Can J Psychiatry, 59:19-26.
  • Kaya C (2017) Depresyon tanısı almış yatan hastaların ve madde bağımlılığı tanısı almış yatan hastaların sosyal damgalanma açısından incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi.
  • Kaya-Yüksel Z (2015) Bonzai bağımlılarında içselleştirilmiş damgalanma, sözel bellek ve görsel mekansal işlevlerin incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). İstanbul, Haliç Üniversitesi.
  • Kocabaşoğlu N, Aliustaoğlu S (2003) Stigmatizasyon. Yeni Symposium, 41:190-192.
  • Koike S, Yamaguchi S, Ojio Y, Ohta K, Shimada T, Watanabe K et al. (2018) A randomised controlled trial of repeated filmed social contact on reducing mental illness-related stigma in young adults. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci, 27:199-208.
  • Kök H, Demir S (2018) Şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluğu olan hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma, benlik saygısı ve algılanan sosyal destek. Cukurova Medical Journal, 43:99-106.
  • Lee S (2002) The stigma of schizophrenia: a transcultural problem. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 15:37-41.
  • Link BG, Phelan JC (2001) Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol, 27:363-385.
  • Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC (2002) On describing and seeking to change the experience of stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills, 6:20l-231.
  • Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY (2004) Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophr Bull, 30:511-541.
  • Livingston JD, Boyd JE (2010) Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sos Sci Med, 71:2150-2161.
  • Lolich M, Vazquez G, Leiderman EA (2010) First psychotic episode in BD: Clinical differentiation and functional impact in an Argentinean national sample. Vertex, 21:418-427.
  • Luoma JB, Nobles RH, Drake CE, Hayes SC, O’Hair A, Fletcher L et al. (2013) Self-stigma in substance abuse: Development of a new measure. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 35:223-234.
  • Luoma JB, Twohig MP, Waltz T, Hayes SC, Roget N, Padilla M et al. (2007) An investigation of stigma in individuals receiving treatment for substance abuse. J Behav Addict, 32:1331-1346.
  • Manzo JF (2004) On the sociology and social organization of stigma: some ethnomethodological insights. Human Studies, 27:401-416.
  • Marcussen K, Ritter C, Munetz RM (2010) The effect of services and stigma on quality of life for persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv, 61:489-494.
  • Martin J, Pescosolido B, Tuch S (2000) Of fear and loathing: The role of "disturbing behavior," labels, and causal attributions in shaping public attitudes toward people with mental illness. J Health Soc Behav, 41:208-223.
  • Myers DG, Dewall CN (2016) Psikoloji (Çeviri Ed. A Durak-Batıgün). Ankara. Palme Yayıncılık.
  • Norman RM, Windell D, Lynch J, Manchanda R (2011) Parsing the relationship of stigma and insight to psychological well-being in psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res, 133:3-7.
  • Ociskova M, Prasko J, Sedlackova Z (2013) Stigma and self-stigma in patients with anxiety disorders. Activitas Nervosa Superior Rediviva, 55:12-18.
  • Ong HC, Ibrahim N, Wahab S (2016) Psychological distress, perceived stigma, and coping among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 9:211-218.
  • Oral TE, Şahin Ş, Akman B, Verimli A (2002) İki uçlu duygudurum bozukluğu olan hastalarda tedaviye uyum: “Farz edelim ki, şeker hastasısın.” demek yeterli mi?. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 3:212-222.
  • Ögel K (2004) Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluklarına yönelik tutumlar ve damgalama. 3P (Psikoloji, Psikiyatri, Psikofarmakoloji) Dergisi, 12:71-76.
  • Özmen E, Ögel K, Aker T, Sağduyu A, Tamar D, Boratav C (2004a) Public attitudes to depression in urban Turkey: The influence of perceptions and causal attributions on social distance towards individuals suffering from depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39:1010–1016.
  • Özmen E, Taşkın EO, Özmen D, Demet MM (2004b) Which psychiatric label is more stigmatizating?: “ruhsal hastalık" or “akıl hastalığı". Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 15:47-55.
  • Özmen S, Erdem R (2018) Damgalamanın kavramsal çerçevesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23:185-208.
  • Park SG, Bennett ME, Couture SM, Blanchard JJ (2013) Internalized stigma in schizophrenia: Relations with dysfunctional attitudes, symptoms, and quality of life. Psychiatry Res, 205:43-47.
  • Patrick W, Corrigan AMY, Watson C (2002) Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1:16-20.
  • Penn DL, Kommana S, Mansfield M, Link BG (1999) Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: II. The impact of information on dangerousness. Schizophr Bull, 25:437-446.
  • Pinfold V, Huxley P, Thornicort G, Farmer P, Toulmin H, Graham T (2003) Reducing psychiatric stigma and discrimination. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 38:337-344.
  • Pinfold V, Thornicort G, Huxley P, Farmer P (2005) Active ingredients in anti-stigma programmes in mental health. Int Rev Psychiatry, 17:123-131.
  • Pinto-Foltz MD, Logsdon MC (2009) Reducing stigma related to mental disorders: initiatives, interventions, and recommendations for nursing. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 23:32-40.
  • Pyne J, Kuc E, Schroeder P, Fortney J, Edlund M, Sullivan G (2004) Relationship between perceived stigma and depression severity. J Nerv Ment Dis, 192:278-283.
  • Rasinski KA, Woll P, Cooke A (2005) On the stigma of mental illness: practical strategies for research and social change. Stigma and substance use disorders ( Ed PW Corrigan):219-236. Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Rüsch N, Corrigan PW, Wassel A, Michaels P, Olschewski M, Wilkniss S et al. (2009) Ingroup perception and responses to stigma among persons with mental illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 120:320-328.
  • Sağduyu A, Aker T, Özmen E, Ögel K, Tamar D (2001) Halkın şizofreniye bakışı ve yaklaşımı üzerine bir epidemiyolojik araştırma. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 12:99-110.
  • Saillard EK (2010) Ruhsal hastalara yönelik damgalamaya ilişkin psikiyatrist görüşleri ve öneriler. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 21:14-24.
  • Sajatovic M, Biswas K, Kilbourne AK, Fenn H, Williford W, Bauer MS (2008) Factors associated with prospective long-term treatment adherence among individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Serv, 59:753-759.
  • Sartorius N, Gaebel W, Cleveland HR, Stuart H, Akiyama T, Arboleda-Florez J (2010) Psikiyatri ve psikiyatristlerin damgalanması ile nasıl mücadele edileceği üzerine WPA kılavuzu. World Psychiatry, 9:131-144.
  • Sayce L (1998) Stigma, discrimination and social exclusion: What's in a word?. J Ment Health, 7:331-343.
  • Schulze B, Angermeyer MC (2003) Subjective experienced of stigma. A focus group study of schizoprenic patients, their relatives and mental health profesionals. Soc Sci Med, 56:299-312.
  • Schulze B, Richter Werling M, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC (2003) Crazy? So what! Effects of a school project on students' attitudes towards people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 107:142-150.
  • Sevindik CS, Özer ÖA, Kolat U, Önem R (2014) Major depresif bozukluğu veya psikotik bozukluğu bulunan hastalarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ve işlevsellik üzerine etkisi. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul, 48:198-207.
  • Stone AM, Merlo LJ (2010) Attitudes of college students toward mental illness stigma and the misuse of psychiatric medications. J Clin Psychiatry, 72:134-139.
  • Stuart H, Arboleda-Florez J (2012) A public health perspective on the stigmatization of mental illnesses. Public Health Rev, 34:1-18.
  • Taşkın EO (2004) Şizofreniye yönelik tutumlar ve damgalama. 3P (Psikoloji, Psikiyatri, Psikofarmakoloji) Dergisi, 12:41-50.
  • Taşkın EO (2007) İçselleştirilmiş damga ve damgalanma algısı. Stigma, Ruhsal Hastalıklara Yönelik Tutumlar ve Damgalama, 1. Baskı:31-40. Ankara, Meta Basım Matbaacılık.
  • Taşkın EO, Özmen D, Özmen E, Demet MM (2003) Sağlık yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin şizofreni ile ilgili tutumları. Noro Psikiyatr Ars, 40:5-12.
  • Taşkın EO, Şen FS, Aydemir Ö, Demet MM, Özmen E, İçelli İ (2002) Türkiye’de kırsal bir bölgede yaşayan halkın şizofreniye ilişkin tutumları. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 13:205-214.
  • Thornicroft G (2014) Toplumun Reddettiği Ruhsal Hastalığı Olan İnsanlara Karşı Ayrımcılık (Çeviri Ed. H Soygür). Ankara, Şizofreni Dernekleri Federasyonu.
  • Thornicroft G, Mehta N, Clement S, Evans-Lacko S, Doherty M, Rose D et al. (2016) Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination. Lancet, 387:1123-1132.
  • Trute B, Tefft B, Segall A (1989) Social rejection of the mentally ill: A replication study of public attitude. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 24:69-76.
  • Üçok A (2003) Şizofreni hastası neden damgalanır?. Klinik Psikiyatri, Ek 1:3-8.
  • Üstündağ MF, Kesebir S (2013) İki uçlu bozuklukta içselleştirilmiş damgalanma: Klinik özellikler, yaşam kalitesi ve tedaviye uyum ile ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 24:1-9.
  • Yanos PT, Roe D, Markus K, Lysaker PH (2008) Pathways between internalized stigma and outcomes related to recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatr Serv, 59:1437-1442.
  • Yıldız M, Özten E, Işık S, Özyıldırım İ, Karayün D, Cerit C et al. (2012) Şizofreni hastaları, hasta yakınları ve majör depresif bozukluk hastalarında kendini damgalama. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 13:1-7.
  • Yüksel FT, Karataş B, Saygılı E, Çolak A (2018) Şizofreni ve medya: Damgalamanın önlenmesi. Sosyal Hizmet, 1:14-22.
  • Weiner B (1980) A cognitive (attribution)-emotion-action model of motivated behavior: An analysis of judgements of help-giving. J Pers Soc Psychol, 39:186-200.
  • Weiner B, Graham S, Chandler C (1982) Pity, anger, and guilt: An attributional analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 8:226-232.
  • Weiner B, Perry RP, Magnusson J (1988) An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Pers Soc Psychol, 55:738-748.
  • West K, Hewstone M, Lolliot S (2014) Intergroup contact and prejudice against people with schizophrenia. J Soc Psychol, 154:217-232.
  • Wolpert L (2001) Stigma of depression–a personal view. Br Med Bull, 57:221-224.
Toplam 117 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikiyatri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nurdan Zühre Çilek 0000-0002-4957-430X

Cengiz Akkaya 0000-0001-9049-2413

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

AMA Çilek NZ, Akkaya C. A Review on Mental Illness and Stigma. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2022;14(4):545-554. doi:10.18863/pgy.1069845

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.