Mükemmeliyetçilik: Yapısı, Tanılar üstü Doğası ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapisi

Öz

Her şeyin, kusursuz ve hatasız olması konusunda katı talepkarlık, tek bir doğrunun olduğuna inanma, bakış açısını ve düşünceleri değiştirmede güçlük gibi özelliklerle tanımlanan mükemmeliyetçilik kavramı, alanyazına yeni kazandırılan bir kavram olmamasına karşın son yıllarda hem bilimsel çalışmalarda hem de gündelik hayatta sıklıkla sözü geçen kavramlardan biridir. Kavramın özellikle bilimsel çalışmalarda revaçta oluşu, hem ikili doğasından (olumlu ve olumsuz içerikli oluşu) hem de çeşitli psikolojik sorunların kökeni, ortaya çıkışı, sürdürülmesi ve tedavisindeki olası rollerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Nitekim, çok alt boyutlu olduğu ve iki üst boyuttan (mükemmeliyetçi çaba ve mükemmeliyetçi kaygı) oluştuğu yönündeki kanıt çokluğuna rağmen, halen bazı araştırmalarda farklı sayılardaki boyut sayısının kavramın yapısını daha iyi temsil ettiği belirtilmektedir. Yanı sıra, iki üst düzey boyutun, hangi alt düzey faktörlerden oluşacağı, bu boyutların bir araya gelmesinin kavramsal içeriğinin olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olduğu ve bu boyutların toplam etkisinin nasıl hesaplanacağına yönelik farklı görüşler ve eleştiriler de mevcuttur. Mükemmeliyetçiliğin farklı psikopatolojiler ve eş tanı ile ilişkisi de pek çok çalışmada ele alınmıştır. Bu nedenle mükemmeliyetçiliği psikoterapi sürecinde ele almak önemlidir çünkü yalnız mükemmeliyetçi özelliklerin sağaltılması bile kavramın ilişkili olduğu birden fazla bozuklukta iyileşmeyi beraberinde getirebilir. Bu doğrultuda, Bilişsel Davranışçı Yaklaşım, mükemmeliyetçiliği (klinik mükemmeliyetçilik) kavramsallaştırmış ve terapi için teknikler sunmuştur. Mükemmeliyetçilik için Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi’nin etkililiğine dair kanıtlar da gün geçtikçe artış göstermektedir. Bu nedenle bu yazıda, mükemmeliyetçiliğin yapısı, tanılar üstü doğası ve bilişsel davranışçı terapisi üzerine güncel yazın gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• mükemmeliyetçilik
• mükemmeliyetçi çaba
• mükemmeliyetçi kaygı
• tanılar üstü faktör
• bilişsel davranışçı terapi

Perfectionism: Its Structure, Transdiagnostic Nature, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Abstract

The term perfectionism is often characterized by insisting that everything should be perfect and flawless, believing in only one truth, and having difficulty transforming perspectives and thoughts. Although perfectionism is not a newly introduced concept in the literature, it has recently become one frequently aired both in research and daily life. The popularity of the concept in empirical studies stems from both its dual nature and its alleged roles in the origin, emergence, retention, and treatment of various psychological disorders. Indeed, despite the abundance of evidence that perfectionism is multifaceted within two major dimensions (perfectionist strivings and perfectionist concerns), it is still debated that the dimensions in different numbers better represent the construct. In addition, the relevant literature hosts diverse views and criticisms about which sub-dimensions the two higher-order dimensions will consist of, whether the conceptual content of a combination of these sub-dimensions is positive or negative, and how to calculate the total impact of the sub-dimensions. On the other hand, previous research consistently addressed the relationship of perfectionism with different psychopathologies and comorbidities. In this respect, it is also deemed important to discuss perfectionism in psychotherapy because even settling perfectionist traits may bring about improvements in more than one disorder associated with perfectionism. Thus, the Cognitive Behavioral Approach (CBT) conceptualized perfectionism (clinical perfectionism) and presented techniques for therapy. Moreover, the evidence is also proliferating for the efficiency of CBT for perfectionism. Therefore, in this article, the current literature on the structure, transdiagnostic nature and cognitive behavioral therapy of perfectionism has been reviewed.

Keywords

• perfectionism
• perfectionist concerns
• perfectionist strivings
• transdiagnostic factor
• cognitive behavioral therapy

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