Dil Biliş İlişkileri ve Dilin Evrimi Üzerine

Öz

Dilin önemi bellek, düşünme gibi zihinsel aktivitelerimizle olan ilişkisi çerçevesinde anlaşılabilir. İnsanın en önemli yetisi olan dil, uzun süredir çeşitli kuramcı ve filozofların ilgisini çekmiştir. Dil doğası gereği biyolojik, kültürel, psikolojik birçok faktörle etkileşir. Bu yazıda dil bilimi, psikoloji, antropoloji, biyoloji ve sinir bilimi gibi disiplinlerden gelen görüşler bir araya getirilerek genel bir çerçeve çizilmiştir. Bir yandan dil ile ilgili kuramsal görüşlere yer verilirken diğer yandan da evrim sürecinde ortak atamızdan ayrılarak geçirdiğimiz değişimler bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Dil ele alınırken en çok hayvanlarla olan farklılıklarımızdan, dilin bilişsel süreçlerimizle olan etkileşiminden ve beyindeki organizasyonundan bahsetmek mümkündür. Platon ve Descartes gibi filozofların dil ve bilişler arasındaki ilişki hakkında ortaya koyduğu görüşler, Chomsky, Pinker, Dunbar ve diğerlerinin dilin evrimi ile ilgili görüşleriyle genişlemiştir. Bu makalede, modern evrimsel biyolojinin ve bilişsel psikolojinin verileri bir araya getirilerek dili ve dilin bilişlerle olan ilişkisini anlama çabasında olan evrimsel psikolojiye vurgu yapılmıştır. Dilin doğuştan getirilen şemalar sayesinde hızlı bir şekilde ve öğrenme yaşantılarına yoğun bir ihtiyaç duyulmadan edinilmesi, bu şemaların evrimsel süreçte oluştuğu fikrini akla getirir. Bir diğer bakış açısına göre doğuştancılık yerine çevrenin ve kültürün etkisi önem kazanır. Ek olarak, dilin evrimi hakkındaki farklı görüşler kısaca ele alınmıştır. Tartışma konuları daha çok dilin evrimsel süreçteki gelişimini tetikleyen durumları içerir. Bunlar, biyolojik ve kültürel etkiler ile vokalizasyon ve el hareketlerinin dili etkilemesi ile ilgilidir. Dil ve evrimi hakkında düşünürken, bilişsel süreçlerle düşünceyi gözlemleyip incelemek kaçınılmazdır. Multidisipliner çalışmalar, dil ve bilişin karmaşık ilişkisini anlamaya çalışırken dilin evrimi hakkında da önemli bilgiler sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dil
• biliş
• evrim
• evrimsel psikoloji

On Language Cognition Relations and Evolution of Language

Öz

One can understand the importance of language with its relation to mental activities such as memory and thinking. Language, a crucial human ability, has long attracted the attention of various theorists and philosophers. Language, by its nature, interacts with many biological, cultural and psychological factors. This article has drawn a general framework by bringing together the views from disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, anthropology, biology and neuroscience. On the one hand, while the theoretical opinions about language are included, on the other hand, language is discussed in the context of the changes we went through by separating from our common ancestor in the evolution process. When dealing with language, it is possible to talk about our differences from animals, the interaction of language with our cognitive processes and its organization in the brain. The views put forward by philosophers such as Plato and Descartes about the relationship between language and cognitions have expanded by Chomsky, Pinker, Dunbar and others on the evolution of language. In this article, evolutionary psychology, which strives to understand language and its relationship with cognitions, is emphasized by combining the data of modern evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology. Language is acquired quickly and without the intense need for learning experiences, thanks to innate schemas, suggests that evolution formed these schemas. According to another view, the influence of the environment and culture gains importance instead of innatism. In addition, different opinions on the evolution of language are briefly discussed. Discussion topics include triggers of language development in evolution. These are related to biological and cultural influences, influences of vocalization and hand gestures on language. When thinking about language and its evolution, it is inevitable to observe and examine cognitive processes and thought. Multidisciplinary studies can also provide important information about the evolution of language while trying to understand the complex relationship between language and cognition.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Language
• cognition
• evolution
• evolutionary psychology

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