Covid 19 Pandemi Döneminde Bağlanmadan Psikolojik Sağlamlığa Giden Bir Yol: Romantik İlişki Eğilimi

Öz

Covid-19 salgını fizyolojik etkilerinin yanı sıra birtakım psikososyal sıkıntıları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Psikolojik sağlamlık ise bu sıkıntılarla baş edebilmek üzere önemli bir özellik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde değişen yaşam koşulları bağlamında, bireylerin romantik ilişki eğilimleri, bağlanma stilleri, sosyal medya kullanımları ve psikolojik sağlamlıkları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi yoluyla bir model ortaya koymak hedeflenmektedir. Araştırma örneklemini en az altı aylık romantik ilişki geçmişi bulunan ve evli olmayan 289 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 27.13’tür. Yapılan yapısal eşitlik modellemesinin sonucunda, kaygılı ve kaçıngan bağlanma stillerinin sosyal medya kullanım amacı üzerinde ve sosyal medya kullanım amacının da psikolojik sağlamlık üzerinde etkisinin olmadığı bulunmuştur. Kaygılı ve kaçıngan bağlanma stillerinin, psikolojik sağlamlık üzerinde etkisinin olduğu ve bu etkinin tamamıyla romantik ilişki eğiliminin aracılığıyla gerçekleştiği bulunmuştur. Bulgular, psikolojik sağlamlığı artırmaya yönelik çalışmalarda, kişilerin romantik ilişki eğilimlerinin göz önünde bulundurulması gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psikolojik sağlamlık
• bağlanma stilleri
• romantik ilişki eğilimleri
• covid-19
• sosyal medya

A Track from Attachment to Resilience During the Covid 19 Pandemic: Romantic Relationship Tendency

Öz

The COVID-19 pandemic involves some psychosocial problems in addition to physical risks, and resilience appears to be a critical feature to cope with these problems. This study aims to present a model examining the relationships between the psychological tendencies associated with romantic relationships, attachment styles, social media usage, and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. These relationships were investigated in a sample of unmarried adults (n = 289) with a romantic relationship history of at least six months. The average age of the participants was 27 years. As a result of structural equation modelling, anxious and avoidant attachment styles had no effect on the purpose of social media usage and the purpose of social media usage had no effect on psychological resilience. Also, anxious and avoidant attachment styles affected resilience, and this effect was fully mediated by psychological tendencies associated with romantic relationships. The findings reveal the necessity to consider the psychological tendencies associated with romantic relationships in studies aimed at increasing resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resilience
• attachment styles
• romantic relationship
• Covid-19
• social media

Kaynakça

1. Abbasi, I. S., & Alghamdi, N. G. (2017). When flirting turns into infidelity: The Facebook dilemma. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 45(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/01926187.2016.1277804
2. Abbasi, I. S. (2019). Social media and committed relationships: What factors make our romantic relationship vulnerable? Social Science Computer Review, 37(3), 425-434. DOI: 10.1177/0894439318770609
3. Afifi, T. D., Merrill, A. F., & Davis, S. (2016). The theory of resilience and relational load. Personal Relationships, 23, 663–683. DOI: 10.1111/pere.12159
4. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Baek, Y. M., Cho, Y., & Kim, H. (2014). Attachment style and its influence on the activities, motives, and consequences of sns use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58(4), 522-541. DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2014.966362
6. Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
7. Bender, A., & Ingram, R. (2018). Connecting attachment style to resilience: Contributions of self-care and self-efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 130, 18-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.038
8. Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C., & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences 116, 69–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.039

9. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678.
10. Bradley, J. M., & Hojjat, M. (2017). A model of resilience and marital satisfaction. The Journal of social psychology, 157(5), 588-601. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1254592
11. Büyükşahin, A. (2005). Çok boyutlu ilişki ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(2), 97-105.
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2017). Scientific Research Methods (Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri). Pegem Akademi.
13. Caldwell, J. G. & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Exploring the cognitive-emotional pathways between adult attachment and ego-resiliency. Individual Differences Research, 10(3), 141-152.
14. Candel, O. S., & Jitaru, M. (2021). COVID-19 and romantic relationships. Encyclopedia, 1(4), 1038-1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040079
15. Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000685
16. Collins, N. L. & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: Evidence from experimental and observational studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 363–383.
17. Dodd, Z., Driver, S., Warren, A., Riggs, S. & Clark, M. (2015). Effects of adult romantic attachment and social support on resilience and depression in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 21(2), 156-165. DOI: 10.1310/sci2101-156
18. Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
19. Dehon, C., Weems, C. F., Stickle, T. R., Costa, N. M., & Berman, S. L. (2005). A cross-sectional evaluation of the factorial invariance of anxiety sensitivity in adolescents and young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(6), 799-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.008
20. Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Bucholtz, I. (1995). Effects of adult attachment style on the perception and search for social support. The Journal of Psychology, 129(6), 665–676.
21. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education.
22. Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430–445.
23. Güloğlu, B. ve Karaırmak, Ö. (2017). Erken çocuklukta baba kaybında bağlanma biçimleri ve yakın ilişkilerdeki psikolojik eğilimler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 7(47), 99-115.
24. Hartling, L. M. (2008). Strengthening resilience in a risky world: It's all about relationships. Women & Therapy, 31(2-4), 51-70.
25. Hazan, C., Shaver, P.R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1). 1-22
26. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Evaluating model fit: a synthesis of the structural equation modelling literature. In 7th European Conference on research methodology for business and management studies. 195-200.
27. Hou, W. K., & Ng, S. M. (2014). Emotion-focused positive rumination and relationship satisfaction as the underlying mechanisms between resilience and psychiatric symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 159-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.032
28. Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
29. Joly, L. E., & Connolly, J. (2019). It can be beautiful or destructive: Street-involved youth's perceptions of their romantic relationships and resilience. Journal of Adolescents, 70, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.11.006
30. Jordan, J. V. (2004). Relational resilience. In J. V. Jordan, M. Walker & L. M. Hartling (Ed.). The Complexity of Connection: Writings from the Stone Center's Jean Baker Miller Training Institute (pp.28-46). New York: The Guilford.
31. Jordan, J. V. (2017). Relational-cultural therapy. In M. Kopala & M. A. Keitel (Eds.) Handbook of counseling women (pp: 340-351.
32. Kaplan, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyleri, sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Master Thesis, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep.
33. Karaırmak, Ö. ve Güloğlu, B. (2014). Deprem deneyimi yaşamış yetişkinlerde bağlanma modeline göre psikolojik sağlamlığın açıklanması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 1-18. DOI: 10.14812/cufej.2014.0010
34. Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, methods, and research. Psychological bulletin, 118(1), 3.
35. Keim, M. E. & Noji, E. (2011). Emergent use of social media: a new age of opportunity for disaster resilience. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 6(1), 47-54.
36. Kerckhoff, A. C., Davis, K. E. (1962). Value consensus and need complementarity in mate selection. American Sociological Review, 27(3), 295-303.
37. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
38. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543-562.
39. MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130.
40. Mander J. (2020). Coronavirus: how consumers are actually reacting. https://blog.globalwebindex.com/trends/coronavirusand-consumers/ (accessed March 22, 2020).
41. Manne, S., & Badr, H. (2008). Intimacy and relationship processes in couples' psychosocial adaptation to cancer. Cancer, 112(S11), 2541-2555. DOI 10.1002/cncr.23450
42. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
43. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World psychiatry: Official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 11(1), 11–15.
44. Miller, J. B., & Stiver, I. P. (1997). The healing connection: How women form relationships in therapy and in life. Beacon Press.
45. Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., Pietromonaco, P. R., Low, R. S. T., & Henderson, A. M. E. (2022). Partners’ attachment insecurity and stress predict poorer relationship functioning during covid-19 quarantines. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(1), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621992973
46. Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2021). Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples’ relationships. American Psychologist, 76(3), 438-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000714
47. Rasmussen, P., Storebø, O. J., Løkkeholt, T., Voss, L. G., Shmueli-Goetz, Y., Bojesen, A. B., Simonsen, E., & Bilenberg, N. (2019). Attachment as a core feature of resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological reports, 122(4), 1259–1296. DOI: 10.1177/0033294118785577
48. Reuter, C., & Spielhofer, T., (2017). Towards social resilience: A quantitative and qualitative survey on citizens' perception of social media in emergencies in Europe. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 121, 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.07.038
49. Savcı, M. ve Aysan, F. (2016). Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 8. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi içinde (s. 837-846). Çanakkale: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi.
50. Saud, M., Mashud, M. I., & Ida, R. (2020). Usage of social media during the pandemic: Seeking support and awareness about COVID‐19 through social media platforms. Journal of Public Affairs, e02417. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2417
51. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
52. Simeona, D., Yehudaa, R., Cunilla, R., Knutelskaa, M., Putnamc, F. W. & Smitha, L. M. (2007). Factors associated with resilience in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 1149–1152.
53. Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C., & Härter, M. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the Autonomy‐Preference‐Index (API). Health Expectations, 13(3), 234-243.
54. Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 971–980.
55. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194-200. DOI: 10.1080/10705500802222972
56. Snell, W. E., Jr., Schicke, M., & Arbeiter, T. (1996). The Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire: Psychological dispositions associated with intimate relations. Submitted for publication.
57. Snell, W.E., Jr., Schicke, M., Arbeiter, T. (2002) The Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire: Psychological dispositions associated with intimate relations. In W. E. Snell, Jr. (Ed.), New Directions in The Psychology of Intimate Relations: Research and Theory. Cape Girardeau, MO: Snell Publications.
58. Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population Research: Convenience Sampling Strategies. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 36(4), 373-374. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X21000649
59. Szwedo, D. E., Hessel, E. T. & Allen, J. P. (2016). Supportive romantic relationships as predictors of resilience against early adolescent maternal negativity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(2), 454–465. DOI 10.1007/s10964-016-0507-1
60. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
61. Teeruthroy, V. T., Bhowon, U. (2012). Romantic relationships among young adults: An attachment perspective. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(10), 145-155.
62. Usluel, Y. K., Demir, Ö. ve Çınar, M. (2014). Sosyal ağların kullanım amaçları ölçeği. Eğitim Teknolojileri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(2), 1-18.
63. Valenzuela, S., Halpern, D., & Katz, J. E. (2014). Social network sites, marriage well-being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.034
64. Vowels, L. M. & Carnelley, K. B. (2020). Attachment styles, negotiation of goal conflict, and perceived partner support during COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110505
65. Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of personality assessment, 88(2), 187-204.
66. Weitlauf, A. S., Vehorn, A. C., Taylor, J. L., & Warren, Z. E. (2014). Relationship satisfaction, parenting stress, and depression in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 18(2), 194-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312458039
67. Wilks, S.E. (2008). Resilience and Academic Stress: The Moderating Impact of Social Support among Social Work Students. Advances in Social Work, 9(2), 106-125.
68. Zautra, A. J. (2014). Resilience is social, after all. In M. Kent, M. C. Davis, & J. W. Reich (Eds.), The resilience handbook: Approaches to stress and trauma (pp. 185–196). New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.