Predictive Roles of Psychological Resilience and Coping Skills on Social Media Addiction

Öz

Social media addiction is fundamentally evaluated as a behavioral addiction. The studies on this issue stress the relation of long-term social media usage that may transform into addiction with chronical stress, depression, low psychological well-being and decreased life satisfaction. This study aims to examine the relationship between psychological resilience and coping skills of young adults and their levels of social media addiction. Participants of the study consists of total 436 young adults, 296 (68%) of which are female and 140 (32%) of which are male. “Social Media Addiction Scale”, “The Brief Resilience Scale” and “COPE Inventory- Brief Form” are applied to the participants. The results indicated that mean scores of social media addiction scales show low levels of social media addiction by the participants. According to multiple regression analysis results, psychological resilience, acceptance, substance use, focusing on and venting of emotions, and turning to religion have significant effect on predicting social media addiction. Psychological resilience is a predictor of social media addiction in negative direction. On the other hand, there is a relationship between emotion-oriented and unfunctional coping strategies and social media addiction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• : Social media addiction
• psychological resilience
• coping skills

Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Başa Çıkma Becerilerinin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığını Yordama Düzeyi

Öz

Sosyal medya bağımlılığı temelde davranışsal bir bağımlılık olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar, bağımlılığa dönüşebilen uzun süreli sosyal medya kullanımının kronik stres, depresyon, düşük psikolojik iyi oluş ve yaşam memnuniyetinde azalma ile ilişkisini vurgulamaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, genç yetişkinlerin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve psikolojik sağlamlık ve başa çıkma stillerinin sosyal medya bağımlılığını ne derece yordadığının incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 296’sı (%68) kadın ve 140’ı (%32) erkek olmak üzere toplam 436 genç yetişkinden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılara “Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (SMBÖ)”, “Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği (KPSÖ)” ve “Başa Çıkma Stilleri Ölçeği Kısa Formu (BÇSÖ-KF)” uygulanmıştır. Sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeğinin ortalama puanlarına göre katılımcıların sosyal medyaya düşük düzeyde bağımlı oldukları saptanmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre, sosyal medya bağımlılığını yordamada sırasıyla psikolojik sağlamlık, kabullenme, madde kullanımı, duygulara odaklanma ve ortaya koyma, dine yönelmenin anlamlı düzeyde yordayıcı etkisinin olduğu saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal medya bağımlılığı
• psikolojik sağlamlık
• başa çıkma becerileri
• : Social media addiction
• psychological resilience
• coping skills

Kaynakça

1. Acar S, Şaşman Kaylı D, Yararbaş G (2019) A comparison of smokers, non-smokers, and those undergoing treatment in terms of attitudes on coping with stress and psychological resilience. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6:539-566.
2. Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process, 50:179-211.
3. Aktan E (2018) Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5:405-421.
4. Aldwin CM, Revenson TA (1987). Does coping help? A reexamination of the relation between coping and mental health. J Pers Soc Psychol, 53:337–348.
5. Al-Gamal E, Alzayyat A, Ahmad MM (2016) Prevalence of internet addiction and its association with psychological distress and coping strategies among university students in Jordan. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 52:49–61.
6. Andreassen CS (2015) Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Curr Addict Rep, 2:175–184.
7. Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Pallesen S (2014) Predictors of use of social network sites at work-a specific type of cyberloafing. J Comput Mediat Commun, 19:906-921.
8. Aparicio-Martínez P, Ruiz-Rubio M, Perea-Moreno AJ, Martínez-Jiménez MP, Pagliari C, Redel-Macías MD, Vaquero-Abellán M (2020) Gender differences in the addiction to social networks in the Southern Spanish university students. Telemat Inform, 46:101304.

9. Bacanlı H, Sürücü M, İlhan T (2013) Başa çıkma stilleri ölçeği kısa formunun (BÇSÖ-KF) psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13:81-96.
10. Balcı Ş, Bekiroğlu O, Yeles Karaman Y (2019) Sosyal medya bağımlılığının bir belirleyicisi olarak öz saygı: Konya örneğinde bir araştırma. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 48:35-64.
11. Bilgin O, Tas I (2018) Ergenlerde okula bağlılığın yordayıcıları olarak okul iklimi ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı. Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12:15-33.
12. Błachnio A, Przepiórka A, Senol-Durak E, Durak M, Sherstyuk L (2017) The role of personality traits in Facebook and internet addictions: A study on Polish, Turkish, and Ukrainian samples. Comput Human Behav, 68:269-275.
13. Blackwell D, Leaman C, Tramposch R, Osborne C, Liss M (2017) Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Pers Individ Dif, 116:69-72.
14. Booker CL, Skew AJ, Kelly YJ, Sacker A (2015) Media use, sports participation, and well-being in adolescence: Cross-sectional findings from the UK household longitudinal study. Am J Public Health, 105:173–179.
15. Carver CS (1997) You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med, 4:92-100.
16. Casale S, Fioravanti G (2018) Why narcissists are at risk for developing Facebook addiction: The need to be admired and the need to belong. Addict Behav, 76:312–318.
17. Cemalcılar Z (2010) Schools as socialisation contexts: Understanding the impact of school climate factors on students: Sense of school belonging. Appl Psychol, 59:243-272.
18. Chen A (2019) From attachment to addiction: The mediating role of need satisfaction on social networking sites. Comput Human Behav, 98:80-92.
19. Creswell J W (2016) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 4th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.
20. Çardak M (2013) Psychological well-being and internet addiction among university students. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12:134-141.
21. Demircioğlu ZI, Göncü Köse A (2021) Effects of attachment styles, dark triad, rejection sensitivity, and relationship satisfaction on social media addiction: A mediated model. Curr Psychol, 40:414–428.
22. Doğan T (2015) Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3:93-102.
23. Esen BK, Gündoğdu M (2010) The relationship between internet addiction, peer pressure and perceived social support among adolescents. The International Journal of Educational Researchers, 2:29-36.
24. Freire C, Ferradás MD, Valle A, Núñez JC, Vallejo G (2016). Profiles of psychological well-being and coping strategies among university students. Front Psychol, 7:1554.
25. Giordano PC, Longmore MA, Schroeder RD, Seffrin PM (2008) A life-course perspective on spirituality and desistance from crime. Criminology, 46:99–132.
26. Grant JE, Potenza MN, Weinstein A, Gorelick DA (2010) Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 36:233–241.
27. Griffiths MD (2005) A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use, 10:191–197.
28. Hasan AAH, Jaber AA (2020) The relationship between Internet addiction, psychological distress, and coping strategies in a sample of Saudi undergraduate students. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 56:495-501.
29. Hassanbeigi A, Askari J, Hassanbeigi D, Pourmovahed Z (2013) The relationship between stress and addiction. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 84:1333-1340.
30. Hazar M (2011) Sosyal medya bağımlılığı-bir alan çalışması. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 32:151-175.
31. Hsieh YP, Shen ACT, Wei HS, Feng JY, Huang SCY, Hwa HL (2016) Associations between child maltreatment, PTSD, and internet addiction among. Comput Hum Behav, 56:209-214.
32. Hu T, Zhang D, Wang J (2015) A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Pers Individ Dif, 76:18-27.
33. Huang C (2017) Time spent on social network sites and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 20:346–354.
34. Hussain Z, Griffiths MD (2019) The associations between problematic social networking site use and sleep quality, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety and stress. Int J Ment Health Addict, 19:686–700.
35. Jafri H (2015) A study on Facebook addiction and its relationship with emotional experience and coping strategies. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2:6–14.
36. Johnson N, Dinsmore JA, Hof DD (2011) The relationship between college students' resilience level and type of alcohol use. International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 8:67-82.
37. Karahanna E, Xu S, Xu Y, Zhang N (2018). The needs–affordances–features perspective for the use of social media. MIS Q, 42:737-756.
38. Karakaş AC, Koç M (2014) Stresle başa çıkma ve dini başa çıkma yöntemleri arasındaki ilişkinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3:610-631.
39. Kavas E (2013) Dini tutum - stresle başa çıkma ilişkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 37:143-167.
40. Klobas J, McGill T, Moghavvemi S, Paramanathan T (2018) Compulsive YouTube usage: A comparison of use motivation and personality effects. Comput Human Behav, 87:129- 139.
41. Koçhan A, İlhan T (2015) Examining of the attachment style to parents, depression levels, and stress management styles of private soldiers in terms of substance abuse. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 2:88-109.
42. Korkmaz S (2021) Olumlu ve olumsuz dini başa çıkma, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve yalnızlık ilişkisi. Tasavvur Tekirdağ İlahiyat Dergisi, 7:237-271.
43. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD (2011) Online social networking and addiction—A review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8:3528–3552.
44. Lazarus RS, Folkman S (1984) Stress, Appraisal, And Coping. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
45. Lussier I, Derevensky JL, Gupta R, Bergevin T, Ellenbogen S (2007) Youth gambling behaviors: An examination of the role of resilience. Psychol Addict Behav, 21:165–173.
46. Macit H, Macit G, Güngör O (2018) Sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve dopamin odaklı geribildirim üzerine bir araştırma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5:882-897.
47. Mahamid FA, Berte DZ (2018) Social media addiction in geopolitically at-risk youth. Int J Ment Health Addict, 17:102-111.
48. Majumdar B, Ray A (2010) Stress and coping strategies among university students: A phenomenological study. Indian J Soc Sci, 7:100-111.
49. Masur PK, Reinecke L, Ziegele M, Quiring O (2014) The interplay of intrinsic need satisfaction and Facebook specific motives in explaining addictive behavior on Facebook. Comput Human Behav, 39:376-386.
50. Ögel K (2010) Sigara, Alkol ve Madde Kullanım Bozuklukları: Tanı, Tedavi ve Önleme. İstanbul, Yeniden Yayınları.
51. Özdemir Z (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığı. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 7:91-105.
52. Peker A, Çukadar F (2016) Bilişsel esneklik ile sosyal medyayı kullanmaya yönelik tutum arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 6:66-79.
53. Petry NM, Oncken C (2002) Cigarette smoking is associated with increased severity of gambling problems in treatment-seeking gamblers. Addiction, 97:745-753.
54. Ponnusamy S, Iranmanesh M, Foroughi B, Hyun SS (2020) Drivers and outcomes of Instagram addiction: Psychological well-being as moderator. Comput Human Behav, 107:106294.
55. Primack B, Shensa A, Sidani J, Whaite E, Lin L, Rosen, D., … Miller E (2017) Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the US. Am J Prev Med, 53:1-8.
56. Ramesh Masthi NR, Pruthvi S, Phaneendra MS (2018) A Comparative Study on Social Media Usage and Health Status among Students Studying in Pre-University Colleges of Urban Bengaluru. Indian J Community Med, 43:180-184.
57. Robertson TW, Yan Z, Rapoza K (2018) Is resilience a protective factor of internet addiction? Comput Human Behav, 78:255-260.
58. Rosen LD, Lim AF, Felt J, Carrier LM, Cheever NA, Lara-Ruiz JM, … Rokkum J (2014) Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits. Comput Human Behav, 35:364–375.
59. Senormanci O, Konkan R, Guclu O, Senormanci G (2014) Evaluation of coping strategies of male patients, being treated in internet addiction outpatient clinic in Turkey. Journal of Mood Disorders, 4:14-19.
60. Shen X (2020) Is psychological resilience a protective factor between motivations and excessive smartphone use? Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 14:1-7.
61. Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J (2008) The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med, 15:194-200.
62. Smith MM, Saklofske DH, Keefer KV, Tremblay PF (2016) Coping strategies and psychological outcomes: The moderating effects of personal resiliency. J Psychol, 150:318-332.
63. Sriwilai K, Charoensukmongkol P (2016) Face it, don't Facebook it: Impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health, 32:427-434.
64. Su Y, Zhang Y (2021) A review theories and models applied in studies of social media addiction and implications for future research. Addict Behav, 114:106699.
65. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics, 6th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
66. Tarafdar M, Maier C, Laumer S, Weitzel T (2020) Explaining the link between technostress and technology addiction for social networking sites: A study of distraction as a coping behavior. Information Systems Journal, 30:96-124.
67. Tromholt M, (2016) The Facebook experiment: Quitting Facebook leads to higher levels of well-being. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 19:661–666.
68. Turel O, Serenko A (2012). The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites. Eur J Inf Syst, 21:512–528.
69. Tutgun-Ünal A, Deniz L (2015) Development of the social media addiction scale. AJIT-e, 6:51-70.
70. Twenge JM, Campbell WK (2018) Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Prev Med Rep, 12:271–283.
71. Vishkin A, Ben-Nun Bloom P, Schwartz SH, Solak N, Tamir M (2019) Religiosity and Emotion Regulation. J Cross Cult Psychol, 50:1050–1074.
72. Wang X (2013) Applying the integrative model of behavioral prediction and attitude functions in the context of social media use while viewing mediated sports. Comput Human Behav, 29:1538-1545.
73. Yang Y, Wen M (2015) Psychological resilience and the onset of activity of daily living disability among older adults in China: A nationwide longitudinal analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 70:470–480.