Akıllı Telefona Bağlı Dikkat Dağınıklığı Ölçeğinin (ATDDÖ) Türkçe Uyarlama Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Akıllı Telefona Bağlı Dikkat Dağınıklığı Ölçeği’nin (ATDDÖ) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın katılımcıları 18-60 (27,14±10,89) yaş aralığındaki 288 (%72,2) kadın ve 111 (%27,8) erkek olmak üzere 399 kişilik toplum örnekleminden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında Sosyodemografik Form (SF), Akıllı Telefona Bağlı Dikkat Dağınıklığı Ölçeği-Türkçe Versiyonu (ATDDÖ), Bergen Sosyal Medya Ölçeği (BSMÖ), Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği (DDÖ), Mevcut Semptomlar Ölçeği (MSÖ) ve Algılanan Çoklu Görev Ölçeği (AÇGÖ) kullanılmıştır. Verilere Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı, Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon testi, madde-toplam puan korelasyon katsayıları, ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini tahmin etmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi istatistikleri uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık güvenirliği dikkate alındığında, Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı dikkat/dürtüsellik için ,88, online uyanıklık için ,80, çoklu görev için ,76, duygu düzenleme için ,76 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçek maddelerinin madde toplam puan korelasyon katsayılarının 0,49 ile 0,76 arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ölçeğin 16 madde ve dört faktörlü yapısını desteklemiştir. ATDDÖ'nün BSMÖ, DDÖ, MSÖ ve AÇDÖ ile korelasyonu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, Türkçe’ye uyarlanan ATDDÖ’nün akademik çalışmalarda ve klinik ortamlarda kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Akıllı telefona bağlı dikkat dağınıklığı ölçeği,
• geçerlik,
• güvenirlik,
• Smartphone distraction scale

Turkish adaptation of the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS)

Öz

The aim of this study is to adapt the Smartphone Distraction Scale to Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. The participants of the study consisted of a community sample of 399 people, 288 (72.2%) women and 111 (27.8%) men, aged between 18-60 (27.14±10.89). In data collection, Sociodemographic Form (SF), Smartphone Distraction Scale-Turkish Version (SDS), Bergen Social Media Scale (BSMS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Current Symptoms Scale (CSS), and Perceived Multitasking Scale (PMS) were used. The data were analyzed through Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient, Pearson product-moment correlation test, item-total score correlation coefficients, confirmatory factor analysis to estimate the construct validity of the scale. Considering the internal consistency reliability of the scale, the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was found to be .88 for attention/impulsivity, .80 for alertness, .76 for multitasking, and .76 for emotion regulation. The item and total score correlation coefficients of the scale items were found to be between 0.49 and 0.76. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the 16-item and four-factor structure of the scale. The correlation of SDS with BSMAS, ERQ, CSS, and PMS was found to be statistically significant. The results of the research show that the SDS adapted to Turkish culture is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in academic studies and clinical settings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Smartphone distraction scale
• validity
• reliability
• smartphone
• distractibility
• multitasking
• social media addiction
• emotion regulation

Kaynakça

1. Aagaard J. (2015) Media multitasking, attention, and distraction: a critical discussion. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 14(4):885-896.
2. Andreassen CS, Billieux J, Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Demetrovics Z, Mazzoni E, Pallesen S. (2016) The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 30(2):252-260.
3. Andrews S, Ellis DA, Shaw H, Piwek L. (2015) Beyond self-report: tools to compare estimated and real-world smartphone use. PloS one 10(10):e0139004.
4. Ayçiçeği A, Dinn WM, Harris CL. (2003) Assesing Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Turkish Version of the Current Symptoms Scale (Turkish Version). Psychopatology 36:160-167.
5. Ayçiçeği Dinn A. (2007) Mevcut Semptomlar Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Klinik Psikiyatri 10:201-215.
6. Barkley RA, Murphy KR. (1998) Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Workbook (2. Baskı NY:Guilford Press.
7. Büyüköztürk Ş. (2014) Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem.
8. Carrier LM, Rosen LD, Cheever NA, Lim AF. (2015) Causes, effects, and practicalities of everyday multitasking. Developmental Review 35:64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.005

9. Casale S, Fioravanti G, Spada MM. (2021) Modelling the contribution of metacognitions and expectancies to problematic smartphone use. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 10(3):788-798.
10. Chun MM, Golomb JD, Turk-Browne NB. (2011) A taxonomy of external and internal attention. Annua lreview of psychology 62:73-101.
11. Çokluk Ö, Şekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş. (2014) Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. Ankara: Pegem.
12. Cowan N. (2005) Working memory capacity. New York: Psychology Press.
13. Demirci İ. (2019) Bergen sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması, depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileriyle ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 20(Ek sayı.1):15-22.
14. Elhai JD, Tiamiyu MF, Weeks JW, Levine JC, Picard KJ, Hall BJ. (2018) Depression andemotion regulation predict objective smartphone usemeasured over one week. Personality and Individual Differences 133:21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051
15. Elhai JD, Yang H, Dempsey AE, Montag C. (2020) Rumination and negative smartphone use expectancies are associated with greater levels of problematic smartphone use: A latent class analysis. Psychiatry Research 285:112845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112845.
16. Fazeen M, Gozick B, Dantu R, Bhukhiya M, González MC. (2012) Safe driving using mobile phones. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13(3):1462-1468.
17. Gross JJ. (1998) The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology 2:271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
18. Gross JJ. (1999) Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition and Emotion 13(5):551-573. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379186.
19. Gross JJ, John OP. (2003) Individual Differences in Two Emotion Regulation Processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships, and Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85(2):348-362.
20. Hynes M. (2021) The Smartphone: A Weapon of Mass Distraction. In The Social, Cultural and Environmental Costs of Hyper-Connectivity: Sleeping Through the Revolution Emerald Publishing Limited.
21. Kahneman D. (1973) Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
22. Kates AW, Wu H, Coryn CLS. (2018) The effects of mobile phone use on academic performance: A meta-analysis. Computers & Education 127:107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.012
23. Kaynarca İ. (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinin çoklu görev davranışları ve çoklu görev algıları ile öz düzenleme becerileri arasındaki ilişki (Yayımlanmamış yüksek Lisans Tezi) Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
24. Kline RB. (2005) Principles and practice of structural equations modeling. NewYork: Guilford.
25. Kushlev K, Proulx J, Dunn EW. (2016) "Silence Your Phones" Smartphone Notifications Increase Inattention and Hyperactivity Symptoms. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1011-1020).
26. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, ... & Kim DJ. (2013) Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PloS one 8(2):e56936.
27. Lang A, Michael DB. (1998) Attention, Resource Allocation, and Communication Research: What Do Secondary Task Reaction Times Measure Anyway? vol. 21 Beverly Hills: Sage.
28. Lee U, Lee J, Ko M, Lee C, Kim Y, Yang S, ... Song J. (2014) Hooked on smartphones: an exploratory study on smartphone overuse among college students. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 2327-2336).
29. Levine LE, Waite BM, Bowman LL. (2012) Mobile media use, multitasking and distractibility. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL) 2(3):15-29.
30. Lin YH, Lin YC, Lee YH, Lin PH, Lin SH, Chang LR et al. (2015) Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). J Psychiatr Res 65:139–145.
31. Lin, T. T., Kononova, A., Chiang, Y. H. (2020). Screen addiction and media multitasking among American and Taiwanese users. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 60(6), 583-592.
32. Lui KF, Wong ACN. (2012) Does media multitasking always hurt? A positive correlation between multitasking and multisensory integration. Psychonomic bulletin &review 19(4):647-653.
33. Marci C. (2012) A (biometric) day in the life: Engaging across media. Paper presented at the Re:Think New York:NY.
34. Moisala M, Salmela V, Hietajärvi L, Salo E, Carlson S, Salonen O, ... Alho K. (2016) Media multitasking is associated with distractibility and increased prefrontal activity in adolescents and young adults. Neuro Image 134:113-121.
35. Navon D, Gopher D. (1979) On the economy of the human-processing system. Psychological review 86(3):214-217.
36. Panova, T., Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2), 252-259.
37. Praveeni SMN, Wickramasinghe CN. (2020) Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Academic Performance of Undergraduates in Sri Lanka; Mediating Effect of Technology Driven Multitasking. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business & Information (ICBI). University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka. ISSN 2465-6399:(pp. 641-650).
38. Pielot M, Church K, De Oliveira R. (2014) An in-situ study of mobile phone notifications. In Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices & services 233-242.
39. Posner MI. (1980) Orienting of attention. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology 32(1):3-25.
40. Rosen C. (2008) The myth of multitasking. The New Atlantis (20):105-110.
41. Samaha M, Hawi NS. (2016) Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in human behavior 57:321-325.
42. Sanders GS, Baron RS, Moore DL. (1978) Distraction and social comparison as mediators of social facilitation effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 14(3):291-303.
43. Squires LR, Hollett KB, Hesson J, Harris N. (2021) Psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, and coping behaviour: a theoretical perspective of problematic smartphone use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19(4):1284-1299.
44. Statista. Number of Smartphone Users Worldwide from 2016 to 2021. Erişim linki: https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/ (Erişim tarihi: 27.01.2022).
45. Strayer DL, Johnston WA. (2001) Driven to distraction: Dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a cellular telephone. Psychological science 12(6):462-466.
46. Taber KS. (2018) The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in science education 48(6):1273-1296.
47. Thornton B, Faires A, Robbins M, Rollins E. (2014) The mere presence of a cell phone may be distracting. Social Psychology 45(6):479-485.
48. Throuvala MA, Pontes HM, Tsaousis I, Griffiths MD, Rennoldson M, Kuss DJ. (2021) Exploring the dimensions of smartphone distraction: development, validation, measurement invariance, and latent mean differences of the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS). Frontiers in psychiatry 12:1-21.
49. Ulaşan-Özgüle ET, Sümer N. (2017) Ergenlikte Duygu Düzenleme ve Psikolojik Uyum: Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlaması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 20(40):1-18.
50. Uncapher MR, Thieu MK, Wagner AD. (2016) Media multitasking and memory: Differences in working memory and long-term memory. Psychonomic bulletin & review 23(2):483-490.
51. Wiradhany W, van Vugt MK, Nieuwenstein MR. (2020) Media multitasking, mind-wandering, and distractibility: A large-scale study. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82(3):1112-1124.
52. Wu JY, Cheng T. (2019) Who is better adapted in learning online within the personal learning environment? Relating gender differences in cognitive attention networks to digital distraction. Computers & Education 128:312-329.
53. Yang Z, Yan Z, Hussain Z. (2022) The relationships between smartphone distraction, problematic smartphone use and mental health issues amongst a Chinese sample. The Social Science Journal 1-12.
54. Yogesh S, Abha S, Priyanka S. (2014) Short Communication Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 58:100–103.
55. Zwarun L, Hall A. (2014) What’s going on? Age, distraction, and multitasking during online survey taking. Computers in human behavior 41:236-244.