İleriye Yönelik ve Geriye Dönük Zamanlama Süreçleri: Teoriler ve Yöntemler

Öz

ÖZ Gündelik hayatta bir zaman akışı tecrübe etmekteyiz. Ancak, modern fiziğe göre zamanın akışı söz konusu değildir. Bir akış yanılsaması dışında zaman nedir sorusuna yanıt bulabilmek ve zaman algısı ile ilişkili süreçleri anlamak için psikoloji ve sinirbilim literatüründe çeşitli modeller ve açıklamalar geliştirilmiştir. Zamansal bilginin nasıl işlediğini anlamak ve bu modellerin doğruluğunu test etmek için de çeşitli prosedürler benimsenmiştir. İnsanlar, zamanı örtük (implicit) ve açık (explicit) olmak üzere 2 şekilde işlemektedir. Zaman aralığının uzunluğuna yönelik tahmin yürütüldüğünde açık (explicit) zamanlamadan bahsetmekteyiz. Zaman algısı paradigmalarında ölçüm yöntemine göre diğer bir ayrımsa ileriye yönelik (prospektif) ve geriye dönük (retrospektif) zaman tahminleridir. Bu iki yöntemin benzer bilişsel süreçleri içerdiğini iddia eden teorisyenler olsa da, zaman algısı ileriye yönelik ve geriye dönük zaman tahmini yöntemlerinden hangisi ile ölçüldüğüne göre farklı bilişsel süreçlerin deneyimlenen ve hatırlanan süreye hizmet ettiği düşünülmektedir. Bu da yöntem bağımlı farklı kısıtlar ve avantajları akla getirmektedir. Diğer tüm algı çalışmalarında olduğu gibi zaman algısı araştırmalarında da prosedürün seçimi araştırmanın sorusuna uygun olmalıdır. Bu derleme zaman algısı üzerine çalışma yapmayı planlayan bir araştırmacının çalışma sorusuna uygun yöntemi seçmesini kolaylaştırmak üzere zaman algısı araştırmalarının seçici bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Zaman algısının süreçleri ve bunlara ilişkin kanıtlar ileriye yönelik ve geriye dönük zaman tahmini ölçüm yöntemlerine göre gözden geçirilmiştir. Ancak bu incelemede tartışılan zaman algısı modellerinin ve yönteminin alanın yalnızca bir bölümünü temsil ettiğini, alanın oldukça geniş olduğunu belirtmek gerekmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler:

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zaman algısı
• zaman tahmini paradigmaları
• süre tahmini

Prospective and Retrospective Timing Processes: Theories and Methods

Öz

We experience a flow of time in everyday life. However, according to modern physics, time does not flow. In the psychology and neuroscience literature, different models and explanations have been made to try to answer the question of what time is besides an illusion of flow and to figure out how time is perceived. Different methods have also been used to learn how time is handled and to test how accurate these models are. People process time in two ways: implicitly and explicitly. We are talking about explicit timing when estimating the time interval length. Another distinction, according to the measurement method of time perception paradigms, is between prospective and retrospective time estimations. Although there are theorists who claim that these two methods involve similar cognitive processes, it is thought that different cognitive processes serve to experience and remember a time, depending on whether time perception is measured by the prospective or retrospective time estimation methods. This brings to mind different method-dependent constraints and advantages. As with any other kind of perception study, the method chosen for time perception research should fit the question being asked. This review presents a selective review of time perception studies to make it easier for a researcher planning to study time perception to choose the appropriate method for the study question. The time perception processes and related evidence were examined using prospective and retrospective time estimation measurement methods. But it's important to note that the time perception models and methods talked about in this review are only a small part of a very large field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Time perception
• time estimation paradigms
• duration judgments

Kaynakça

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