Developmental Bibliotherapy with Extremely Shy Children

Yıl 2024, , 410 - 424, 30.09.2024

Çiğdem Kaymaz

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1199297

Öz

Extremely shy children may find themselves somehow isolated from society and feel alone. This may cause them to experience different problems at home, at school and in the community. If this situation continues in the following years, the difficulties they experience in life will increase and the probability of their emergence as mental problems such as childhood loneliness, social anxiety disorders, depression and anxiety disorders that negatively affect their quality of life will increase. Thus, it is important to intervene in childhood shyness, social isolation, loneliness, and behavioral inhibition in order to eliminate possible problems that may be experienced in childhood and at the same time to prevent the continuation of the situation in adolescence and adulthood. Developmental bibliotherapy can be used in the context of both prevention and early intervention studies for shyness in early childhood with extremely shy children. In this context, the aim of this study is to provide an in-depth perspective on the concepts of extreme shyness and bibliotherapy, and to present an example of a developmental bibliotherapy session that can be experienced with extremely shy children who are between five to eight years old in early childood period and a sample book list that can be used in the sessions.."

Anahtar Kelimeler

Extremely shy, bibliotherapy, developmental bibliotherapy, child books

Aşırı Utangaç Çocuklarla Gelişimsel Bibliyoterapi

Öz

Aşırı utangaç olan çocuklar kendilerini bir şekilde toplumdan uzak, yalnız bulabilirler. Bu durum onların evde, okulda ve toplumda farklı problemler yaşamasına sebep olabilir. Eğer bu durumun ilerleyen yıllarda sürekliliği olursa hayatta yaşadıkları güçlükler artacak ve çocukluktaki yalnızlık, sosyal anksiyete bozuklukları, depresyon, kaygı bozuklukları gibi hayat kalitesini olumsuz etkileyen ruhsal problemler olarak ortaya çıkma ihtimali artacaktır. Bu bağlamda, çocukluktaki aşırı utangaçlığa, sosyal izolasyona, yalnızlığa, davranış inibisyonuna müdahale etmek çocuklukta bu nedenle yaşanabilecek olası problemleri ortadan kaldırmak ve aynı zamanda durumun ergenlik ve yetişkinlikte sürmesini engellemek adına önem arz etmektedir. Aşırı utangaç çocuklarla erken çocukluk döneminde utangaçlığa yönelik gerek önleme gerekse erken müdahale çalışmaları bağlamında gelişimsel bibliyoterapi son dönemlerde kullanılan yöntemlerden birtanesidir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı, aşırı utangaçlık ve bibliyoterapi kavramlarına derinlemesine bir bakış açısı sağlamak ve aşırı utangaç çocuklarla uygulanabilecek bir gelişimsel bibliyoterapi oturumu örneği ve oturumlarda kullanılabilecek örnek bir kitap listesi sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşırı utangaçlık, bibliyoterapi, gelişimsel bibliyoterapi, çocuk kitapları

Kaynakça

• Akgün E, Benli GK (2019) Bibliotherapy with preschool children: a case study. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklaşımlar, 11:100-111.
• Asendorpf JB (1993) Social Inhibition: A General-developmental Perspective. In Emotion, Inhibition, and Health (Eds HC Traue, JW Pennebaker):80-99, Seattle, WA, Hogrefe & Huber.
• Asendorpf JB (1993) Abnormal shyness in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 34:1069-1083.
• Astarani K, Richard SD (2020) Bibliotherapy strategy: Experimental study to reduce hospitalization stress in pre-school children. Strada Journal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 9:917-925.
• Barrett PM, Pahl KM (2006) School-based intervention: Examining a universal approach to anxiety management. J Psychol Couns Sch, 16: 55-75.
• Bayer JK, Rapee RM, Hiscock H, Ukoumunne OC, Mihalopoulos C, Wake M (2011) Translational research to prevent internalizing problems early in childhood. Depress Anxiety, 28:50-57.
• Bayer JK, Morgan A, Prendergast LA, Beatson R, Gilbertson T, Bretherton L et al. (2019) Predicting temperamentally ınhibited young children’s clinical-level anxiety and ınternalizing problems from parenting and parent wellbeing: a population study. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 47:1165–1181
• Berns CF (2004) Bibliotherapy: Using books to help bereaved children. Omega (Westport), 48:321-336.
• Boivin M, Hymel S, Bukowski WM (1995) The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Dev Psychopathol, 7:765-785.
• Brewster E (2011) An investigation of experiences of reading for mental health and well-being and their relation to models of bibliotherapy (Doctoral dissertation). Sheffield, University of Sheffield.
• Campbell SB (1995) Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 36:113-149.
• Carducci BJ (1999) Shyness: A Bold New Approach: The Latest Scientific Findings, Plus Practical Steps for Finding Your Comfort Zone. New York, Harper Collins.
• Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Newman DL, Silva PA (1996) Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53:1033-1039.
• Chronis-Tuscano A, Danko CM, Rubin KH, Coplan RJ, Novick DR (2018) Future directions for research on early intervention for young children at risk for social anxiety. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 47:655-667.
• Clauss JA, Blackford JU (2012) Behavioral inhibition and risk for developing social anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 51:1066-1075.
• Coplan RJ, Gavinski-Molina MH, Lagace-Seguin DG, Wichmann C (2001) When girls versus boys play alone: nonsocial play and adjustment in kindergarten. Dev Psychol, 37:464-474.
• Coplan RJ, Prakash K, O'Neil K, Armer M (2004). Do you" want" to play? Distinguishing between conflicted shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Dev Psychol, 40:244-258.
• Coplan RJ, Armer M (2007) A “multitude” of solitude: A closer look at social withdrawal and nonsocial play in early childhood. Child Dev Perspect, 1:26-32.
• Coplan RJ, Arbeau KA, Armer M. (2008) Don’t fret, be supportive! Maternal characteristics linking child shyness to psychosocial and school adjustment in kindergarten. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 36:359-371.
• Eddy CL, Herman KC, Huang F., Reinke WM (2022) Evaluation of a bibliotherapy-based stress intervention for teachers. Teach Teach Educ, 109:103543.
• Fordham K, Stevenson-Hinde J (1999) Shyness, friendship quality, and adjustment during middle childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry,40:757-768.
• Frenkel TI, Fox NA, Pine DS, Walker OL, Degnan KA, Chronis‐Tuscano A (2015) Early childhood behavioral inhibition, adult psychopathology and the buffering effects of adolescent social networks: A twenty‐year prospective study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry,56:1065-1073.
• Fox NA, Henderson HA, Rubin KH, Calkins SD, Schmidt LA (2001) Stability and instability of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral factors influencing change and continuity across the first four years of life. Child Dev, 72:1–21.
• Hayward C, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, Taylor CB (1998) Linking self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition to adolescent social phobia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 37:1308-1316.
• Hogye SI, Lucassen N, Jansen PW, Schuurmans IK, Keizer R (2022) Cumulative risk and internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood: Compensatory and buffering roles of family functioning and family regularity. Advers Resil Sci, 3:149-167.
• Jarman J, Varley S (2020) İki Utangaç Panda (Çeviri. S Özbilgiç). İstanbul, Mikado Yayıncılık.
• Jones WH, Briggs SR, Smith TG (1986) Shyness: conceptualization and measurement. J Pers Soc Psychol, 51:629-639.
• Good CV (1959) Dictionary of Education, 2nd edition. New York, McGraw-Hill.
• Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N (1987). The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Dev, 58:1459–1473.
• Kagan J (1997) Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity. Child Dev, 68:139-143.
• Kagan J, Snidman N, Zentner M, Peterson E (1999) Infant temperament and anxious symptoms in school age children. Dev Psychopathol, 11:209-224.
• Kalutskaya IN, Archbell KA, Moritz Rudasill K, Coplan R J (2015) Shy children in the classroom: From research to educational practice. Transl Issues Psychol Sci, 1:149-157
• Kaymaz Ç (2017) Özel gereksinimliliği içeren Türkçe ve çeviri resimli çocuk kitaplarının incelenmesi. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Lamani TR, Sajjan SB, Natekar DS (2021) Effectiveness of bibliotherapy in reducing the level of anxiety among hospitalized children in selected hospital at bagalkot. International Journal of Research in Engineering Science and Management, 4:153-156.
• Langley AK, Bergman RL, McCracken J, Piacentini JC (2004) Impairment in childhood anxiety disorders: Preliminary examination of the child anxiety impact scale–parent version. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 14:105-114.
• Leana-Tascilar MZ (2012) Üstün zekâlı ve yetenekli ögrencilerin de bulundugu sınıflarda bibliyoterapi kullanımı: model önerisi/the use of bibliotherapy in classrooms for gifted students: a bibliotherapy model. Talent, 2:118-136.
• Lewis KM, Amatya K, Coffman MF, Ollendick TH (2015) Treating nighttime fears in young children with bibliotherapy: Evaluating anxiety symptoms and monitoring behavior change. J Anxiety Disord, 30:103-112.
• Lloyd B, Howe N (2003) Solitary play and convergent and divergent thinking skills in preschool children. Early Child Res Q, 18:22-41.
• Lucas CV, Soares L (2013) Bibliotherapy: A tool to promote children's psychological well-being. J Poet Ther, 26:137-147.
• Masten AS, Morison P, Pellegrini DS (1985) A revised class play method of peer assessment. Dev Psychol, 21:523-533
• Mathers CD, Loncar D (2006) Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med, 3:e442.
• McCulliss D (2012) Bibliotherapy: Historical and research perspectives. J Poet Ther, 25:23-38.
• Mick MA, Telch MJ (1998) Social anxiety and history of behavioral inhibition in young adults. J Anxiety Disord, 12:1-20.
• Pardeck JT (1990) Using bibliotherapy in clinical practice with children. Psychol Rep, 67:1043-1049.
• Pardeck JT, Pardeck JA (1987) Bibliotherapy for children in foster care and adoption. Child Welfare, 65:269-278.
• Pardeck JT, Pardeck JA (1993) Bibliotherapy: A Clinical Approach for Helping Children. London, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
• Pedlow R, Sanson A, Prior M, Oberklaid F (1993) Stability of maternally reported temperament from infancy to 8 years. Dev Psychol, 29:998-1007.
• Pehrsson D, McMillen PS (2005) A bibliotherapy evaluation tool: Grounding counselors in the therapeutic use of literature. Arts Psychother, 32:47-59.
• Pettersson C (2021) “Another Way to Talk About Feeling Bad”. Creative interactive bibliotherapy–a complement to treatment for women with mental illness after childbirth. J Poet Ther, 35:1-12.
• Prior M, Smart D, Sanson A, Oberklaid F (2000) Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence? J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 39:461-468.
• Rapee RM, Kennedy S, Ingram M, Edwards S, Sweeney L (2005) Prevention and early intervention of anxiety disorders in inhibited preschool children. J Consult Clin Psychol, 73: 488-497.
• Rubin KH (1982) Nonsocial play in preschoolers: Necessary evil? Child Dev, 53:651-657.
• Rubin KH, Chen X, Hymel S (1993) Socioemotional characteristics of withdrawn and aggressive children. Merrill Palmer Q, 49:518-534.
• Rubin KH, Chen X, McDougall P, Bowker A, McKinnon J (1995) The Waterloo Longitudinal Project: Predicting internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence. Dev Psychopathol, 7:751-764.
• Rubin KH, Coplan RJ (2007) Paying attention to and not neglecting social withdrawl and social isolation. Merrill Palmer Q, 50:506-534.
• Rubin KH, Coplan RJ, Bowker JC (2009) Social withdrawal in childhood. Annu Rev Psychol, 60:141-171.
• Rubin RJ (1979) Uses of bibliotherapy in response to the 1970s. Libr Trends, 28:239-252.
• Russell DH, Shrodes C (1950) Contributions of research in bibliotherapy to the language-arts program. II. The School Review, 58:411-420.
• Salimi S, Zare-Farashbandi F, Papi A, Samouei R, Hassanzadeh A (2014) The effect of group bibliotherapy on the self-esteem of female students living in dormitory. J Educ Health Promot, 3:89.
• Schmidt LA, Buss AH (2010) Understanding shyness: four questions and four decades of research. In The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal, 2nd ed. (Ed RRJ Coplan):23-41, New York, Guilford Press.
• Sevinç G (2019). Healing mental health through reading: Bibliotherapy. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11:483-495.
• Siu AF (2007) Using friends to combat internalizing problems among primary school children in Hong Kong. J Cogn Behav Psychother, 7:11-26.
• Sweeney L, Rapee RM (2005) Social anxiety in children and adolescents: psyhological treatments. In The Essential Handbook of Social Anxiety for Clinicians, 2nd eds (Eds WR Crozier, LE Alden):153-167. New York, Wiley.
• Şahin A, Arıcı AF, Celepoğlu A, Dursunoğlu H, Topuz H, Erdal K et al. (2010) Eğitim Fakülteleri için Çocuk Edebiyatı, 2. Baskı. Ankara, Pegem Akademi.
• Uyar FN, Güleç H (2021) 5-6 Yaş grubu çocuklarda bibliyoterapinin kişiler arası problem çözme becerilerine etkisinin İncelenmesi. Eğitim Bilim and Araştırma Dergisi, 2:122-139.
• Van Bergen E, De Jong PF, Plakas A, Maassen B, Van der Leij A (2012) Child and parental literacy levels within families with a history of dyslexia. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 53:28-36.
• Xiao B, Bullock A, Coplan RJ, Liu J, Cheah CS (2021) Exploring the relations between parenting practices, child shyness, and internalizing problems in Chinese culture. J Fam Psychol, 35:833-843.
• Zaccaria JS, Moses HA (1968) Facilitating Human Development Through Reading: The Use of the Bibliotherapy in Teaching and Counseling. Champaign, IL, Stipes Publishing.