Effect of Childhood Traumas on Eating Disorders: Systematic Review

Öz

This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the relationship between eating disorders (ED) such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), a controversial and new concept in recent years; orthorexia nervosa (ON) and childhood traumas (CT). The purpose of this review is to systematically examine whether CT (emotional-physical-sexual abuse and emotional-physical neglect) has any impact on the development of the ED (anorexia-bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa) in line with the literature. In this review, Turkish and English articles/dissertations published between 1990 and 2022 in the academic databases of Ebscohost, Proquest Dissertations, Science Direct, Google Scholar and PsycINFO were used to examine the effect of CT on the development of ED. Childhood traumas, eating disorders, aneroxia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa, childhood traumas and childhood traumas and eating disorders, childhood traumas and orthorexia nervosa were used as keywords. From the articles/dissertations reached, those who did not have an efficacy study of childhood traumas on eating disorders/orthorexia nervosa and those published before 1990 and after 2022 were not included in the review. Each selected study focused on information on the effects of childhood trauma types on eating disorders and orthorexia nervosa. In line with the determined criteria, the methods, findings and results of the studies of 21 articles/dissertations were explained. It was determined that the types of CT (emotional, physical, sexual abuse and physical and emotional neglect) directly or indirectly predicted ED and were effective on the development of ED, but no effect on ON was observed. This conclusion sheds light on the need to increase studies on ON.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Childhood traumas
• anorexia nervosa
• bulimia nervosa
• eating disorder

Çocukluk Çağı Travmalarının Yeme Bozukluklarına Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme

Öz

Bu sistematik derleme anoreksiya nervoza (AN), bulimiya nervoza (BN), tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu (TYB) ve son yıllarda tartışmalı ve yeni bir kavram olan ortoreksiya nervoza (ON) gibi yeme bozukluklarının çocukluk çağı travmaları (ÇÇT) ile ilişkisini değerlendiren çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Bu taramanın amacı; ÇÇT (duygusal-fiziksel-cinsel istismar ve duygusal-fiziksel ihmal) yeme bozuklarına (YB) (anoreksiya-bulimiya nervoza, tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu, ortoreksiya nervoza) sebep olup olmadığını yapılan çalışmalar doğrultusunda sistematik olarak incelemektir. Bu çalışmada ÇÇT ile YB ve tutumlarını etkisini incelemek için Ebscohost, Proquest Dissertations, Science Direct, Google Scholar ve PsycINFO akademik veri tabanlarında 1990 ile 2022 yılları arasında yayınlanan Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleler/tezler taranmıştır. Taramada çocukluk çağı travmaları (Chilhood Traumas), yeme bozuklukları (Eating Disorders), aneroksiya nervoza (Anorexia Nervosa), bulimiya nervoza (Bulimia Nervosa), tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu (Binge Eating Disorder), ortoreksiya nervoza (Orthorexia Nervosa), çocukluk çağı travmaları ve yeme bozuklukları (Childhood Traumas and Eating Disorders), çocukluk çağı travmaları ve ortoreksiya nervoza (Childhood Traumas and Orthorexia Nervosa) anahtar kelimeleri kullanılmıştır. Ulaşılan makalelerden/tezlerden çocukluk çağı travmalarının yeme bozukluklarına/ortoreksiya nervozaya etkililik çalışması olmayanlar ve 1990 öncesindekiler araştırmaya dahil edilmemiştir. Ele alınan her bir araştırmada çocukluk çağı travma türlerinin yeme bozuklukluklarına ve ortoreksiya nervozaya etkilerine dair bilgilere odaklanılmıştır. Belirlenen kriterler doğrultusunda 21 makale/ tez ait çalışmaların yöntemlerine, bulgularına ve sonuçlarına odaklanılmıştır. ÇÇT’nin türlerinin (duygusal, fiziksel, cinsel istismar ve fiziksel ve duygusal ihmal) doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak YB’yi yordadığı ve YB’nin gelişimi üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiş fakat ON üzerine bir etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Bu durum ON üzerine çalışmaların arttırılması gerektiğine ışık tutmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocukluk çağı travmaları
• aneroksiya nervoza
• bulimiya nervoza
• yeme bozuklukları

Kaynakça

1. Alpay EH, Aydın A, Bellur Z (2017) Çocukluk çağı travmalarının depresyon ve travma sonrası stres belirtileri ile ilişkisinde duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin aracı rolü. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20:218-226.
2. APA (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
3. APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
4. APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
5. Arusuoğlu G, Kabakçı E, Köksal G, Kutluay Merdol T (2008) Ortoreksiya nervoza ve orto-11’in Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 19:283-291.
6. Attia E (2010) Anorexia nervosa: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Med, 61:425-435.
7. Aydemir Ö, Köksal B, Yalın-Sapmaz Ş, Yüceyar H (2015) Kadın üniversite öğrencilerinde REZZY Yeme Bozuklukları Ölçeği Türkçe formunun güvenilirlik ve geçerliliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 16:31-35.
8. Belli H, Ural C, Akbudak M, Sagaltıcı E (2019) Levels of childhood traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms in extremely obese patients with and without binge eating disorder. Nord J Psychiatry, 8:527-531.

9. Bernstein EM, Putnam FW (1986) Development, reliabilit and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis, 174:727-735.
10. Bernstein D, Fink L (1998) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. San Antonio, TX, Psychological Corporation.
11. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K et al. (1994) Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry, 151:1132-1136.
12. Bratman S (1997) The health food eating disorder. Yoga Journal, 136:42-50.
13. Broman-Fulks JJ, Hill WR, Green BA (2008) Is perfectionism categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis. J Pers Assess, 90:481-490.
14. Brown GR, Anderson B (1991) Psychiatric morbity in adult inpatients with childhood histories of sexual and physical abuse. Am J Psychiatry, 148:55-61.
15. Burns EE, Fischer S, Jackson JL, Harding HG (2012) Deficits in emotion regulation mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and later eating disorder symptoms. Child Abuse Negl, 36:32-39.
16. Carr CP, Martins CM, Stingel AM, Lemgruber VB, Juruena MF (2013) The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: a systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. J Nerv Ment Dis, 201:1007-1020.
17. Chirichella-Besemer D, Motta RW (2008) Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with negative affect in men and women. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 8:423-445.
18. Corstorphine E, Glenn Waller G, Lawson R, Christine Ganis C (2007) Trauma and multi-impulsivity in the eating disorders. Eat Behav, 8:23-30.
19. Crawford BJ (2014) Affect dysregulation as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and comorbid substance use disorder and bulimia nervosa (Doctor of Philosophy). Dakota, University of North Dakota.
20. Dağlı A, Baysal N (2016) Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15:1250-1262.
21. David H, Gleaves P, Kathleen, P, Eberenz B (1993) Eating disorders and additional psychopathology in women. J Child Sex Abus, 3:71-80.
22. Davies-Netzley S, Hurlburt MS, Hough RL (1996) Childhood abuse as a precursor to homelessness for homeless women with severe mental illness. Violence Vict, 11:129-142.
23. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z (1993) The Eating Disorders Examination. Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment, 12nd ed. (Eds CG Fairburn, GT Wilson):317-360. New York, Guilford Press.
24. Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ (2003) Eating disorders. Lancet, 361:407- 416.
25. Fidan, T, Ertekin V, Işıkay S, Kirpinar I (2010) Prevalence of orthorexia among medical students in Erzurum, Turkey. Compr Psychiatry, 51:49-54.
26. Fink L, Bernstein DP, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M (1995) Intinial reliability and validity of the Childhood Trauma Interview. Am J Psychiatry, 152:1329-1335.
27. Folsom V, Krahn D, Nain K, Gold L, Demitrack MA, Silk KR (1993) The impact of sexual and physical abuse on eating disordered and psychiatric symptoms: a comparison of eating disordered and psychiatric inpatients. Int J Eat Disord, 13:249–25.
28. Fosse GK, Holen A (2006) Childhood maltreatment in adult female psychiatric outpatients with eating disorders. Eat Behav, 7:404-409.
29. Garner DM, Olmsted M, Bohr Y, Garfinkel P (1982) The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med, 12:871–878.
30. Garner DM (1991) Eating Disorder Inventory 2: Professional manual. Odessa, FL, Psychological Assessment Resources.
31. Glaser D (2002) Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological malt-reatment): A conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl, 26:697-714.
32. Gratz KL, Roemer L (2004) Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the diffificulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 26:41–54.
33. Grilo CM, Masheb RM (2002) Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 106:183-188.
34. Guillaume S, Jaussent I, Maimoun L, Ryst A, Seneque M, Villain L et al. (2016 ) Associations between adverse childhood experiences and clinical characteristics of eating disorders. Sci Rep, 6:35761.
35. Gürcan N, Kolburan G (2019) Üniversitedeki kız Öğrencilerin yeme tutumlarının yaşam doyumu ve çocukluk çağı travmaları ile ilişkisi. Aydın Toplum ve İnsan Dergisi, 2:17-34.
36. Hart SN, Binggeli, NJ, Brassard MR (1997) Evidence for the effects of psychological maltreatment. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1:27-58.
37. Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P (2009) Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4:562.
38. James MG (1992) The relatıonsıp between chıldhood sexual abuse and eating disorder development in college females (Master of science). Texas, University of North Texas.
39. Joelle B (2014) Affet dysregulation as a mediator of the relationship between childhood trauma and comorbid substance use disorder and bulimia nervosa (Doctor of Philosophy). Dakota, University of North Dakota.
40. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Gould MS, Kasen S, Brown J, Brook JS (2002) Childhood adversities, interpersonal difficulties and risk for suicide attempts during late adolescence and early adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59:741–74.
41. Jones E, Wessely S (2007) A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century. J Anxiety Disord, 21:164-175.
42. Kaya Ş (2019) Yetişkin bireylerde ortorektik davranışlar ve çocukluk çağı travmaları arasındaki ilişki (Uzmanlık Tezi). İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi.
43. Kent A, Waller G, Dagnan D (1997) A greater role of emotional than physical or sexual abuse in predicting disordered eating attitudes: the role of mediating variables. Int J Eat Disord, 25:159-167.
44. Kent A, Waller G (1998) The impact of childhood emotional abuse: An extension of the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale. Child Abuse Negl, 22:393-399.
45. Kocakaya G (2019) Yeme bozukluklarıyla ilişkili olabilecek değişkenlere bütüncül bakış. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 4:28-45.
46. Kong S, Bernstein K (2009) Childhood trauma as a predictor of eating psychopathology and its mediating variables in patients with eating disorders. J Clin Nurs, 18:1897-1907.
47. Köroğlu E (2015) DSM-5 Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru El Kitabı, 1. Baskı. Ankara, HYB Yayınevi.
48. Leonard S, Steiger H, Kao A (2002) Childhood and adulthood abuse in bulimic and nonbulimic women: Prevalences and psychological correlates. Int J Eat Disord, 33:397-405.
49. Levine HB (2014) Psychoanalysis and trauma, psychoanalytic inquiry: A topical. Journal for Mental Health Professionals, 34:214-224.
50. Meczekalski B, Podfigurna-Stopa A, Katulski K (2013) Long-term consequences of anorexia nervosa. Maturitas, 75:215-220.
51. Merdin E (2018) Çocukluk çağı travmaları ve psikopatolojik belirtilerin ortoreksiya nervoza üzerindeki rolü (Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, Maltepe Üniveristesi.
52. Molendijk ML, Hoek HW, Brewerton TD, Elzinga BM (2017) Childhood maltreatment and eating disorder pathology: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 47:1402-1416.
53. Monteleonea AM, Monteleone P, Serino I, Scognamiglio P, Di Genio M, Maj M (2014) Childhood trauma and cortisol awakening response in symptomatic patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 48:615–62.
54. Moore E, Gaskin C, Indig D (2013) Childhood maltreatment and post-traumatic stres disorder among incarcerated young offenders. Child Abuse Negl, l37:861-870.
55. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2004) Eating Disorders: Core interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders. London, British Psychological Society.
56. Neria Y, Bromet EJ, Sievers S, Lavelle J, Fochtmann LJ (2002) Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychosis: findings from a first-admission cohort. J Consult Clin Psychol, 70:246-251.
57. Oğuz İ (2020) ON eğilimi olan kadın üniversite öğrencilerinin OKB ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Uzmanlık Tezi). İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi.
58. Okumuşoğlu S (2022) Examination of relationship of eating disorders with childhood traumas and life satisfaction. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 4:43-53.
59. Özen Y (2018) Travma sonrası ortaya çıkan psikolojik bozukluklar üzerine bir değerlendirme. The Journal of Social Science, 2:136-151.
60. Öztürk E (2003) Travma kökenli dissosiyatif bozukluk vakalarının ailelerinde çocukluk çağı travmalarının sıklığı (Doktora tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
61. Racine SE, Wildes JE (2015) Emotion dysregulation and anorexia nervosa: an exploration of the role of childhood abuse. Int J Eat Disord, 48:55-58.
62. Rosotto E, Yager, J, Rorty M (1998) The impulsive behavior scale. In Trauma, Dissociation and Impulsive Dyscontrol in Eating Disorders (Eds J Vanderlinden, W Vandereycken):197-198. Pennsylvania, Brunner/Mazel.
63. Ross CA, Halpern N (2009) Trauma Model Therapy: A Treatment Approach for Trauma Dissociation & Complex Comorbidity. Richardson, TX: Manitou Communications.
64. Sansone RA, Sansone LA (2007) Childhood trauma, borderline personality and eating disorders: A development cascade. Eat Disord, 15:333-346.
65. Swanston HY, Plunkett AM, O’Toole BI, Shrimpton S, Parkinson PN, Oates RK (2003) Nine years after child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl, 27:967-984.
66. Savaşır I, Erol N (1989) Yeme Tutum Testi: anoreksiya nervoza belirtileri indeksi. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7:19-25.
67. Şar V, Öztürk E, İkikardeş E (2012) Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32:1054-1063.
68. Tanofsky-Kraff M, Bulik, CM, Marcus MD, Striegel RH, Wilfley DE, Wonderlich, SA et al. (2013) Binge eating disorder: the next generation of research. Int J Eat Disord, 46:193-207.
69. Tavolacci MP, Grigioni S, Richard L, Meyrignac G, Dechelotte P, Ladner J (2015) Eating disorders and associated health risks among university students. J Nutr Educ Behav, 47:412-420.
70. Thompson KM, Wonderlich SA (2004) Child sexual abuse and eating disorders. In Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity (Eds JK Thompson):679-694. Hoboken, Wiley.
71. Treausure J, Claudino AM, Zucker N (2010) Eating Disorders. Lancet, 375:583-593.
72. Tucknott M (2014) An Investigation into the Impact of childhood abuse and care-giver ınvalidation on psychological ınflexibility in clinical and subclinical eating disorders (Doctor of Psyhology). Hertfordshire, University of Hertfordshire.
73. Tunç P (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travması ve yeme tutumları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 11:203-219.
74. Utzinger LM, Haukebo JE, Simonich H, Wonderlich SA, Cao L, Lavender JM et al. (2016) A latent profile analysis of childhood trauma in women with bulimia nervosa: associations with borderline personality disorder psychopathology. Int J Eat Disord, 49:689-694.
75. Van der Kolk BA (2018) Beden Kayıt Tutar (Çeviri Ed. N Cihanşümül Maral). Ankara, Nobel Yaşam Yayınevi.
76. Vanderlinden J, Van Dyck R, Vandereycken W (1993) The Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q): development and characteristics of a new self-report questionnaire. Clin Psychol Psychother, 1:21-27.
77. Volkan VD (2000) Traumatized societies and psychological care: expanding the concept of preventive medicine. Mind and Human Interaction, 11:177-194.
78. Yılmaz H (2020) Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı ile izlenen hastalarda ortoreksiya nervoza (Uzmanlık Tezi).Adana, Çukurova Üniversitesi.
79. Young JE, Lindemann MD (1992) An integrative schema-focused model for personality disorders. J Cogn Psychother, 6:11-23.
80. Walsh BT (2011) The importance of eating behavior in eating disorders. Physiol Behav, 104:525-529.
81. Weissman MM, Sholomskas D, Pottenger M, Prusoff BA ve Locke BZ (1977) Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: A validation study. Am J Epidemiol, 106:203-214.
82. Wiederman MW (1998) Disordered eating and perceptions childhood abuse among women in a primary care setting. Psychol Women Q, 22:493-497.
83. Wisnivesky J, Henschke C, Swanson S, Yankelevitz D, Zulueta J, Marcus S et al (2011) Limited resection for the treatment of patients with stage Ia lung cancer. Ann Surg, 251:550-554.
84. Wonderlich S, Crosby R, Mitchell J, Thompson K, Redlin J, Demuth G (2001) Pathways mediating sexual abuse and eating disturbance in children. Int J Eat Disord, 29:270-279.
85. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Vujanovic AA (2002) Inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the revised diagnostic interview for borderlines. J Pers Disord, 16:270-276.
86. Zanarini MC, Schmahl C, Linehan MM, Bohus M (2004) Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 364:453-461.