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Disengagement from Moral Disengagement: A Review of Individual Differences and Interventions Programs

Yıl 2024, , 31 - 47, 31.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1223370

Öz

It is an intriguing question of how people can reduce stress in which situations where internal moral standards are violated. Addressing this question, moral disengagement theory has been proposed to explain different cognitive mechanisms which ease people into engaging or witnessing moral transgressions. Several findings showed that moral disengagement tendencies might be explained by individual differences as well as contextual factors. Beyond showing the correlations between moral disengagement processes and individual differences and contextual factors, it is also valuable to investigate if there is an effective way to intervene in moral disengagement. This review article addresses the previously shown evidence regarding individual differences, contextual factors, and interventions, which in turn aim to enrich our understanding of the underlying psychological mechanisms to reduce unethical behaviors. Taken together, Honesty-Modesty, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism were found to be individual differences associated with moral disengagement. Additionally, less research yielded that attachment styles, political attitudes, moral identity, and moral emotions might be important to experience moral disengagement. Although several studies showed that individual differences are related to being more prone to moral disengagement, these studies had rarely been considered in intervention programs aiming to reduce immoral behaviors. Programs that have been designed to reduce moral disengagement overlook the long-term effects. Additionally, interventions often focus on the work environment and adolescence. In the future, interventions that include longitudinal designs considering the role of individual differences and different contexts might contribute to the relevant literature.

Kaynakça

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  • Caprara G V, Alessandri G, Tisak M S, Paciello M, Caprara M G, Gerbino M et al (2013) Individual differences in personality conducive to engagement in aggression and violence. Eur J Pers, 27:290-303.
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Ahlaki Uzaklaşmadan Uzaklaşmak: Bireysel Farklılıklar ve Müdahale Programlarına İlişkin Bir Derleme

Yıl 2024, , 31 - 47, 31.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1223370

Öz

Kişilerin içsel ahlaki standartların ihlal edildiği durumlarda nasıl düşük düzeyde stres deneyimlediği merak uyandıran bir sorudur. Bu soruyu ele alan ahlaki uzaklaşma teorisi, insanların ahlaki ihlallere dahil veya tanık olmasını kolaylaştıran farklı bilişsel mekanizmaları açıklamak üzere öne sürülmüştür. İncelemeler ahlaki uzaklaşmaya ilişkin eğilimlerin bağlamsal faktörlerin yanı sıra bireysel farklılıklarla da açıklanabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklaşmanın bireysel farklılıklar ve bağlamsal faktörlerle ilişkisinin ötesinde, ahlaki uzaklaşmaya müdahale etmenin etkili bir yolu olup olmadığını araştırmak da oldukça değerlidir. Bu derleme makalesi, bireysel farklılıklar, bağlamsal faktörler ve müdahalelerle ilgili çalışmaları ele alarak etik olmayan davranışların azaltılabilmesi için altta yatan psikolojik mekanizmalara ilişkin anlayışımızı zenginleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birlikte ele alındığında, bulgular Dürüstlük-Alçakgönüllülük, Uyumluluk, Sorumluluk, Psikopati ve Makyavelizm’in, ahlaki uzaklaşma ile ilişkili bireysel farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Ek olarak, daha az sayıda araştırmada bağlanma stillerinin, politik tutumların, ahlaki kimliğin ve ahlaki duyguların ahlaki uzaklaşma süreçlerini deneyimlemekle ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışmalar bireysel farklılıkların ahlaki uzaklaşmaya yatkınlık için önemli olduğunu gösterse de bu farkların ahlaki uzaklaşmayı azaltmak için müdahale programlarında nadiren dikkate alındığı görülmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklaşmayı azaltmak için tasarlanan programların uzun vadeli etkilerinin nadiren test edildiği ve genellikle çalışma ortamına veya ergenlik dönemine odaklandığı görülmektedir. Gelecekte bireysel farklılıkların rolünü dikkate alan boylamsal desenleri içeren uygulamalı çalışmalar ilgili literatüre katkı sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Aghababaei N, Błachnio A (2015) Well-being and the dark triad. Pers Individ Dif, 86:365–368.
  • Alparslan B (2017) Ahlaki uzaklaşma. In Sosyal Psikolojide Değerler ve Ahlak: Kuramlar ve Ölçekler (Eds S Cesur, Ç Erdoğan, B Tepe, A Bayad, O Yılmaz):119-133. İstanbul, Nobel.
  • Altemeyer B (1996) The Authoritarian Specter. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
  • Aquino K, Reed A (2002) The self-importance of moral identity. J Pers Soc Psychol, 83:1423-1440.
  • Aquino K, Reed II A, Thau S, Freeman D (2007) A grotesque and dark beauty: How moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. J Exp Soc Psychol, 43:385-392.
  • Arendt H (2010) Kötülüğün Sıradanlığı. Adolf Eichmann Kudüs’te, (Çeviri. Ed. Ö Çelik). İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
  • Ashton M C, Lee K (2007) Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 11:150-166.
  • Bandura A (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
  • Bandura A (2001) Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annu Rev Psychol, 52:1-26.
  • Bandura A, Barbaranelli C, Caprara G V, Pastorelli C (1996) Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. J Pers Soc Psychol, 71:364-374.
  • Bandura A, Caprara G V, Barbaranelli C, Pastorelli C, Regalia C (2001) Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol, 80:125-135.
  • Bao Z, Zhang W, Lai X, Sun W, Wang Y (2015) Parental attachment and Chinese adolescents' delinquency: The mediating role of moral disengagement. J Adolesc, 44:37-47.
  • Bartholomew K, Horowitz L M (1991) Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61:226–244.
  • Batson C D, Thompson E R, Chen H (2002) Moral hypocrisy: addressing some alternatives. J Pers Soc Psychol, 83:330.
  • Bowlby J (1973) Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York, NY, Basic Books.
  • Bustamante A, Chaux E (2014) Reducing moral disengagement mechanisms: a comparison of two ınterventions. J Lat Am Stud, 6:52–54.
  • Caprara G V, Alessandri G, Tisak M S, Paciello M, Caprara M G, Gerbino M et al (2013) Individual differences in personality conducive to engagement in aggression and violence. Eur J Pers, 27:290-303.
  • Caravita S C, Gini G, Pozzoli T (2012) Main and moderated effects of moral cognition and status on bullying and defending. Aggress Behav, 38:456-468.
  • Caravita S C, Sijtsema J J, Rambaran J A, Gini G (2014) Peer influences on moral disengagement in late childhood and early adolescence. J Youth Adolesc, 43:93-207.
  • Chan H C O ve Wong D S (2015) Traditional school bullying and cyberbullying in Chinese societies: Prevalence and a review of the whole-school intervention approach. Aggress Violent Behav, 23:98-108.
  • Chugh D, Kern M C, Zhu Z, Lee S (2014) Withstanding moral disengagement: Attachment security as an ethical intervention. J Exp Soc Psychol, 51:88–93.
  • Cohen T R, Panter A T, Turan N, Morse L A, Kim Y (2014) Moral character in the workplace. J Pers Soc Psychol, 107:943–963.
  • Collins N L, Feeney B C (2000) A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol, 78:1053-1073.
  • Costello K, Hodson G (2009) Exploring the roots of dehumanization: The role of animal-human similarity in promoting immigrant humanization. Group Process Intergroup Relat 13:3-22.
  • De Caroli M E, Sagone E (2014) Mechanisms of moral disengagement: An analysis from early adolescence to youth. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 140:312-317.
  • Detert J R, Trevino L K, Sweitzer V L (2008) Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. J Appl Psychol, 93:374-391.
  • Egan V, Hughes N, Palmer E J (2015) Moral disengagement, the dark triad, and unethical consumer attitudes. Pers Individ Dif, 76:123-128.
  • Erik S, Aykaç S, Dertli Ö, Şafak S, Sulak-Akyüz B, Sulak S (2022) Üniversite öğrencilerinin apati özelliğinin ahlaki uzaklaşma davranışlarına etkisi. Uluslararası Güncel Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8:267-280.
  • Espelage D L, Low S K, Jimerson S R (2014) Understanding school climate, aggression, peer victimization, and bully perpetration: contemporary science, practice, and policy. Sch Psychol Q, 29:233.
  • Festinger LA (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Redwood, CA, Stanford University Press.
  • Gezici-Yalçın M, Şenyurt AY, Gültepe B, Coşkun H (2016) Ahlâkî uzaklaşma ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması. Kalem Uluslararası Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6:309-332.
  • Gini G (2006) Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What’s wrong? Aggress Behav, 32:528–539.
  • Gini G, Pozzoli T, Hymel S (2014) Moral disengagement among children and youth: A meta-analytic review of links to aggressive behavior. Aggress Behav, 40:56–68.
  • Graham J, Haidt J, Nosek B A (2009) Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. J Pers Soc Psychol, 96:1029.
  • Haidt J (2003) The moral emotions. In Handbook of Affective Sciences (Eds RJ Davidson, K R Scherer, HH Goldsmith):852–870. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Haidt J, Graham J (2007) When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Soc Justice Res, 20:98-116.
  • Hardy SA, Bean DS, Olsen JA (2015) Moral identity and adolescent prosocial and antisocial behaviors: interactions with moral disengagement and self-regulation. J Youth Adolesc, 44: 1542–1554.
  • Hardy SA, Carlo G (2011) Moral identity: What is it, how does it develop, and is it linked to moral action? Child Dev Perspect, 5:212-218.
  • Hoffman M L (1978) Empathy: Its development and prosocial implications. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Eds CB Keasey):169–218. Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
  • Hyde LW, Shaw DS, Moilanen KL (2010) Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 38:197-209.
  • Jackson LE, Gaertner L (2010) Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in support of war. Aggress Behav, 36:238-250.
  • Jones BD, Woodman T, Barlow M, Roberts R (2017) The darker side of personality: Narcissism predicts moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. Sport Psychol, 31:109-116.
  • Kish-Gephart J, Detert J, Treviño L K, Baker V, Martin S (2014) Situational moral disengagement: can the effects of self-interest be mitigated? J Bus Ethics, 125:267–285.
  • Kocatürk M, Kurtça TT (2021) Akran zorbalığı ve mağduriyeti, siber zorbalık, ahlaki uzaklaşma ve empatik ilgi arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20:1123-1136.
  • Lewin K (1935) A Dynamic Theory of Personality. New York, McGraw-Hill.
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Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Esra Yalçın 0000-0002-9986-1809

Büşra Aktaş 0000-0002-0125-7903

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

AMA Yalçın E, Aktaş B. Disengagement from Moral Disengagement: A Review of Individual Differences and Interventions Programs. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Mart 2024;16(1):31-47. doi:10.18863/pgy.1223370

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