Yaşlanmada Bilişsel Egzersiz ve Rehabilitasyon

Öz

Yaşlılık; biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyo-kültürel süreçlerde ortaya çıkan ve giderek artan bozulmaların görüldüğü bir yaşam evresidir. Bu nedenle yaşlanmada gözlenen diğer tüm değişimlerle birlikte bilişsel değişim de kaçınılmazdır. İleri yetişkinlikte bilgileri işleme hızı, olayların nerede ve ne zaman gerçekleştiği gibi bağlamsal bilgileri hatırlama becerisi ve yönetici işlev performansı zayıflamaktadır. Üstelik bilişsel süreçlerdeki bu değişim, gündelik yaşamdaki işlevselliğin bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Yaşlanmanın olumsuz etkilerinden korunmada fiziksel aktivite, beslenme ve sosyal desteğin anahtar rol oynadığı iyi bilinmekle birlikte bilişsel egzersiz ve rehabilitasyonların etkisi görece daha az araştırılmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı, ileri yetişkinlerde bozulan bilişsel işlevlerin telafi edilmesine ya da belirli ölçülerde yeniden kazanılmasına yardımcı olmak için farklı bilişsel süreçlere (epizodik bellek, çalışma belleği, yönetici işlevler, dikkat, işleme hızı) yönelik uygulanan bilişsel egzersiz ve rehabilitasyon uygulamalarını incelemektir. Bu kapsamda uygulamaların etkinliği, kazanımların farklı bilişsel alanlara aktarımı ve uzun süreler korunup korunmadığı incelenmiş; bilişsel egzersiz ve rehabilitasyon gibi bilinçli ve sistematik uygulamaların yaşlanmanın olumsuz etkilerini azaltmadaki katkısı tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yaşlanma
• bilişsel yaşlanma
• bilişsel egzersiz
• bilişsel rehabilitasyon

Cognitive Training and Rehabilitation in Aging

Abstract

Aging is a life stage in which progressive deterioration occurs in biological, psychological, and socio-cultural processes. Therefore, along with all the other changes observed in aging, cognitive change is inevitable. In older adulthood, the speed of processing information, the ability to remember contextual information such as where and when events occur, and executive function performance are impaired. Moreover, this change in cognitive processes causes the deterioration of functionality in daily life. Although it is well known that physical activity, nutrition, and social support play a key role in preventing the adverse effects of aging, the impact of cognitive training and rehabilitation have been relatively less studied. This review aims to examine cognitive training and rehabilitation practices applied to different cognitive processes (episodic memory, working memory, executive functions, attention and processing speed) to help compensate for or regain cognitive functions that are impaired in older adults. In this context, the effectiveness of the practices, the transfer of gains to different cognitive areas, and whether they are preserved for long periods were examined. The contribution of conscious and systematic practices, such as cognitive training and rehabilitation, in reducing the adverse effects of aging has been discussed.

Keywords

• aging
• cognitive aging
• cognitive training
• cognitive rehabilitation

Kaynakça

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