Gaslighting and Interpersonal Relationships: Systematic Review

Yıl 2024, , 146 - 158, 31.03.2024

Büşra Akdeniz , Hüdayar Cıhan

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1281632

Cited By: 2

Öz

Gaslighting is a manipulation technique that makes the perpetrator doubt the mind of the victim, questions the perception of reality, and makes the person think that they are crazy. Although gaslighting is thought to be a marriage syndrome, gaslighting can occur not only in marriages but also in all relationships. The purpose of this review study is to systematically compile the studies on gaslighting and relationships, to reveal what kind of relationships gaslighting is seen and what its outputs are. Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, TRDizin, and Web of Science databases were used in the research. The systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA criteria. The terms "gaslighting", "gaslight" and "relationship" were used as keywords in Turkish and English to be scanned in databases. 97 studies were accessed from the databases, 31 studies were viewed and 17 of them were included in the study. Most of the studies were conducted in the USA. The study findings showed that gaslighting can occur in many different areas such as health, politics, and romantic and social relationships. It has been seen that the personality of the victim and the perpetrator, partner addiction, and the balance of power in the relationship are the factors that affect gaslighting. In addition, it has been found in the literature that there are a very limited number of studies on gaslighting. Especially in Turkish literature, quantitative or qualitative study findings directly addressing people who have been exposed to gaslighting have not been found. The reason for this was thought to be related to the fact that a scale study on gaslighting has not yet been carried out in Turkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gaslighting, emotional abuse, manipulation, interpersonal relationship

Gaslighting ve Kişilerarası İlişkiler: Sistematik Derleme Çalışması

Öz

Gaslighting failin mağdurun aklından şüphe etmesini sağlayan, gerçeklik algısını sorgulatan ve kişinin delirdiğini düşündüren bir manipülasyon tekniğidir. Gaslighting’in bir evlilik sendromu olduğu düşünülse de gaslighting sadece evliliklerde değil bütün ilişkilerde ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı da gaslighting ve ilişkiler üzerine yapılan çalışmaları sistematik olarak derlemek, hangi tür ilişkilerde gaslighting görüldüğünü ve bunun çıktılarının neler olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, TRDizin ve Web of Science veri tabanları kullanılmıştır. Sistematik derleme PRISMA kriterlerine göre yürütülmüştür. Veri tabanlarında taratılmak üzere Türkçe ve İngilizce dilinde ‘‘gaslighting’’, ‘‘gaslight’’’ ‘relationship/ilişkiler’’ terimleri anahtar kelime olarak kullanılmıştır. Veri tabanlarından 97 çalışmaya ulaşılmış, 31 çalışma görüntülenmiş ve bunların 17 tanesi çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmaların çoğu ABD kaynaklıdır. Çalışma bulguları gaslighting’in sağlık, politika, romantik ve sosyal ilişkiler gibi birçok farklı alanda ortaya çıkabildiğini göstermiştir. İlişkilerde mağdurun ve failin kişiliğinin, partner bağımlılığının ve ilişkideki güç dengesinin gaslighting’i etkileyen unsurlar olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca alanyazında, gaslighting ile ilgili araştırmaların çok sınırlı sayıda olduğu bulgusuna erişilmiştir. Özellikle Türkçe kaynaklarda, gaslighting’e maruz kalmış kişileri doğrudan konu alan nicel veya nitel çalışma bulgularına rastlanamamıştır. Bunun nedeninin, Türkiye'de henüz gaslighting konusunda ölçekli bir çalışma yapılmamış olmasıyla ilişkili olduğu düşünülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gaslighting, duygusal istismar, manipülasyon, kişilerarası ilişkiler

Kaynakça

• Abramson K (2014) Turning up the lights on gaslighting. Philos Perspect, 28:1–30.
• Akiş AD, Öztürk E (2021) Patolojik narsisizm: duygusal istismar ve "gaslighting" perspektifinden kapsamlı bir değerlendirme. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 6:1-31.
• Anderson KL (2009) Gendering coercive control. Violence Against Women, 15:1444-1457.
• Atak H, Taştan N (2012) Romantik ilişkiler ve aşk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4:520-546.
• Au L, Capotescu C, Eyal G ve Finestone G (2022) Long COVID and medical gaslighting: dismissal, delayed diagnosis, and deferred treatment. SSM Qual Res Health, 2:100167.
• Barnes E (2023) Trust, distrust, and ‘medical gaslighting’. Philos Q, 0:35.
• Barton R, Whitehead JA (1969) The gas-light phenomenon. Lancet, 293:1258-1260.
• Bashford J, Leschziner G (2015) Bed partner “gas-lighting” as a cause of fictitious sleep-talking. J Clin Sleep Med, 11:1237-1238.
• Bhatti MM, Shuja KH, Aqeel M, Bokhari Z, Gulzar SN, Fatima T et al. (2023) Psychometric development and validation of victim gaslighting questionnaire: across female sample from Pakistan. Int J Hum Rights Health, 16:4-18.
• Calef V, Weinshel EM (1981) Some clinical consequences of introjection: gaslighting, Psychoanal Q, 50:44-66,
• Cukor G (1944) Gaslight. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0036855/
• Çakır İ, Bilge Y (2020) Şizoid kişilik bozukluğu etiyolojisi üzerine bir derleme. Güncel Psikoloji Araştırmaları (Ed İ Sanberk):113-127. Ankara, Akademiayen Yayınevi.
• Çaykuş ET (2020) İlişki istikrarı: ilişkilerde güç algısı, ilişkisel alçakgönüllülük ve romantik ilişkilerde obsesyon ve kompulsiyon ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi) Eskişehir, Eskişehir Osman Gazi Üniversitesi.
• Davis AM, Ernst R (2019) Racial gaslighting. Polit Groups Identities, 7:761-774.
• Dickson P, Ireland JL, Birch P (2023) Gaslighting and its application to interpersonal violence. J Criminol Res Policy Pract, 9:31-46.
• Dorpat TL (1996) Gaslighting, The Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis. Lanham, MD, Jason Aronson.
• Er M (2021) Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde kültürlerarası iletişim ve mikro saldırganlık. (Doktora tezi) Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Evans OG (2023) What is gaslighting? examples, types, causes, & how to respond. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-gaslighting.html. (Accessed 26.05.2023)
• Fielding-Singh P, Dmowska A (2022) Obstetric gaslighting and the denial of mothers’ realities. Soc Sci Med, 301:114938.
• Fortin I, Guay S, Lavoie V, Boisvert JM, Beaudry M (2011) Intimate partner violence and psychological distress among young couples: analysis of the moderating effect of social support. J Fam Violence, 27:63–73.
• Gass GZ, Nichols WC (1988) Gaslighting: a marital syndrome. Contemp Fam Ther, 10:3-16.
• Glaser D (2002) Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl, 26:697-714.
• Graves CG, Samp JA (2021) The power to gaslight. J Soc Pers Relat, 38:3378-3386.
• Ismail S, Urus NST, Binawae FI, Siraji AHAS (2021) The protection of a wife’s rights against the elements of narcissism and gaslighting in domestic violence: the impact during COVID-19 pandemic. Linguist Cult Rev, 5:2175-2194.
• Jackson H (2022) Gaslight. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15087414/
• Johnson VE Nadal KL, Sissoko DG, King R (2021) “It’s not in your head”: gaslighting, ‘splaining, victim blaming, and other harmful reactions to microaggressions. Perspect Psychol Sci, 16:1024–1036.
• Jones SS (2023) Gaslighting and dispelling: experiences of non-governmental organization workers in navigating gendered corruption. Hum Relat, 76:901-925.
• Kemaloğlu S (2021) Üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerindeki duygusal istismar, kişiler arası bağımlılık ve romantik ilişki kalıp yargıları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi) İstanbul, Maltepe Üniversitesi.
• Kim S, Warren E, Jahangir T, Al-Garadi M, Guo Y, Yang YC et al. (2023) Characteristics of intimate partner violence and survivor’s needs during the covıd-19 pandemic: insights from subreddits related to ıntimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence, 38:9693–9716.
• Kukreja P, Pandey J (2023) Workplace gaslighting: conceptualization, development, and validation of a scale. Front Psychol, 14:1099485.
• Lachkar J (2001) Emotional abuse of high-functioning professional women. J Emot Abuse, 2:73-91.
• Li Y, Samp JA (2023) Gaslighting LGBTQ+ individuals: correlates of gaslighting experiences, gaslighters’ characteristics, and gaslighting techniques. Commun Stud, 74:356-376.
• Miano P, Bellomare M, Genova VG (2021) Personality correlates of gaslighting behaviours in young adults. J Sex Aggress, 27:285-298.
• Nazir T, Özçiçek A (2022) Gaslighting: iki yüzlü bir duygusal istismarla yüzleşmek. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6:241-250.
• Riggs, DW, Bartholomaeus C (2018) Gaslighting in the context of clinical interactions with parents of transgender children. Sex Relation Ther, 33:382-394.
• Roberts T, Andrews DJC (2013) A critical race analysis of the gaslighting against African American teachers: Considerations for recruitment and retention. In Contesting the Myth of a ‘Post Racial’ Era: The Continued Significance of Race in U.S. Education (Eds DJC Andrews, F Tuitt): 69-94. Lausanne, Peter Lang Publishers.
• Rodrigues MA, Mendenhall R, Clancy KB (2021) “There's realizing, and then there's realizing": how social support can counter gaslighting of women of color scientists. J Women Minor Sci Eng, 27:1-23.
• Russell D, Spence NJ, Chase JAD, Schwartz T, Tumminello CM, Bouldin E (2022) Support amid uncertainty: long covid illness experiences and the role of online communities. SSM Qual Res Health, 2:100177.
• Shane T, Willaert T, Tuters M (2022) The rise of “gaslighting”: debates about disinformation on twitter and 4chan, and the possibility of a “good echo chamber”. Pop Comm, 20:178-192.
• Shousha NM (2023) Now, you can breathe: a qualitative study of the experiences and resilience of egyptian women victimized by narcissistic relationships. J Int Womens Stud, 25:14.
• Stern R (2007) The Gaslight Effect: How To Spot And Survive The Hidden Manipulations Other People Use To Control Your Life. New york, Morgan Road Books.
• Sue DW (2010) Microaggressions In Everyday Life: Race, Gender, And Sexual Orientation, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley
• Sweet PL (2019) The sociology of gaslighting. Am Sociol Rev, 84:851–875.
• Thomas L (2018) Gaslight and gaslighting. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:117-118.
• Vargas EA, Mahalingam R (2020) Experiences of patient incivility: a qualitative study. J Patient Exp, 7:615-620.
• WHO (2021) Violence against women. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women. (Accessed 09.03.2021)
• Wozolek B (2018) Gaslighting queerness: schooling as a place of violent assemblages. J LGBT Youth, 15:319-338.
• Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu İ, Çavlin A, Akadlı-Ergöçmen B (2015) Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile Içi Şiddet Araştırması. Ankara, Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı