Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklar İçin Uygulamalı Davranış Analizinde Yaklaşımlar ve Stratejiler

Yıl 2024, , 347 - 357, 30.06.2024

Ayşe Tuna

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1315911

Cited By: 1

Öz

Uygulamalı davranış analizinin temel hedefi, olumlu ve faydalı davranışları artırmak, öğrenmeyi olumsuz etkileyen veya zararlı davranışları azaltmaktır. Davranış analizi onlarca yıldır araştırılmış ve kullanılmıştır ve yöntemlerinin birçok türden öğrencinin farklı beceriler kazanmasına yardımcı olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Terapistler, otizm spektrum bozukluğu ve diğer ilgili gelişimsel bozuklukları olan çocuklara yardımcı olmak için uzun süredir uygulamalı davranış analizi kullanmaktadır. Uygulamalı davranış analizi, her çocuğun ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde uyarlanabilir ve ayrıca okul, ev ve toplum gibi farklı ortamlarda da sağlanabilir. Bire bir öğretimi veya grup öğretimini içerebilir ve günlük yaşamda yararlı olan becerileri öğretmede etkilidir. Bu makalede, öncelikle otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklara uygulamalı davranış analizi uygulamak için kullanılan yaklaşımlar ve stratejiler sunulmaktadır. Daha sonra bunlarla ilgili zorluklar ve ortaya çıkan fırsatlar ve uygulamalı davranış analizine hizmet eden yazılım uygulamaları gözden geçirilmektedir. Son olarak, gelecekteki araştırma yönleri ortaya konmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

otizm spektrum bozukluğu, uygulamalı davranış analizi, yazılım uygulamaları

Approaches and Strategies in Applied Behavior Analysis for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Öz

The main goal of applied behaviour analysis is to increase behaviours that are positive and helpful and decrease behaviours that affect learning negatively or are harmful. Behaviour analysis has been studied and used for decades and it has been shown that its methods can help many kinds of learners gain different skills. Therapists have been using applied behaviour analysis to help children with autism spectrum disorder and other related developmental disorders for a long time. Applied behaviour analysis can be adapted to meet the needs of each child and also be provided in different environments like school, home, and community. It can involve one-to-one teaching or group instruction and is effective at teaching skills useful in everyday life. In this paper, firstly approaches and strategies used to implement applied behaviour analysis on children with autism spectrum disorder are presented. Then, challenges related to these and emerging opportunities and software applications serving for applied behaviour analysis are reviewed. Finally, future research directions are presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

autism spectrum disorder, applied behaviour analysis, software applications

Kaynakça

• Adipat S, Laksana K, Busayanon K, Asawasowan A, Adipat B (2021) Engaging students in the learning process with game-based learning: The fundamental concepts. International Journal of Technology in Education, 4:542-552.
• Aishworiya R, Valica T, Hagerman R, Restrepo B (2022) An update on psychopharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Neurotherapeutics, 19:248-262.
• APA (2017) American Psychological Association policy: applied behavior analysis. http://www.apa.org/about/policy/applied-behavior-analysis.(Accessed 07.04.2023).
• Artoni S, Claudia Buzzi M, Buzzi M, Fenili C, Leporini B, Mencarini S, Senette C (2013) A portable application for supporting ABA intervention. J Assist Technol, 7:78-92.
• Autism Speaks (2023) Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) URL:https://www.autismspeaks.org/applied-behavior-analysis. (Accessed 10.04.2023).
• Autism Tracker Pro (2011) Autism Tracker Pro https://apps.apple.com/ca/app/autism-tracker-pro/id478225574 (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• BACB (2014) Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. Littleton, CO, Behavior Analyst Certification Board.
• Baer DM, Wolf MM, Risley TR (1968) Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. J Appl Behav Anal, 1:91-97.
• Barbera M, Rasmussen T (2007) The Verbal Behavior Approach: How to Teach Children with Autism and Related Disorders. London, UK, Jessica Kingsley.
• Battaglia D (2017) Functional communication training in children with autism spectrum disorder. Young Exceptional Children, 20:30-40.
• Behavior Tracker Pro (2023) Behavior Tracker Pro https://www.behaviortrackerpro.com (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Bush NE, Ouellette G, Kinn J (2014) Utility of the T2 Mood Tracker mobile application among army warrior transition unit service members. Mil Med, 179:1453-1457.
• Carr EG, Durand VM (1985) Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal, 18:111-126.
• Central Reach (2023) ABA practice management software https://centralreach.com/products/aba-practice-management-software (Accessed 13.05.2023)).
• Charlop-Christy MH, Carpenter MH, Le LT, LeBlanc LA, Kellet K (2002) Using the picture exchange communication system (pecs) with children with autism: assessment of pecs acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal, 35:213-231.
• Choi KR, Lotfizadah AD, Bhakta B, Pompa-Craven P, Coleman KJ (2022) Concordance between patient-centered and adaptive behavior outcome measures after applied behavior analysis for autism. BMC Pediatr, 22:314.
• ClinicSource (2023) ClinicSource. https://www.clinicsource.com (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Cooper A, Ireland D (2018) Designing a chat-bot for non-verbal children on the autism spectrum. Stud Health Technol Inform, 252:63-68.
• Davey S, Davey A (2015) Effect of practice management softwares among physicians of developing countries with special reference to Indian scenario by mixed method technique. J Family Med Prim Care, 4:208-216.
• DeLeon IG, Neidert PL, Anders BM, Rodriguez-Catter V (2001) Choices between positive and negative reinforcement during treatment for escape-maintained behavior. J Appl Behav Anal, 34:521-525.
• Denne LD, Thomas E, Hastings RP, Hughes JC (2015) Assessing competencies in applied behavior analysis for tutors working with children with autism in a school-based setting. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 20:67-77.
• Dennison A, Lund EM, Brodhead MT, Mejia L, Armenta A, Leal J (2019) Delivering home-supported applied behavior analysis therapies to culturally and linguistically diverse families. Behav Anal Pract, 12:887-898.
• Dillenburger K, Keenan M, Doherty A, Byrne T, Gallagher S (2012) ABA-based programs for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: parental and professional experiences at school and at home. Child Fam Behav Ther, 34:111-129.
• Eckert TL, Martens BK, DiGennaro FD (2005) Describing antecedent-behavior-consequence relations using conditional probabilities and the general operant contingency space: a preliminary investigation. School Psych Rev, 34:520-528.
• Eikeseth S, Hayward DW, Gale CM, Gitlesen JP, Eldevik S (2009) Intensity of supervision and outcome for preschool aged children receiving early and intensive behavioral interventions: A preliminary study. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 3:67-73.
• Fairburn CG, Patel V (2017) The impact of digital technology on psychological treatments and their dissemination. Behav Res Ther, 88:19-25.
• Fennell B, Dillenburger K (2018) Applied behaviour analysis and autism: science, profession, and practice. In Behavioral Analysis (Eds HT Hou, CS Ryan). London, UK, InTech.
• First Then Visual Schedule (2010) First Then Visual Schedule https://apps.apple.com/us/app/first-then-visual-schedule/id355527801 (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Fraser HS, Blaya J (2010) Implementing medical information systems in developing countries, what works and what doesn't. In AMIA Symposium. Proceedings of AMIA Annual Symposium: 232-236.
• Ghafghazi S, Carnett A, Neely LC, Das A, Rad P (2021) AI-augmented behavior analysis for children with developmental disabilities: building toward precision treatment. IEEE Syst Man Cybern Mag, 7:4-12.
• Gitimoghaddam M, Chichkine N, McArthur L, Sangha SS, Symington V (2022) Applied behavior analysis in children and youth with autism spectrum disorders: a scoping review. Perspect Behav Sci, 45:521-557.
• Habitica (2023) Habitica. https://habitica.com (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Hardy JK, McLeod RH (2020) Using positive reinforcement with young children. Beyond Behavior, 29:95-107.
• Help Autism (2023) ABA Kit. https://helpautism.ro/en/abakit (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Helton MR, Alber-Morgan SR (2018) Helping parents understand applied behavior analysis: creating a parent guide in 10 steps. Behav Anal Pract, 11:496-503.
• Heward WL (2005) Reasons applied behavior analysis is good for education and why those reasons have been insufficient. In Focus on Behavior Analysis in Education: Achievements Challenges, and Opportunities (Eds WL Heward et al.):318-348. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education.
• Hilgard K, Bower GH (1966) Theories of Learning. New York, NY, Appleton-Century.
• Horner RH, Carr EG, Strain PS, Todd AW, Reed HK (2002) Problem behavior interventions for young children with autism: a research synthesis. J Autism Dev Disord, 32:423-446.
• Hus Y, Segal O (2021) Challenges surrounding the diagnosis of autism in children. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 17:3509-3529.
• Iwata BA (1987) Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis: an emerging technology. J Appl Behav Anal, 20:361-378.
• Jacobson JW, Mulick JA, Green GC (1998) Cost–benefit estimates for early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism—general model and single state case. Behav Interv, 13:201-226.
• Johnston JM (2006) "Replacing" problem behavior: an analysis of tactical alternatives. Behav Anal, 29:1-11.
• Johnston JM, Foxx RM, Jacobson JW, Green G, Mulick JA (2006) Positive behavior support and applied behavior analysis. Behav Anal, 29:51-74.
• Kasari C, Sturm A, Shih W (2018) SMARTer approach to personalizing intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. J Speech Lang Hear Res, 61:2629-2640.
• Koegel RL, O'Dell MC, Koegel LK (1987) A natural language teaching paradigm for nonverbal autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord, 17:187-200.
• Kohli M, Kar AK, Bangalore A, Ap P (2022) Machine learning-based ABA treatment recommendation and personalization for autism spectrum disorder: an exploratory study. Brain Inform, 9:16.
• Leaf JB, Cihon JH, Leaf R, McEachin J, Liu N, Russell N, et al. (2022) Concerns about ABA-based intervention: an evaluation and recommendations. J Autism Dev Disord, 52:2838-2853.
• LearningWorks for Kids (2015) Ireward Chart https://learningworksforkids.com/apps/ireward-chart (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Leblanc LA, Esch J, Sidener TM, Firth AM (2006) Behavioral language interventions for children with autism: comparing applied verbal behavior and naturalistic teaching approaches. Anal Verbal Behav, 22:49-60.
• LeBlanc LA, Raetz PB, Sellers TP, Carr JE (2015) A proposed model for selecting measurement procedures for the assessment and treatment of problem behavior. Behav Anal Pract, 9:77-83.
• Lerman DC (2008) An introduction to the second issue of behavior analysis in practice (BAP). Behav Anal Pract, 1:2.
• Lim HA, Draper EA (2011) The effects of music therapy incorporated with applied behavior analysis verbal behavior approach for children with autism spectrum disorders. J Music Ther, 48:532-550.
• Lindgren S, Wacker D, Schieltz K, Suess A, Pelzel K, Kopelman T, et al. (2020) A randomized controlled trial of functional communication training via telehealth for young children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 50:4449-4462.
• Louie W, Korneder J, Abbas I, Pawluk C (2021) A study on an applied behavior analysis-based robot-mediated listening comprehension intervention for ASD. Paladyn, 12:31-46.
• Meadan H, Ayvazo S, Ostrosky MM (2016) The abcs of challenging behavior: understanding basic concepts. Young Exceptional Children, 19:3-15.
• Moore C (2023) What is applied behavior analysis? 8 apps to try out. Quenza. https://quenza.com/blog/applied-behavior-analysis (Accessed 10.04.2023).
• Morris EK, Smith NG, Altus DE (2005) BF Skinner’s contributions to applied behavior analysis. Behav Anal, 28:99-131.
• Morrison H, Roscoe EM, Atwell A (2011) An evaluation of antecedent exercise on behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement using a three-component multiple schedule. J Appl Behav Anal, 44:523-541.
• Nagy RP (2016) Tracking and visualising student effort: evolution of a practical analytics tool for staff and student engagement. Journal of Learning Analytics, 3:164-192.
• National Center on Intensive Intervention (2023) Behavior Strategies to Support Intensifying Intervention. Available from: https://intensiveintervention.org/implementation-intervention/behavior-strategies. (Accessed: 12.04.2023).
• Newcomb ET, Hagopian LP (2018) Treatment of severe problem behaviour in children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities. Int Rev Psychiatry, 30:96-109.
• O’Neill RE, Albin RW, Storey K, Horner RH, Sprague JR (2014) Functional Assessment and Program Development. Belmont, CA, Nelson Education.
• Ogundele MO (2018) Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians. World J Clin Pediatr, 7:9-26.
• Oliver C, Hall S, Hales J, Murphy G, Watts D (1998) The treatment of severe self-injurious behavior by the systematic fading of restraints: effects on self-injury, self-restraint, adaptive behavior, and behavioral correlates of affect. Res Dev Disabil, 19:143-165.
• Overskeid G (2018) Do we need the environment to explain operant behavior? Front Psychol, 9:373.
• Pagliaro JC (2023). The future of autism and ABA: Predicting outcomes. Autism Spectrum News. 13(2):13..
• Parsonson BS (2012) Evidence-based classroom behaviour management strategies. Kairaranga, 13:16-23.
• Peters-Scheffer N, Didden R, Korzilius H, Matson J (2012) Cost comparison of early intensive behavioral intervention and treatment as usual for children with autism spectrum disorder in the Netherlands. Res Dev Disabil, 33:1763-1772.
• Peters-Scheffer NC, Didden R, Korzilius HP, Sturmey P (2011) A meta-analytic study on the effectiveness of comprehensive ABA-based early intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 5:60-69.
• Ponticorvo M, Rega A, Miglino O (2020) Applied behavior analysis (ABA) as a footprint for tutoring systems: a model of ABA approach applied to olfactory learning. Soc Sci (Basel), 9:45.
• Reichow B, Hume K, Barton EE, Boyd BA (2018) Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5:CD009260.
• Rojas-Torres LP, Alonso-Esteban Y, Alcantud-Marín F (2020) Early intervention with parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: a review of programs. Children (Basel), 7:294.
• Schlichenmeyer KJ, Dube WV, Vargas-Irwin M (2015) Stimulus fading and response elaboration in differential reinforcement for alternative behavior. Behav Interv, 30:51-64.
• Schreibman L, Stahmer AC (2014) A randomized trial comparison of the effects of verbal and pictorial naturalistic communication strategies on spoken language for young children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 44:1244-1251.
• Shkedy G, Shkedy D, Sandoval-Norton AH (2021) Long-term ABA therapy is abusive: a response to gorycki, ruppel, and zane. Adv Neurodev Disord, 5:126-134.
• Simonoff E (2005). Children with psychiatric disorders and learning disabilities. BMJ, 330:742-743.
• Slocum TA, Detrich R, Wilczynski SM, Spencer TD, Lewis T, Wolfe K (2014) The evidence-based practice of applied behavior analysis. Behav Anal, 37:41-56.
• Smith T (2013) What is evidence-based behavior analysis? Behav Anal, 36:7-33.
• Sosnowski DW, Stough CO, Weiss MJ, Cessna T, Casale A, Foran A, et al. (2022) Brief report: a novel digital therapeutic that combines applied behavior analysis with gaze-contingent eye tracking to improve emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 52:2357-2366.
• Stone-Heaberlin M, Hartley N, Lynch JD, Fisher P, Justice N (2023) Implementation of a parent-mediated discrete trial teaching intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Behav Anal Pract, 16:302-306.
• Sundberg ML (2008) VB-MAPP: Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program. Concord, CA, AVB Press.
• Tanet A, Hubert-Barthelemy A, Crespin GC, Bodeau N, Cohen D, Saint-Georges C, et al. (2016) A developmental and sequenced one-to-one educational intervention for autism spectrum disorder: a randomized single-blind controlled trial. Front Pediatr, 4:99.
• Tarbox CM, Silverman EA, Chastain AN, Little A, Bermudez TL, Tarbox, J (2020) Taking action: 18 simple strategies for supporting children with autism during the covid-19 pandemic. Behav Anal Pract, 14:1099-1127.
• Thread Learning (2020) Thread Learning. https://www.threadlearning.com (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Total Therapy (2022) Total Therapy. https://rethinktotaltherapy.com (Accessed 13.05.2023).
• Trevisan DF, Becerra L, Benitez P, Higbee TS, Gois JP (2019) A review of the use of computational technology in applied behavior analysis. Adapt Behav, 27:183-196.
• Valencia K, Rusu C, Quiñones D, Jamet E (2019) The impact of technology on people with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review. Sensors (Basel), 19:4485.
• Ventola CL (2014) Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits. PT, 39:356-364.
• Way of Life (2023) Way of Life. https://wayoflifeapp.com/ (Accesed 13.05.2023).
• White DM, Aufderheide-Palk C, Gengoux GW (2021) Clinician delivery of virtual pivotal response treatment with children with autism during the covid-19 pandemic. Soc Sci (Basel), 10:414.
• Wong CS, Kasari C, Freeman S, Paparella T (2007) The acquisition and generalization of joint attention and symbolic play skills in young children with autism. Res Pract Persons Severe Disabl, 32:101-109.