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Cyberbullying: Definition, Prevalence, Effects, Risk and Protective Factors

Yıl 2024, , 425 - 438, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1325195

Öz

Cyberbullying is defined as intentional, repetitive, and harmful behaviors carried out using computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices. In recent years, there has been an increase in the rates of cyberbullying parallel to the rise in Internet usage. Particularly among adolescents, the prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber victimization are quite high. Adolescents who cyberbully or cyber victim face serious mental health problems. In this reason, efforts should be made to prevent adolescents from being exposed to these negative effects. It is crucial to identify the risk factors and protective factors related to cyberbullying, as they can guide preventive interventions. The review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the risk factors and protective factors influencing cyberbullying. Furthermore, information was provided regarding the definition, historical trend, prevalence, and consequences of cyberbullying. In this review, firstly, the definition of cyberbullying is provided, followed by a detailed discussion of its history, prevalence, risk factors, and protective factors. It is expected that the study, which comprehensively explains the factors related to cyberbullying, will contribute to the literature on cyberbullying and provide guidance to professionals working in this field."

Kaynakça

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  • Aoyama I, Utsumi S, Hasegawa M (2012) Cyberbullying in Japan: Cases, government reports, adolescent relational aggression, and parental monitoring roles. Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives. 1st ed. (Eds Q Li, D Cross, PK Smith):182-211. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell .
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  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2015) “Am I at risk of cyberbullying?” A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach. Aggress Violent Behav, 23:36-51.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2016) Cyberbullying in youth: A pattern of disruptive behaviour. Psicol Educ (Madr) 22:19-26.
  • Baldry AC, Sorrentino A, Farrington DP (2019) Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents' online activities. Child Youth Serv Rev, 96:302-307.
  • Barlett CP, Fennel M (2016). Examining the relation between parental ignorance and youths’ cyberbullying perpetration. Psychol Pop Media Cult, 7:1-14.
  • Bartolo MG, Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Musso P (2019). Mediating processes in the relations of parental monitoring and school climate with cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement. Eur J Psychol, 15: 568-594.
  • Baştürk-Akca E, Sayımer İ, Ergül, S (2015) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5:72-86.
  • Bayar Y, Uçanok Z (2012) School social climate and generalized peer perception in traditional and cyberbullying status. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12:2352-2358.
  • Bayraktar F, Machackova H, Dedkova L, Cerna A, Ševčíková A (2015) Cyberbullying: The discriminant factors among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims in a Czech adolescent sample. J Interpers Violence, 30:3192-3216.
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Siber Zorbalık: Tanımı, Yaygınlığı, Etkileri, Risk ve Koruyucu Faktörleri

Yıl 2024, , 425 - 438, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1325195

Öz

Siber zorbalık, bilgisayar, cep telefonu veya diğer elektronik cihazlar kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen kasıtlı, tekrarlayıcı ve zarar verici davranışlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda, İnternet kullanımındaki artışa paralel olarak siber zorbalık oranlarında artış meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle ergenler arasında siber zorbalık yapma ve siber zorbalığa maruz kalma yaygınlığı oldukça yüksektir. Siber zorbalık yapan veya siber zorbalığa maruz kalan ergenler ciddi ruhsal problemlerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple, ergenlerin bu olumsuz etkilere maruz kalmasını önlemeye yönelik çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Siber zorbalıkla ilişkili risk faktörlerinin ve koruyucu faktörlerin belirlenmesi, siber zorbalığı önlemeye yönelik çalışmalara yol göstermesi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, siber zorbalığa etki eden risk faktörlerine ve koruyucu faktörlere ilişkin kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sunulması ve siber zorbalığın tanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, yaygınlığı ve sonuçları hakkında bilgi aktarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle siber zorbalığın tanımı yapılmakta, ardından sırasıyla, tarihçesi, yaygınlığı ve risk faktörleri ile koruyucu faktörler detaylı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Siber zorbalığa ilişkin faktörleri kapsamlı olarak ele alan bu çalışmanın ilgili alan yazına katkı sağlaması ve bu alanda çalışan uzmanlara yol göstermesi beklenmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Abreu RL, Kenny MC (2018) Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention. J Child Adolesc Trauma, 11:81-97.
  • Aoyama I, Utsumi S, Hasegawa M (2012) Cyberbullying in Japan: Cases, government reports, adolescent relational aggression, and parental monitoring roles. Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives. 1st ed. (Eds Q Li, D Cross, PK Smith):182-211. New Jersey, Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Ayas T, Horzum MB (2010) Sanal zorba/kurban ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 19:1-17.
  • Ayas T, Horzum MB (2012) İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma durumu. İlköğretim Online, 11:2-13.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2015) “Am I at risk of cyberbullying?” A narrative review and conceptual framework for research on risk of cyberbullying and cybervictimization: The risk and needs assessment approach. Aggress Violent Behav, 23:36-51.
  • Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Sorrentino A (2016) Cyberbullying in youth: A pattern of disruptive behaviour. Psicol Educ (Madr) 22:19-26.
  • Baldry AC, Sorrentino A, Farrington DP (2019) Cyberbullying and cybervictimization versus parental supervision, monitoring and control of adolescents' online activities. Child Youth Serv Rev, 96:302-307.
  • Barlett CP, Fennel M (2016). Examining the relation between parental ignorance and youths’ cyberbullying perpetration. Psychol Pop Media Cult, 7:1-14.
  • Bartolo MG, Palermiti AL, Servidio R, Musso P (2019). Mediating processes in the relations of parental monitoring and school climate with cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement. Eur J Psychol, 15: 568-594.
  • Baştürk-Akca E, Sayımer İ, Ergül, S (2015) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5:72-86.
  • Bayar Y, Uçanok Z (2012) School social climate and generalized peer perception in traditional and cyberbullying status. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12:2352-2358.
  • Bayraktar F, Machackova H, Dedkova L, Cerna A, Ševčíková A (2015) Cyberbullying: The discriminant factors among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyberbully-victims in a Czech adolescent sample. J Interpers Violence, 30:3192-3216.
  • Brochado S, Soares S, Fraga S (2017) A scoping review on studies of cyberbullying prevalence among adolescents. Trauma Violence Abuse, 18:523-531.
  • Buil JM, Van Lier PA, Brendgen MR, Koot HM, Vitaro F (2017) Developmental pathways linking childhood temperament with antisocial behavior and substance use in adolescence: Explanatory mechanisms in the peer environment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 112:948-966.
  • Burnukara P, Uçanok Z (2010) Ergenlerin bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri kullanım olanakları ile sanal ortamda meydana gelen zorbalığa ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 21:47-62.
  • Campbell M, Spears B, Slee P, Butler D, Kift S (2012) Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation. Emot Behav Diffic, 17:389-401.
  • Cappadocia MC, Craig WM, Pepler D (2013) Cyberbullying: Prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Can J Sch Psychol 28:171-192.
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  • Padilla-Walker LM, Son D (2019) Longitudinal associations among routine disclosure, the parent–child relationship, and adolescents’ prosocial and delinquent behaviors. J Soc Pers Relat, 36:1853-1871.
  • Pala SÇ, Ünsal A, Emiral GÖ, Demirtaş Z, Zencirci SA, Tözün M et al. (2021) Evaluation of cyberbullying and multidimensional perceived social support levels in high school students of Turkey. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 84:104-112.
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  • Patchin JW, Hinduja S (2006) Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence Juv Justice, 4:148-169.
  • Peker A (2015a) Ergenlerin saldırganlık ve siber zorbalık davranışları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 61:323-336.
  • Peker A (2015b) Ortaokul öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık statülerini yordayan risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim: 40:57-75.
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  • Peterson J, Densley J (2017) Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here?. Aggress Violent Behav, 34:193-200.
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  • Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Llorent, VJ (2019) Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying roles. Aggress Violent Behav, 45:83-97.
Toplam 105 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyal Gelişim
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Burak Akdeniz 0000-0002-5113-3191

Aysun Doğan 0000-0003-1885-8796

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

AMA Akdeniz B, Doğan A. Cyberbullying: Definition, Prevalence, Effects, Risk and Protective Factors. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Eylül 2024;16(3):425-438. doi:10.18863/pgy.1325195

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.