Effects of Divorce on Children

Yıl 2013, , 140 - 161, 01.06.2013

Nilgün Öngider

https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130510

Öz

There is now strong consensus in the research literature that children whose parents have divorced are at increased risk of displaying a variety of problem behaviors compared to children living in continuously intact families. Divorce can be a profound catalyst for psychological, social, and economic change. Also, many studies have documented short-term and long-term negative effects of parental marital conflict and divorce for offspring, including poorer academic, social, and psychological outcomes. Researches indicate that adult offspring of divorce were experiencing more problems lifelong and evaluate divorce their own marriages than do young adults from intact families. It has been suggested that the long-term consequences of parental divorce for adult attachment and quality of life may prove to be more serious than the short-term emotional and social problems noted in childhood. As a result, divorce may lead to further stressful experiences such as disruption in parent-child relationships, loss of emotional support, economic hardship, and as well as numerous other stressful life events.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Divorce, children, effects of divorce.

Boşanmanın Çocuk Üzerindeki Etkileri

Öz

Yapılmış çalışmalarda, anne ve babası boşanmış çocukların, anne-babası birlikte olan çocuklara göre psikolojik sorunlar açısından daha fazla risk altında olduğu konusunda genellikle fikir birliği olduğu görülmektedir. Boşanma, psikolojik, sosyal ve ekonomik açılardan çok ciddi değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca ebeveynleri boşanan çocukların, boşanma sonrasındaki kısa ve uzun dönem içinde, akademik, sosyal ve psikolojik açılardan birçok olumsuz sonuçlara maruz kaldıkları gösterilmiştir. Boşanmanın uzun süreli etkilerini araştırıldığında, çocukluk dönemlerinde ebeveynlerinin boşanmasına şahit olan çocukların, yetişkinlik yaşantıları boyunca daha çok sorun yaşadıkları; hatta, ebeveynleri boşanmış çocukların, kendi evliliklerinin de daha yüksek oranda boşanmayla sonuçlandığı bildirilmektedir. Çocukluk dönemlerinde ebeveynleri boşanmış bireylerin, yetişkinlik dönemlerinde yaşadıkları bağlanma sorunları ve yaşam kalitesinde bozulma gibi boşanmanın uzun süreli sonuçları, bu bireylerin çocukluk dönemlerinde yaşadıkları boşanmanın kısa süreli sonuçları olan duygusal ve sosyal sorunlara kıyasla daha ciddidir. Bulgular, boşanmanın ebeveyn- çocuk ilişkilerinde bozulma, duygusal desteği kaybetme, ekonomik zorluklar, gibi birçok stresli yaşam olayına neden olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boşanma, çocuk, boşanmanın etkileri.

Kaynakça

• Kelly JB. Risk and protective factors associated with child adolescent adjustment following separation and divorce. In Parenting Plan Evaluations: Applied Research for the Family Court (Eds K Kuehnle, L Drozd):49-84. New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Amato PR, Meyers C, Emery R. Changes in nonresident father contact between 1976 and 2002. Fam Relat 2009; 58:41-53.
• Amato PR. Research on divorce: continuing trends and new developments. J Marriage Fam 2010; 72, 650-666.
• Butler I. Divorcing Children: Children’s Experience of Their Parents’ Divorce. Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2003.
• Nock SL. The divorce, marriage and parenthood. J Fam Ther 2000; 22:245-263. Amato PR. Life-span adjustment of children to their parent’s divorce. Child Div 2000; 4:143-164.
• Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü (DİE) verileri http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ PreHaberBultenleri.doid=10844.(Accessed at Nov 12, 2012)
• Furstenberg FF, Kiernan KE. Delayed parental divorce: how much do children benefit? J Marriage Fam 2001; 63:446-457.
• Isaacs A. Children’s adjustment to their divorced parents’ new relationship. J Paediatr Child Health 2002; 38:329-331.
• Lamb ME, Sternberg KJ, Thompson RA. The effects of divorce and custody arrangements on children’s behaviour, development and adjustment. Exp Evidence 1997; 5:83-88.
• Madden-Derdich DA, Leonard SA. parental role ıdentity and fathers’ ınvolvement in coparental ınteraction after divorce: father’s perspectives. Fam Relat 2000; 49:3113
• Woodward L, Fergusson DM, Belsky J. Timing of parental seperation and attachment to parents in adolescence: results of a prospective study from birth to age J Marriage Fam 2000; 62:162-174.
• Gale J, Mowery RL, Herrman MS, Hollett NL. Considering effective divorce mediation: three potential factors. Conf Resol Q 2002; 19:389-420.
• Hawkins AJ, Nock SL, Wilson JC, Sanchez, L, Wright JD. Attitudes about covenant marriage and divorce: policy ımplications from a three-state comparison. Fam Relat 2002; 51:166-175.
• Wang H, Amato PR. Predictors of divorce adjustment: stressors, resources, and definitions. J Marriage Fam 2000; 62:655-668.
• Wolchik SA, Wilcox KL, Tein JY, Sandler IN. Maternal acceptance and consistency of disipline as buffers of divorce stressors on children’s psychological adjustment problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2000; 28:87-102.
• Amato PR, Gilbreth GJ. Nonresident fathers and children’s well-being: a metaanalysis. J Marriage Fam 1999; 61:557-573.
• Booth A, Amato PR. Divorce and psychological stres. J Health Soc Behav 1991; 32:396-407.
• Sun Y, Li Y. Children's well-being during parents’ marital disruption process: a pooled time-series analysis. J Marriage Fam 2002; 64:472-488.
• Amato PR, Booth A. A prospective study of divorce and parent-child relationships. J Marriage Fam 1996; 58:356-365.
• Madden-Derdich DA, Leonard SA. Shared experiences, unique realities: formerly married mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of parenting and custody after divorce. Fam Relat 2002; 51:37-45.
• Seltzer JA. Relationships between fathers and children who live apart: the fathers role after separation. J Marriage Fam 1991; 53:79-101.
• Wenk D, Hardesty CL, Morgan CS, Blair SL. The influence of parental involvement on the well-being of sons and daughters. J Marriage Fam 1994; 56:229-234.
• Shifflett K, Cummings ME. A program for educating parents about the effects of divorce and conflict on children: an ınitial evaluation. Fam Relat 1999; 48:79-89. Gindes M. The psychological effects of relocation for children of divorce. J Am Acad Matrimonial Lawyers 1998; l:119-148.
• Laver RH, Laver JC. Marriage and Family the Quest for Intimacy. Washington DC, Brown Publishers, 1991.
• Lampel AK. Children’s alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases: family and conciliation. Courts Rev 1996; 34:229-239.
• Krishnakumar A, Buehler C. Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: a metaanalytic review. Fam Relat 2000; 49:25-44.
• Hopper J. The symbolic origins of conflict in divorce. J Marriage Fam 2001; 63:4304
• Wolchik SA, Tein JY, Sandler IN, Doyle KW. Fear of abandonment as a mediator of the relations between divorce stressors on mother-child relationship quality and children’s adjustment problems. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2002; 30:401-418.
• Lengua LJ, Sandler IN, West SG, Wolchik SA, Curran PJ. Emotionality and selfregulation, threat appraisal and coping in children of divorce. Dev Psychopathol 1999; 11:15-37.
• Tein JY, Sandler IN, Zautra AJ. Stressful life events, psychological distress, coping and parebtal of divorced mothers: a longitudinal study. J Fam Psychol 2000; 14:27
• Rendal MS, Joshi H, Oh J, Verropolou G. Comparing the childrearing lifetimes of Britain’s divorce-revolution men and women. Eur J Population 2001; 17:365-388. Amato PR. The “child of divorce” as a person prototype: bias in the recall of information about children in divorced families. J Marriage Fam 1991; 53: 59-69. Amato PR. Children of Divorce in the 1990’s. An update of the amato and keith meta-analysiss. J Fam Psychol 2001; 15:355-370.
• Öngider N. Evli ve boşanmış ailelerde algılanan ebeveyn kabul veya reddinin çocuğun psikolojik uyumu üzerindeki etkileri (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2006.
• Arditti JA. Rethinking relationships between divorced mothers and their children: capitalizing on family strengths. Fam Relat 1999; 48:109-119.
• Cookston JT, Harrist AW, Ainslie RC. Affiliative and instrumental marital discord, mother’s negative affect, and children’s negative interactions with unfamiliar peers. J Child Fam Stud 2003; 12:185-200.
• Amato PR. Children's adjustment to divorce: theories, hypotheses and empirical support. J Marriage Fam 1993; 55:23-38.
• Amato PR, Keith B. Parental divorce and the well-being of children: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 1991; 110:26-46.
• Stacey R, McCabe MP. Parental divorce during adolescence and adjustment in early adulthood. Adolescence 2001; 36:467-489.
• Huurre T, Junkkari H, Aro H. Long-term psychosocial effects of parental divorce a follow-up study from adolescence to adulthood. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256:256-263.
• Butler I, Scanlan L, Robinson M, Douglas G, Murch M. Children’s involvement in their parents’ divorce: implications for practice. Child Soc 2002; 16:89-102.
• Wallerstein JS, Lewis JM. The unexpected legancy of divorce: report of a 25 year study. Psychoanalytic Psychol 2004; 21:353-370.
• Amato PR. Marital conflict, the parent-child relationship and child self-esteem. Fam Relation 1986; 35:403-410.
• Morrison DR, Cherlin AJ. The divorce process and young children’s well-being: a prospective analysis. J Marriage Fam 1995; 57: 800-812.
• Emery RE. Changing the rules for determining child custody in divorce cases. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 1999; 6:323-327.
• Westberg H, Nelson TS, Piercy KW. Disclosure of divorce plans to children: what he children to say. Contemp Fam Ther 2002; 24:525-542.
• Whiteside MF, Becker BJ. Parental factors and the young child’s postdivorce adjustment: a meta-analysis with implications for parenting arrengement. J Fam Psychol 2000; 14:5-26.
• Sun Y. Family environment and adolescents’ well-being before and after parents’ marital disruption: a longitudinal analysis. J Marriage Fam 2000; 63:697-713.
• Ganong LH, Coleman M. Family resilience in multiple contexts. J Marriage Fam 2002; 64:346-348.
• Hipke KN, Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, Braver SL. Predictors of children’s intervention induced resilience in a parenting program for divorced mothers. Fam Relat 2002; 51:121-129.
• Bauserman R. Child adjustment in joint-custody versus sole-custody arrangements: a meta-analytic review. J Fam Psychol 2002; 16:91-102.
• Teachman JD. Childhood living arrangements and the intergenerational transmission of divorce. J Marriage Fam 2002; 64:717-729.
• Kelly JB. Children’s living arrangements following separation and divorce. Fam Process 2007; 46:35–52.
• Öngider N. Anksiyete düzeyleri açısından boşanmış ve evli anneler ile çocuklarının incelenmesi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2011; 48:66-70.
• Wolfinger NH. Family structure homogamy: the effects of parental divorce on partner selection and marital stability. Soc Sci Res 2003; 32:80-97.
• Kitson GC, Morgan LA. The multiple consequences of divorce: a decade review. J Marriage Fam 1990; 52:913-924.
• Booth A, Amato PR. Parental predivorce relations and offspring postdivorce wellbeing. J Marriage Fam 2001; 63:197-212.
• Amato PR, Fowler F. Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. J Marriage Fam 2002; 64:703-716.
• Cookston JT, Braver SL, Grıffın WA, De Luse SR, Miles JC Effects of the dads for life intervention on interparental conflict and coparenting in the two years after divorce. Fam Process 2007; 46:123-137.
• Cowan CP, Cowan PA, Pruett MK, Pruett K. An approach to preventing coparenting conflict and divorce in low-income families: strengthening couple relationships and fostering fathers’ involvement. Fam Process 2007; 46:109-121.
• Deutsch RM. Divorce in the 21st century: multidisciplinary family interventions. J Psychiatry Law 2008; 36:41-66.
• Amato PR, Cheadle JE. Parental divorce, marital conflict and children's behavior problems: a comparison of adopted and biological children. Soc Forces 2008; 86:1140-1161.
• D’Onofrio BM, Turkheimer E, Emery RE, Maes HH, Silberg J, Eaves LJ. A children of twins study of parental divorce and offspring psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007; 48:667–675.
• İbiloğlu AO. Aile içi şiddet. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2012; 4:204-222.
• Cohen O, Finzi-Dottan R. Parent–child relationships during the divorce process: from attachment theory and intergenerational perspective. Contemp Fam Ther 2005; 27:81-99.
• Körükçü Ö, Öztunalı Kayır G, Kukulu K. Kadına yönelik şiddetin sonlanmasında erkek işbirliği. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 2012; 4:396-413
• Arifoğlu B, Richard NŞ, Razı G, Öz F Çocuklar için boşanmaya uyum envanteri geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi 2010; 17:121127
• Uçan Ö. Boşanma sürecinde kriz merkezine başvuran kadınların retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007; 10:38-45.
• Beştepe E, Erbek E, Saatçıoğlu Ö, Özmen HA, Eradamlar N. Psikiyatrik yardım talebi olan, olmayan ve boşanma aşamasındaki çiftler arasında cinsiyet yönünden uyum, problem çözme becerisi, boyun eğici davranış ve öfke tutumunun karşılaştırılması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2010; 47:15-22. Nilgün Öngider, Yrd. Doç. Dr., P.S. Yaşam Özel Danışma Merkezi, İzmir. Yazışma Adresi/Correspondence: Nilgün Öngider, P.S. Yaşam Özel Danışma Merkezi, İzmir, Turkey. E-mail: [e-mail] Yazarlar bu makale ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirmemişlerdir. The authors reported no conflict of interest related to this article. Çevrimiçi adresi / Available online at: www.cappsy.org/archives/vol5/no2/ Çevrimiçi yayım / Published online 01 Şubat/February 01, 2013; doi:10.5455/cap.20130510