Autonomy and Its Effect on Mental Health

Abstract

Autonomy is one of the most important variable that influences adolescent's mental health. Though there have been many studies conducted on autonomy, there is no commonly accepted definition for it. Two approaches concerning autonomy have a dominant effect on studies. These are explanations of cultural psychology and psychoanalytic approach (autonomy as independent) and explanation of Self Determination Theory (autonomy as self endorsed functioning) about autonomy. This study aims to review main approaches related to autonomy and relations between autonomy and mental health.

Keywords

• Autonomy, mental health

Özerklik ve Ruh Sağlığına Etkisi

Öz

Ergenlik döneminde özerklik, ergenlerin ruh sağlığını etkileyen en önemli değişkenlerden biridir. Özerklik hakkında pek çok çalışma yapılmasına karşın özerklikle ilgili ortak bir tanımlama bulunmamaktadır. Özerklikle ilgili iki yaklaşımın literatüre büyük etkisinin olduğu görülmektedir. Bunlar kültürel psikoloji ile psikoanalitik yaklaşımın özerkliğe ilişkin açıklamaları (bağımsızlık olarak özerklik) ve Kendini Belirleme Kuramının (kendilik onayı olarak özerklik) özerklikle ilgili açıklamalarıdır. Bu çalışmada, özerklikle ilgili temel yaklaşımlar ve özerklikle ruh sağlığı arasındaki ilişkiler gözden geçirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Özerklik, ruh sağlığı

Kaynakça

1. Shaffer DR. Social and Personality Development. Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing, 2008.
2. Beyers W, Goossens L, Vansant I, Mors E. A structural model of autonomy in middle and late adolescence: connectedness, separation, detachment and agency. J Youth Adolesc 2003; 32:351-365.
3. Kins E, Beyers W, Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M. Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: the role of motivational processes and parental autonomy support. Dev Psychol 2009; 45:1416-1429.
4. Steinberg L, Silverberg SB. The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Dev 1986; 57:841-851.
5. Hmel BA, Pincus AL. The meaning of autonomy: on and beyond the interpersonal circumplex. J Pers 2002; 70: 277-310.
6. Garcia T, Pintrich PR. The effects of autonomy motivation and performance in the college classroom. Contemp Educ Psychol 1996; 21:477-486.
7. Ercan H. Genç yetişkinlerin aşk biçemleri ve benlik tipleri (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008.
8. Özdemir Y. Ergenlik döneminde benlik kurgusu gelişiminin kültür ve aile bağlamında incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009.

9. Uçar ME. Üniversite öğrencileri ve üniversiteden mezun olan bireylerin sosyal sermaye düzeylerinin benlik biçimleri ve çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010.
10. Deniz M. Ergenlerde sır saklamanın duygusal, gelişimsel değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010.
11. Wigginns JS. Circumnavigating Dodge Morgan’s interpersonal style. J Pers 1997; 65:1069-1086.
12. Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Beha- vior. New York, Plenum, 1985.
13. Steinberg L. Adolescence. New York, McGraw Hill, 2002.
14. Çok F. Ergenlik. Ankara, İmge Kitabevi, 2007.
15. Noom MJ, Dekovic M, Meeus W. Conceptual analysis and measurement of adoles- cent autonomy. J Youth Adolesc 2001; 30:577-595.
16. Kamii C. Toward autonomy: the importance of critical thinking and choice making. School Psych Rev 1991; 20:382-388.
17. Noom M. Adolescent Autonomy: Characteristic and Correlates. Delft, Eburon, 1999.
18. Ryan RM, Lynch JH. Emotional autonomy versus detachment: revisiting the vicissi- tudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Dev 1989; 60:340-356.
19. van Petegem S, Beyers W, Vansteenkiste M, Soenens B. On the association be- tween adolescent autonomy and psychosocial functioning: examining decisional (in) dependence from a self-determination theory perspective. Dev Psychol 2012; 48:76-88.
20. Markus HR, Kitiyama S. Culture and self: implication for cognition, emotion and motivation, Psychol Rev 1991; 98:224-253.
21. Kağıtçıbaşı Ç. Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: implication for self and family. J Cross Cult Psychol 2005; 36:403-422.
22. Kağıtçıbaşı Ç. Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişim: Kültürel Psikoloji. İstanbul, Koç Üniver- sitesi Yayınları, 2010.
23. Kroger J. Identity in Adolescence: The Balance between Self and Other. New York, Routledge, 1989.
24. Kroger J. Identity development during adolescence. In Blackwell Handbook of Ado- lescence (Eds GR Adams, MD Berzonsky):205-226. Malden, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
25. Blos P. The Adolescent Passage. Madison, International University Press, 1979.
26. Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am Psychol 2000; 55:68-78.
27. Deci EL, Ryan RM. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol Inq 2000; 11:227-268.
28. Deci EL, Ryan RM. Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Can Psychol 2008, 49:14-23.
29. Chirkov VI, Ryan RM, Kim Y, Kaplan U. Differentiating autonomy from individual- ism and independence: a self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003; 84:97-109.
30. Aynı Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum, 1985.
31. Ryan RM, Connell JP. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: examining reasons for acting in two domains. J Pers Soc Psychol 1989; 57:749-761.
32. Vallerand RJ, Fortier MS, Gua, F. Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: toward a motivational model of high school dropout. J Pers Soc Psychol 1997; 72:1161-1176.
33. Hasebe Y, Nucci L, Nucci MS. Parental control of the personal domain and adoles- cent symptoms of psychopathology: a cross-national study in the United States and Japan. Child Dev 2004, 75:815-828.
34. Qin LL, Pomerantz EM, Wang Q. Are gains in decision-making autonomy during early adolescence beneficial for emotional functioning? The case of the United States and China. Child Dev 2009, 80:1705-1721.
35. Smetana JG, Campione-Barr N, Daddis C. Longitudinal development of family decision making: defining healthy behavioral autonomy for middle-class African American adolescents. Child Dev 2004; 75:1418-1434.
36. Dornbusch SM, Carlsmith JM, Bushwall SJ, Ritter PL, Leiderman H, Hastorf AH et al. Single parents, extended household, and the control of adolescents. Child Dev 1985; 56:326-341.
37. Dornbusch SM, Ritter PL, Mont-Reynaud R, Chen Z. Family decision-making and academic performance in a diverse high school population. J Adolesc Res 1990; 5:143-160.
38. Ryan RM, Deci EL, Grolnick WS, LaGuardia JG. The significance of autonomy and autonomy support in psychological development and psychopathology. In Develop- mental Psychopathology Vol. 1: Theory and Methods (Eds D Cicchetti, D Co- hen):795-849. New Jersey, Wiley, 2006.
39. Vansteenkiste M, Lens W, Soenens B, Luyckx K. Autonomy and relatedness among Chinese sojourners and applicants: conflictual or independent predictors of well- being and adjustment? Motiv Emot 2006; 30:273-282.
40. Vansteenkiste M, Ryan RM, Deci EL. Self-determination theory and the explanatory role of psychological needs in human well-being. In Capabilities and Happiness (Eds L. Bruni, F Comim, M Pugno):187-223. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008.
41. Luyckx K, Schwartz SJ, Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M, Goossens L. The path from identity commitments to adjustment: motivational underpinnings and mediating me- chanisms. J Couns Dev 2010; 88:52-60.
42. Morsünbül Ü. Ergenlikte özerkliğin ve kimlik biçimlenmesinin öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisi (Doktora tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Ens- titüsü, 2011.
43. Levy-Warren MH. I am, you are, and so we are: a current perspective on adolescent separation-individuation theory. Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 24:3-24.
44. Ümit Morsünbül, Psk.Dr., Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara