Attachment and Psychopathology

Abstract

The type of attachment defined in the early stages of life and thought to be continuous, is a phenomenon that shapes the pattern of how a person makes contact with others. The clinical appearance of every type of attachment is different and each one has prospective and retrospective phenomenological reflections. In all stages of life and in close relationships, it can be observed if a person gets in close contact with someone else and if this relation bears supportive and protective qualities. According to attachment theorists, once it is defined as safe or unsafe during nursing period, it shows little change. Starting from Bowlby's work, unsafe attachment type is considered as the determining factor of psychopathology in the later periods of life, while safe attachment is considered as in relation with healthy processes. The nature's original model is safe attachment. Anxious/indecisive attachment, an unsafe attachment type, is associated with anxiety disorders and depressive disorder, while avoidant attachment is associated with behavior disorder and other extroverted pathologies. Disorganized/disoriented attachment is considered to be together with dissociative disorder. The aim of this paper is to review attachment theory and the relation between attachment and psychopathology.

Keywords

• attachment, attachment style, psychopathology

Bağlanma ve Psikopatoloji

Öz

Yaşamın erken dönemlerinde belirlenen ve süreklilik gösterdiği düşünülen bağlanma biçimi, kişinin diğer insanlarla ilişki kurma örüntüsünü şekillendiren bir fenomendir. Her bir bağlanma biçiminin klinik görünümleri farklıdır, ileriye ve geriye dönük fenomenolojik yansımaları vardır. Kişinin başka bir kişi ile yakın bir ilişki kurup kurmadığı ve bu ilişkinin destekleyici ve koruyucu özellikler taşıyıp taşımadığı, hayatının her döneminde ve yakın ilişkilerde gözlemlenebilir. Bağlanma kuramcılarına göre süt çocukluğu döneminde güvenli ya da güvensiz olarak bir kez belirlendikten sonra çok az değişkenlik gösterir. Bowlby\'nin çalışmalarından başlamak üzere güvensiz bağlanma biçimi daha sonraki yaşam dönemlerinde psikopatolojinin belirleyicisi olarak düşünülmüşken güvenli bağlanma sağlıklı süreçlerle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Doğanın özgün modeli güvenli bağlanmadır. Güvensiz bağlanma biçimleri olan kaygılı/ikircikli bağlanma anksiyete bozuklukları ve depresif bozukluklarla ilişkilendirilirken, kaçıngan bağlanma davranış bozukluğu ve diğer dışa vuruk patolojilerle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Dağınık bağlanmanın (dezorganize/ dezoryante) ise dissosiyatif bozukluklarla birlikteliğinden sözedilmiştir. Bu yazının amacı, bağlanmayı ve bağlanma ile psikopatoloji arasındaki ilişkiyi gözden geçirmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bağlanma, bağlanma biçimi, psikopatoloji

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