Social Cognition in Child and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

Öz

Social cognition represents the mental processes of social interaction between oneself and others. In recent years, the interest in social cognition skills has increased in cases with eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is associated with the multiple factors in etiology. Treatment of anorexia nervosa is still controversial. The youths diagnosed with anorexia nervosa are known to be as the most difficult group in eating disorders for building therapeutic relations. Studies, mostly suggests that there are difficulties in social cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, there are studies that reported different results. It seems that, the majority of studies which evaluate the social cognitive functions in patients with anorexia nervosa, are carried out with the adult age group. There are limited number of studies in child and adolescent age group. The purpose of this paper was to examinate the studies of social cognitive skills in children and adolescents diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and present the general characteristics.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anorexia nervosa, child, empathy, social cognition

Anoreksiya Nervozalı Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Sosyal Biliş

Öz

Sosyal biliş, kişinin kendisi ve diğerleri arasındaki sosyal etkileşimle ilgili zihinsel süreçleri temsil eder. Son yıllarda yeme bozukluğu olgularının sosyal biliş becerilerine yönelik ilgi artmıştır. Anoreksiya nervosa, etiyolojisi çoklu etmenlerle ilişkili olan bir yeme bozukluğu tablosudur. Tedavisi halen tartışmalıdır. Yeme bozukluğu hastaları içinde en zor ilişki kurulan grubun anoreksiya nervosa tanılı gençler olduğu bilinmektedir. Çalışmalar çoğunlukla, anoreksiya nervosa olgularının sosyal bilişsel işlevlerinde güçlükler olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte farklı sonuçların bildirildiği çalışmalar da mevcuttur. Görüldüğü kadarıyla, anoreksiya nervosa olgularında sosyal bilişsel işlevleri değerlendiren çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu, erişkin yaş grubu ile yapılmış çalışmalardır. Çocuk ve ergen yaş grubu ile yapılmış çalışmaların kısıtlı sayıda olduğu dikkati çekmektedir. Bu yazıda, literatürdeki, anoreksiya nervosa tanılı çocuk ve ergenlerin sosyal bilişsel becerileri ile ilgili çalışmaların incelenmesi ve genel özelliklerinin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anoreksiya nevroza, çocuk, empati, sosyal biliş

Kaynakça

1. APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed.- Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Association.
2. APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Association.
3. An SK, Kang JI, Park JY, Kim KR, Lee SY, Lee E (2010) Attribution bias in ultra-high risk for psychosis and first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 118:54-61.
4. Arkell J, Robinson P (2008) A pilot case series using qualitative and quantitative methods: biological, psychological and social outcome in severe and enduring eating disorder (anorexia nervosa). Int J Eat Disord, 41:650-656.
5. Auyeung B, Allison C, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S (2012) Brief report: development of the adolescent empathy and systemizing quotients. J Autism Dev Disord, 42:2225–2235.
6. Bach LJ, Happe F, Fleminger S, Powell J (2000) Theory of mind: Independence of executive function and the role of the frontal cortex in acquired brain injury. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 5:175-192.
7. Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U (1985) Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition, 21:37-46.
8. Baron-Cohen S, O'Riordan M, Stone V, Jones R, Plaisted K (1999) Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 29:407-418.

9. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E (2001) The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord, 31:5–17.
10. Baron-Cohen S, Hoekstra RA, Knickmeyer R, Wheelwright S (2006) The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)--adolescent version. J Autism Dev Disord, 36:343-350.
11. Baron-Cohen S, Jaffa T, Davies S, Auyeung B, Allison C, Wheelwright S (2013) Do girls with anorexia nervosa have elevated autistic traits. Mol Autism, 4:24.
12. Bruch H (1962) Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa. Psychosom Med, 24:187-194.
13. Bruch H (1977) Psychological antecedents of anorexia nervosa. In Anorexia Nervosa (Ed RA Vigersky):1-10. New York, Raven Press.
14. Brüne M, Brüne-Cohrs U (2006) Theory of mind--evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 30:437-455.
15. Bydlowski S, Corcos M, Jeammet P, Paterniti S, Berthoz S, Laurier C et al. (2005) Emotion-processing deficits in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 37:321-329.
16. Calderoni S, Muratori F, Leggero C, Narzisi A, Apicella F, Balottin U et al. (2013a) Neuropsychological functioning in children and adolescents with restrictive-type anorexia nervosa: an in-depth investigation with NEPSY-II. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 35:167- 179.
17. Calderoni S, Fantozzi P, Maestro S, Brunori E, Narzisi A, Balboni G et al. (2013b) Selective cognitive empathy deficit in adolescents with restrictive anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 9:1583-1589.
18. Castro L, Davies H, Hale L, Surguladze S, Tchanturia K (2010) Facial affect recognition in anorexia nervosa: is obsessionality a missing piece of the puzzle? Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 44:1118-1125.
19. Corrigan PW, Green MF (1993) Schizophrenic patients' sensitivity to social cues: the role of abstraction. Am J Psychiatry, 150:589- 594.
20. Couture SM, Penn DL, Roberts DL (2006) The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr Bull, 32(Suppl 1):S44-S63.
21. Davis MH (1983) Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol, 44:113–126.
22. Fiske AP (1992) The four elementary forms of sociality: framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychol Rev, 99:689- 723.
23. Frith CD (1992) The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychology Press.
24. Gillberg C (1983) Are autism and anorexia nervosa related? Br J Psychiatry, 142:428.
25. Gillberg C, Rastam M (1998) The etiology of anorexia nervosa. In Neurobiology in the Treatment of Eating Disorders (Eds HW Hoek, JL Treasure, MA Katzman):127-141. West Sussex, Wiley.
26. Gordon E (2000) Integrative Neuroscience: Bringing Together Biological, Psychological and Clinical Models of the Human Brain. London, CRC Press.
27. Grady CL, Keightley ML (2002) Studies of altered social cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders using functional neuroimaging. Can J Psychiatry, 47:327-336.
28. Green MF, Penn DL, Bentall R, Carpenter WT, Gaebel W, Gur RC et al. (2008) Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull, 34:1211-1220.
29. Halmi KA, Sunday SR, Strober M, Kaplan A, Woodside DB, Fichter M et al. (2000) Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: variation by clinical subtype, obsessionality, and pathological eating behavior. Am J Psychiatry, 157:1799-1805.
30. Hambrook D, Tchanturia K, Schmidt U, Russell T, Treasure J (2008) Empathy, systemizing, and autistic traits in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Br J Clin Psychol, 47:335–339.
31. Hambrook D, Brown G, Tchanturia K (2012) Emotional intelligence in anorexia nervosa: is anxiety a missing piece of the puzzle? Psychiatry Res, 200:12–19.
32. Harrison A, Tchanturia K, Treasure J (2010) Attentional bias, emotion recognition, and emotion regulation in anorexia: state or trait?. Biol Psychiatry, 68:755-761.
33. Hatch A, Madden S, Kohn MR, Clarke S, Touyz S, Gordon E et al. (2010) Emotion brain alterations in anorexia nervosa: a candidate biological marker and implications for treatment. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 35:267-274.
34. Hoek HW, Van Hoeken D (2003). Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 34:383-396.
35. Kaye WH, Bulik CM, Thornton L, Barbarich N, Masters K (2004) Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry, 161:2215–2221.
36. Kessler H, Schwarze M, Filipic S, Traue HC, von Wietersheim J (2006) Alexithymia and facial emotion recognition in patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 39:245-251.
37. Kinderman P, Bentall RP (1996) A new measure of causal locus: the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif, 20:261-264.
38. Korkman M, Kirk U, Kemp S (2007) NEPSY– II: A Developmental Neuropsychology Assessment. San Antonio, TX, Psychological Corporation.
39. Köse S (2006) Otistik bozukluk tanılı çocukların ebeveynlerinde zihin teorisi bozuklukları ve nörobilişsel işlevler ile otistik özelliklerin ilişkisi (Uzmanlık tezi). İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi.
40. Kucharska-Pietura K, Nikolaou V, Masiak M, Treasure J (2004) The recognition of emotion in the faces and voice of anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 35:42-47.
41. Kucharska-Pietura K, Gowda P, Midwinter H (2009) Social cognitive functioning and specific cognitive deficits in anorexic patients. Eating Disorders Intemational Conference, March 2009, London.
42. Küey GA (2008) Ergenlerde Yeme Bozuklukları. In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı. (Rds F Çuhadaroğlu, A Çoşkun, E İşeri, S Miral, N Motovallı, B Pehlivantürk et al.):407-422. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
43. Martin JA, Penn DL (2002) Attributional style in schizophrenia: an investigation in outpatients with and without persecutory delusions. Schizophr Bull, 28:131-141.
44. Matsumoto D, Ekman P (1988) Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE). Berkeley, CA, The Wright Institute.
45. Mendlewicz L, Linkowski P, Bazelmans C, Philippot P (2005) Decoding emotional facial expressions in depressed and anorexic patients. J Affect Disord, 89:195–199.
46. Muris P, Steerneman P, Meesters C, Merckelbach H, Horselenberg R, Van den Hogen T et al. (1999) The TOM test: A new instrument for assessing theory of mind in normal children and children with pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 29:67–80.
47. Nielsen S (2001) Epidemiology and mortality of eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 24:201-214.
48. Nilsson EW, Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Råstam M (1999) Ten-year follow-up of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: personality disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38:1389-1395.
49. Nilsson K, Hagglof B (2006) Patient perspectives of recovery in adolescent onset anorexia nervosa. Eat Disord, 14:305–311.
50. Oldershaw A, Hambrook D, Tchanturia K, Treasure J, Schmidt U (2010) Emotional theory of mind and emotional awareness in recovered anorexia nervosa patients. Psychosom Med, 72:73–79.
51. Oldershaw A, Treasure J, Hambrook D, Tchanturia K, Schmidt U (2011) Is anorexia nervosa a version of autism spectrum disorders? Eur Eat Disord Rev, 19:462–474.