Precursors of Personality Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Personality disorders are common psychiatric disorders in community that cause substantial disruption of functionality. Current diagnostic systems do not include classification of personality disorders in children. However, in recent years there has been an increasing interest in investigation of personality traits and disorders at childhood and adolescence as a precursor of adult personality disorders. The aim of this article was to review the precursors of personality disorders at childhood and adolescence

 

Keywords

• Childhood, adolescence, personality disorders

Kişilik Bozukluklarının Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Öncül Bulguları

Öz

Kişilik bozuklukları toplumda sık görülen ve işlevsellikte önemli derecede bozulmaya neden olan psikiyatrik rahatsızlıklardır. Şu anda tanı sistemlerinde çocuklarda kişilik bozuklukları ile ilgili bir tanı sınıflaması yer almamaktadır. Geçtiğimiz yıllarda erişkin kişilik bozukluklarının öncülü olarak kişilik özellikleri ve bozukluklarının çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde araştırılmasına yönelik artan bir ilgi vardır. Bu yazıda kişilik bozukluklarının çocukluk ve ergenlik dönemindeki öncül bulguları konusunda yapılan çalışmalar gözden geçirilmiştir.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocukluk, ergenlik, kişilik bozuklukları

Kaynakça

1. Allport G (1937) Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. Constable, London.
2. APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association.
3. APA (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition text revision. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association.
4. APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association.
5. Anderluh MB, Tchanturia K, Rabe- Hesketh S, Treasure J (2003) Chilhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining broader eating disorder phenotype. Am J Psychiatry, 160:242-247.
6. Anglin DM, Cohen PR, Chen H (2008) Duration of early maternal separation and prediction of schizotypal symptoms from early adolescence to midlife. Schizophr Res, 103:143–150.
7. Asarnow JR (2005) Childhood-onset schizotypal disorder: a follow-up study and comparison with childhood-onset schizophrenia. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 15:395–402.
8. Bagge C, Nickell A, Stepp S, Durrett C, Jackson K, Trull TJ (2004) Borderline personality disorder features predict negative outcomes 2 years later. J Abnorm Psychol, 113:279–288.

9. Beck AT, Freeman A, Davis DD (2006) Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders, 2nd edition. New York, Guilford Press.
10. Belsky DW, Caspi A, Arseneault L, Bleidorn W, Fonagy P, Goodman M et al. (2012) Etiological features of borderline personality related characteristics in a birth cohort of 12-year-old children. Dev Psychopathol, 24:251-265.
11. Berens LV (1999) Sixteen Personality Types: Descriptions for Self-Discovery. Telos Publications, California.
12. Bernstein DP, Cohen P, Skodol A, Bezirganian S, Brook JS (1996) Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 153:907–913.
13. Biederman J, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Rosenbaum JF, Herot C, Friedman D, Snidman N et al. (2011) Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. Am J Psychiatry, 58:1673–1679.
14. Bradley R, Zittel Conklin C, Westen D (2005) The borderline personality diagnosis in adolescents: gender differences and subtypes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 46:1006-1019.
15. Brent DA, Johnson B, Bartle S, Bridge J, Rather C, Matta J et al. (1993) Personality disorder, tendency to impulsive violence, and suicidal behavior in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 32:69-75.
16. Brent DA, Johnson BA, Perper J, Connolly J, Bridge J, Bartle S et al. (1994) Personality disorder, personality traits, impulsive violence, and completed suicide in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 33:1080-1086.
17. Carlson EA, Egeland B, Sroufe LA (2009) A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms. Dev Psychopathol, 21:1311–1334.
18. Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW (2002) Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297:851-854.
19. Cohen P (1996) Childhood risks for young adult symptoms of personality disorder: method and substance. Multivariate Behav Res 31:121–148.
20. Cohen P, Crawford TN, Johnson JG (2005) The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. J Pers Disord, 19:466–486.
21. Cohen P (2008) Child development and personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 31:477–493.
22. Cohen P, Chen H, Gordon K, Johnson J, Brook J, Kasen S (2008) Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Dev Psychopathol, 20:633–650.
23. Crawford TN, Cohen P, First MB, Skodol AE, Johnson JG, Kasen S (2008) Comorbid axis I and axis II disorders in early adolescence: prognosis for 20 years later. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65:641-648.
24. Deurell M, Weischer M, Pagsberg AK, Labianca J (2008) The use of antipsychotic medication in child and adolescent psychiatric treatment in Denmark. Nord J Psychiatry, 62:472–480.
25. Diforio D, Walker EF, Kestler LP (2000) Executive functions in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res, 42:125-134.
26. Dyck IR, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Dolan RT, Shea MT, Stout RL et al. (2011) Patterns of personality: Pathology in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, and social phobia. J Pers Disord, 5:60–71.
27. Ercan ES (2008) Davranım Bozukluğu. In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı (Ed FÇ Çetin):312-315. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
28. Esterberg ML, Trotman HD, Brasfield J, Compton MT, Walker EF (2008) Childhood and current autistic features in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Res, 104:265–273.
29. Esterberg ML, Goulding SM, Walker EF (2010) Cluster A personality disorders: schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid personality disorders in childhood and adolescence. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 32:515–528.
30. Flory JD, Newcorn JH, Miller C, Harty S, Halperin JM (2007) Serotonergic function in children wtih attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder: Relationship to later antisocial personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 190:410-414.
31. Foley DL, Eaves LJ, Wormley B, Sillberg JL, Maes HH, Kuhn J et al. (2004) Childhood adversity, monoamine oxidase A, and risk for conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 61:738-744.
32. Frick PJ, O'Brien BS, Wootton JM, McBurnett K (1994) Psychopathy and conduct problems in children. J Abnorm Psychol, 103:700- 707.
33. Frick PJ (2002) Juvenile psychopathy from a developmental perspective: Implications for construct development and use in forensic assessments. Law Hum Behav, 26:247–253.
34. Geiger TC, Crick NR (2001) A developmental psychopathology perspective on vulnerability to personality disorders. In Vulnerability to psychopathology: risk across the lifespan. (Eds.RE Ingram, JM Price):57–102. New York, Guilford Press.
35. Geleerd ER (1958) Borderline states in childhood and adolescence. Psychoanal Study Child, 13:279-295.
36. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan W et al. (2004) Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry, 65:948–958.
37. Hart D, Hofmann V, Edelstein W, Keller M (1997) The relation of childhood personality types to adolescent behavior and development: a longitudinal study of Icelandic children. Dev Psychol, 33:195-205.
38. Helgeland MI, Kjelsberg E, Torgersen S (2005) Continuities between emotional and disruptive behavior disorders in adolescence and personality disorders in adulthood. Am J Psychiatry, 162:1941-1947.
39. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Skodol AE, Hamagan F, Brook JS (2000) Age-related change in personality disorder trait levels between early adolescence and adulthood: A commonly-based longitudinal investigation. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 102:265–275.
40. Johnson JG, First MB, Cohen P, Skodol AE, Kasen S, Brook JS (2005a) Adverse outcomes associated with personality disorder not otherwise specified in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry, 162:1926- 1932.
41. Johnson JG, Bromley E, McGeoch PG (2005b) Role of childhood experiences in the development of maladaptive and adaptive personality traits. In The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Personality Disorders. (Eds. JM Oldham, AE Skodol, DS Bender):209–221. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Publishing.
42. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Chen H, Kasen S, Brook JS (2006) Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63:579–587.
43. Johnson JG, Cohen P, Kasen S, Skodol AE, Oldham JM (2008) Cumulative prevalence of personaltiy disorders between adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 118:410-413.
44. Kasen S, Cohen P, Skodol AE, Johnson JG, Smailes E, Brook JS (2001) Childhood depression and adult personality disorder: alternative pathways of continuity. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58:231–236.
45. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62:593–602.
46. Loeber R, Burke JD, Lahey BB (2002) What are adolescent antecedents to antisocial personality disorder? Crim Behav Ment Health, 12:24–36.
47. Loeber R, Pardini D, Homish DL, Wei EH, Crawford AM, Farrington DP et al. (2005) The prediction of violence and homicide in young men. J Consult Clin Psychol, 73:1074-1088.
48. Ludolph PS, Westen D, Misle B, Jackson A, Wixom J, Wiss FC (1990) The borderline diagnosis in adolescents: symptoms and developmental history. Am J Psychiatry, 147:470-476.
49. Mahler MS (1960) Symposium on psychotic object relationships. III. perceptual de-differentiation and psychotic object relationship. Int J Psychoanal, 41:548-553.
50. Maina G, Albert U, Salvi V, Pessina E, Bogetto F (2008) Early onset obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality disorders in adulthood. Psychiatry Res, 158:217-225.
51. Miller CJ, Flory JD, Scott RM, Harty SC, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM (2008) Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry, 69:1477–1484.
52. Millon T, Davis RO (1996) Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. Oxford, England, Wiley.
53. Mittal VA, Tessner KD, Walker EF (2007) Elevated social Internet use and schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents. Schizophr Res, 94:50–57.
54. Mittal VA, Dhruv S, Tessner KD, Walder DJ, Walker EF (2007) The relations among putative biorisk markers in schizotypal adolescents: minor physical anomalies, movement abnormalities and salivary cortisol. Biol Psychiatry, 61:1179–1186.
55. Mittal VA, Neumann C, Saczawa M, Walker EF (2008) Longitudinal progression of movement abnormalities in relation to psychotic symptoms in adolescents at high risk of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65:165–171.
56. Natsuaki MN, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA (2009) Examining the developmental history of child maltreatment, peer relations, and externalizing problems among adolescents with symptoms of paranoid personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol, 21:1181– 1193.
57. Neugebauer R, Hoek HW, Susser E (1999) Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. JAMA, 282:455-462.
58. Newman DL, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Silva PA (1997) Antecedents of adult interpersonal functioning: effects of individual differences in age 3 temperament. Dev Psychol, 33:206-217.
59. Olin SCS, Raine A, Cannon TD, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Mednick SA (1997) Childhood behavior precursors of schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Bull, 23:93-103.
60. Oncu B (2007) Ergenlerde kişilik bozuklukları. In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Kitabı (Eds. AS Aysev, YI Taner). Istanbul, Golden Print.
61. Paris J, Zelkowitz P, Guzder J, Joseph S, Feldman R (1999) Neuropsychological factors associated with borderline pathology in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38:770–774.
62. Penke L, Denissen JA, Miller GF (2007) The evolutionary genetics of personality. Eur J Pers, 21:549–587.
63. Philipsen A, Limberger MF, Lieb K, Feige B, Kleindienst N, Ebner-Priemer U et al. (2008) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as a potentially aggravating factor in borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 192:118-123.
64. Rettew DC, Zanarini MC, Yen S, Grilo CM, Skodol AE, Shea MT et al. (2003) Childhood antecedents of avoidant personality disorder: A retrospective study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 42:1122- 1130.
65. Robins LN (1991) Conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 32:193–212.
66. Rutter M (1987) Temperament, personality, and personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 150:443–458.
67. Sadock VJ, Sadock BA (2007) Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 10th edition. New York, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
68. Sánchez-Bernardos ML, Avia MD (2006) The relationship between fantasy proneness and schizotypy in adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis, 194:411-414.
69. Saulsman LM, Page AC (2004) The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev, 23:1055–1085.
70. Seagrave D, Grisso T (2002) Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy. Law Hum Behav, 26:219- 239.
71. Shahar G, Ann Scoti M, Rudd MD, Joiner TE. (2008) Hypomanic symptoms predict an increase in narcissistic and histrionic personality disorder features in suicidal young adults. Depress Anxiety, 25: 892-898.
72. Shiner RL (2009) The development of personality disorders: perspectives from normal personality development in childhood and adolescence. Dev Psychopathol, 21:715-734.
73. Siever LJ, Gunderson JG (1983) The search for a schizotypal personality: historical origins and current status. Compr Psychiatry, 24:199-212.
74. Steinberg L (2008) A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Dev Rev, 28:78–106.
75. Stepp SD, Burke JD, Hipwell AE, Loeber R. (2012) Trajectories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms as precursors of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 40:7-20.
76. Tackett JL, Balsis S, Oltmanns TF, Krueger RF (2009) A unifying perspective on personality pathology across the life span: Developmental considerations for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Dev Psychopathol, 21:687-713.
77. Tamar M (2008) Borderline kişilik bozuklukları. Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı (Ed FÇ Çetin):319-324. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği..
78. Teicher MH, Tomoda A, Andersen SL (2006) Neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment: are results from human and animal studies comparable? Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1071:313-323.
79. Tessner KD, Mittal V, Walker EF (2011) Longitudinal study of stressful life events and daily stressors among adolescents at high risk for psychotic disorders. Schizophr Bull, 37:432-441.
80. Thaker G, Moran MS, Adami H, Cassady S (1993) Psychosis proneness scales in schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders: Familial vs. nonfamilial samples. Psychiatry Res, 46:47-57.
81. Trotman HD, McMillan A, Walker EF (2006) Cognitive function and symptoms in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophr Bull, 32:489–497.
82. Trull TJ, Durrett C (2005) Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder. Ann Rev Clin Psychol, 1:1–26.
83. Weil AP (1953) Clinical data and dynamic considerations in certain cases of childhood schizophrenia. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 23:518-529.
84. Westen D, Ludolph P, Lerner H, Ruffins S, Wiss FC (1990) Object relations in borderline adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 29:338–348.
85. Westen D, Dutra L, Shedler J (2005) Assessing adolescent personality pathology. Br J Psychiatry, 186:227–238.
86. Wolff S, Chick J (1980) Schizoid personality in childhood: a controlled follow-up study. Psychol Med, 10:85-100.
87. Wolff S (1991a) ‘Schizoid’ personality in childhood and adult life I:the vagaries of diagnostic labeling. Br J Psychiatry, 159:615– 620
88. Wolff S (1991b) ‘Schizoid’ personality in childhood and adult life III: The childhood picture. Br J Psychiatry, 159:629–635.
89. Wolff S, Townshend R, McGuire RJ, Weeks DJ. (1991) ‘Schizoid’ personality in childhood and adult life II :Adult adjustment and the continuity with schizotypal personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 159:620–629.
90. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Reich DB, Silk KR. (2006) Prediction of the 10-year course of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 163:827–832.
91. Zelkowitz P, Paris J, Guzder J, Feldman R (2001) Diatheses and stressors in borderline pathology of childhood: The role of neuropsychological risk and trauma. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 40:100-105.