Obesity and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Öz

Today, obesity is a public health problem with significant negative effects on mortality and morbidity rates in developing countries, and impact on all levels of the society. In recent years cognitive behavioral therapy approach has been considered as an important part of the obesity treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy for obesity includes sections like self-monitoring, stimulus control, food control, consolidation and reinforcement, cognitive restructuring, proper nutrition education, increase in physical activity, and behavior contracts. As part of the obesity treatment, combining cognitive-behavioral treatments with lifestyle changes such as increase in physical activity increases effectiveness of the treatment and ensures durability of the achieved weight loss.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Obezite ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi

Öz

Obezite günümüzde toplumun tüm kesimlerini ilgilendiren, mortalite ve morbidite oranları üzerinde ciddi olumsuz etkileri olan ve gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin en önemli sağlık sorunları arasında yer alan bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Son dönemlerde bilişsel davranışçı terapi yaklaşımları obezite tedavisinde önemli bir yer almaya başlamıştır. Obezitenin bilişsel davranışçı terapisi, kendini izleme, uyaran kontrolü, yeme kontrolü, pekiştirme ve güçlendirme, bilişsel yeniden yapılandırma, doğru beslenme eğitimi, fiziksel aktivite arttırma ve davranış kontratları basamakları yer almaktadır. Obezite tedavisinde diyet, fiziksel aktivitenin arttırılması gibi yaşam biçiminde yapılan değişimlerin bilişsel-davranışçı müdahalelerle birleştirilmesi tedavi etkinliğini arttırmakta ve ulaşılan kilonun kalıcılığını sağlamaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Obezite, bilişsel-davranışçı terapi, uyaran kontrolü

Kaynakça

1. Altunkaynak BZ, Özbek E (2006) Obezite nedenleri ve tedavi seçenekleri. Van Tıp Dergisi, 13:138-142.
2. Aygün N (2014) Obezite tanımı, komplikasyonları, endokrin kontrolü ve beslenme tedavisi. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi, 30:45-49.
3. Baker RC, Kirschenbaum DS (1993) Self-monitoring may be necessary for successful weight control. Behav Ther, 24:377–394.
4. Bayraktar A (2010) Obezite tedavisinde eczacının rolü ve katkısı. Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim Dergisi, 23:106-110.
5. Beck AT (1976) Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York, International Universities Press.
6. Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R et al. (2007) Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. JAMA, 298:2296–2304
7. Bray GA, Blackburn GL, Ferguson JM, Greenway FL, Jain AK, Mendel CM et al. (1999) Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes Res, 7):189-198.
8. Brownell KD (2000) The LEARN Program for Weight Management 2000. Dallas, American Health Publishers.

9. Cochrane G (2008) Role for a sense of self-worth in weight-loss treatments: helping patients develop self-efficacy. Can Fam Physician, 54:543-547.
10. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE (2007) Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity , binge eating and psychological distress. Int J Obes, 31:1722- 1730.
11. Cooper Z, Fairburn CG (2001) A new cognitive behavioral approach to the treatment of obesity. Behav Res Ther, 39:499-501.
12. Erge S (2003) Obezitede diyet tedavisini destekleyen davranışsal tedavi. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2:75- 82.
13. Foster GD, Wadden TA, Phelan S, Sarwer DB, Sanderson RS (2000) Obese patients’ perceptions of treatment outcomes and the factors that influence them. Arch Intern Med, 161:2133–2139.
14. Garibağaoğlu M, İşsever H, Alphan E, Sabuncu HH (1995) Obesitenin tedavisinde düşük kalorili diyet ve davranış değişikliği programının birlikte uygulanması. Klinik Gelişim, 8:3897-3902.
15. Giskes K, van Lenthe F, Avendano- Pabon M, Brug J (2011) A systematic review of enviromental factors and obesogenic dietary intakes among adults: are we getting closer to understanding obesogenic enviroments? Obes Rev, 12:95-106.
16. Grave RD, Calugi S, Ghoch EM (2013) Lifestyle modification in the management of obesity: achievement and challanges. Eat Weight Disord, 18: 339-349.
17. Greenway FL, Smith SR (2000) The future of obesity research. Nutrition, 16:976-982.
18. Hardeman W, Griffin S, Johnston M, Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ (2000) Interventions to prevent weight gain: a systematic review of psychological models and behaviour change methods. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 24:131-143.
19. Harvey-Berino J, West D, Krukowski R, Prewitt E, VanBiervliet A, Ashikaga T et al. (2010) Internet delivered behavioral obesity treatment. Prev Med, 51:123–128
20. Horne J (2011) Obesity and short sleep: unlikely bedfellows? Obes Rev, 12:84-94.
21. Jacobson D, Melnyk BM (2011) Psychosocial correlates of healthy beliefs, choices, and behaviors in overweight and obese school- age children: a primary care healthy choices intervention pilot study. J Pediatr Nurs, 26:456-464.
22. Kabalak T (1995) Obezitenin diyetle tedavisi. In Obezite (Ed C Yılmaz):141-147. İstanbul, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
23. Marcus MD, Wildes JE (2009) Obesity: is it a mental disorder? Int J Eat Disord, 42:739-753.
24. Martínez-Gómez D, Veses AM, Gómez-Martínez S, Pérez de Heredia F, Castillo R, Santaliestra-Pasias AM et al. (2015) Television viewing time and the risk of eating disorders in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA and AFINOS studies. Pediatr Int, 57:455-460.
25. McElroy SL, Frye MA, Suppes T, Dhvales D, Keck PE Jr, Leverich GS et al. (2002) Corelates of overweight and obesity in 644 patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 63:207-213.
26. Merdol TK (1999) Beslenme Eğitimi. In Diyet El Kitabı, 3. baskı (Ed A Baysal A):383-387. Ankara, Hatiboğlu Yayınevi.
27. O’Neil PM, Smith CF, Foster GD, Anderson DA (2000) The perceived relative worth of reaching and maintaining goal weight. Int J Obes, 24:1069–1076.
28. Papakostas GI, Peterson T, Iosifescu DV, Burns AM, Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE et al. (2005) Obesity among outpatients with major depresive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 8:59-63.
29. Rigaud D, Jiang T, Pennacchio H, Brémont M, Perrin D (2014) Triggers of bulimia and compulsion attacks: validation o the "Start" questionnaire. Encephale, 40:323-329.
30. Rodgers RJ, Tschop MH, Wilding JPH (2012) Anti-obesity drugs: past, present and future. Dis Model Mech, 5:621-626.
31. Santos Silva DA, Nahas MV, de Sousa TF, Del Duca GF, Peres KG (2011) Prevalence and associated factors with body image dissatisfaction among adults in southern Brazil: a population-based study. Body Image, 8:427-431.
32. Serter R (2004) Obezite Atlası. Ankara, Karakter Color Basımevi.
33. Susce MT, Villanuevra N, Diaz FJ, de Leon J (2005) Obesity and associated complications in patients with severe mental illness: a cross-sectional survey. J Clin Psychiatry, 66:167-173.
34. Özdel O, Sözeri- Varma G, Fenkçi S, Değirmenci T, Karadağ F, Oğuzhanoğlu NK et al. (2011) Obez kadınlarda psikiyatrik tanı sıklığı. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 14:210-217.
35. Stuart RB. (1967) Behavioral control of overeating. Behav Ther, 5:357–365.
36. Tanakol R (2003) Obezite Tedavisinde Orlistat. Turkish Journal of Endoctinology abd Metabolism, 7(Suppl 2):87-97.
37. Taşan E (2005) Obezitenin tanımı, değerlendirme yöntemleri ve epidemiyolojisi. Türkiye Klinikleri. J Int Med Sci, 1(37):1-4.
38. Teixeira PJ, Silva MN, Coutinho SR, Palmeira AL, Mata J, Vieira PN et al. (2010) Mediators of weight loss and weight loss maintenance in middle-aged women. Obesity, 18:725-735.
39. Van Darsten B, Lindley EM (2011) Cognitive and behabioral approaches in the treatment of obesity. Med Clin North Am, 95:971- 988.
40. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA (2002) Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591-602.
41. Wilson GT, Brownell KD. (2002) Behavioral treatment for obesity. In Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook,2nd edition (Eds CG Fairburn, KD Brownell):524-528. New York, Guilford Press.
42. WHO (1997) Prevention and Management of the Global Epidemic of Obesity. Report of the WHO Consultation and Obesity. (Geneva, June 3-5, 1997). Geneva, World Health Organization.
43. Wing RR (1998) Behavioral approaches to the treatment of obesity. In Handbook of Obesity (Eds GA Bray, C Bouchard, WPT James):855-873. New York, Marcel Dekker.
44. Wing RR (2002) Behavioral weight control. In Handbook of Obesity Treatment (Eds TA Wadden, AJ Stunkard):301-316. New York, Guilford Press.
45. Wisotsky W, Swencionis C (2003) Cognitive-behavioral approaches in the management of obesity. Adolesc Med, 14:37-48.
46. Yücel B, Akdemir A, Küey AG, Maner F, Vardar E (2013) Yeme Bozuklukları ve Obezite. Ankara, Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği. Gülay Oğuz, Uzm.Dr., Samsun Canik Başarı Üniversitesi, Samsun; Aytül Karabekiroğlu, Uzm.Dr., Samsun Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Samsun; Birsen Kocamanoğlu, Uzm.Dr., Samsun Eğitim ve Araştırma Hasta- nesi, Samsun; Mehmet Zihni Sungur, Prof. Dr., Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.