Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Conceptual and Theoretical Review of Self-Worth

Yıl 2024, , 327 - 346, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1336880

Öz

This study examined the significance of self-worth as a crucial factor in human mental health and psychosocial development. The study explores self-worth interventions, mental disorders, and available resources. A comprehensive analysis of the conceptual and theoretical aspects of self-worth is undertaken. To begin with, the study offers conceptual justifications drawn from the self-worth literature, elucidating theoretical perspectives on the formation of self-worth in individuals. It elaborates on related concepts and their interconnections with self-worth. Furthermore, the examination extends to the influence of culture on self-worth development and emotions. Theoretical discussions on self-worth are approached through Psychoanalytic theory, Psychosocial development theory, Transactional analysis theory, and Attachment theory. The research scrutinizes the association between various mental disorders and self-worth, investigating how a lack of self-worth may exacerbate or precipitate certain psychopathologies. Previous interventions aimed at enhancing self-worth are outlined, accompanied by an exploration of methods for measuring self-worth. The study emphasizes the pivotal role of self-worth in individuals' mental health, considering the implications of concepts like unconditional self-worth and contingencies of self-worth. Recommendations are provided for individuals, parents, and mental health professionals based on the findings.

Kaynakça

  • Aggarwal I (2013) The role of antisocial personality disorder and antisocial behavior in crime. Inquiries Journal, 5:1-2.
  • Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
  • Allen B, Leary MR (2010) Self‐compassion, stress, and coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 4:107-118.
  • American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (2022) Suicide statistics. https://afsp.org/suicide-statistics/ (Accessed 28.12. 2022).
  • American Psychology Association Dictionary (2023) Self-awareness. https://dictionary.apa.org/self-awareness (Accessed 01.03.2023).
  • Arseven A (2016) Öz yeterlilik: Bir kavram analizi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 11:63-80.
  • Aslan Yılmaz H (2022) Self-awareness and self-consciousness: a review from a social psychology perspective. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14: 437-445.
  • Aslan-Yılmaz H (2016) Bir derleme: Benlik kavramına ilişkin bazı yaklaşımlar ve tanımlamalar. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 48:79-89.
  • Ateş H, Durmaz S (2016) Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarinin öz-değer inançlarinin bazi değişkenler açisindan incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17:517-533.
  • Bardone-Cone AM, Lin SL, Butler RM (2017) Perfectionism and contingent self-worth in relation to disordered eating and anxiety. Behav Ther, 48:380-390.
  • Bardone‐Cone AM, Thompson KA, Miller AJ (2020) The self and eating disorders. J Pers, 88:59-75.
  • Batey H, May J, Andrade J (2010) Negative intrusive thoughts and dissociation as risk factors for self‐harm. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 40:35-49.
  • Batra RK, Ghoshal T (2017) Fill up your senses: A theory of self-worth restoration through high-intensity sensory consumption. J Consum Behav, 44:916-938.
  • Baumeister RF, Campbell JD, Krueger JI , Vohs KD (2003) Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychol Sci Public Interest, 4:1-44.
  • Beck AT, Steer RA, Kovacs M, Garrison B (1985) Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. Am J Psychiatry, 142:559-563.
  • Berglas S, Jones EE (1978) Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. J Pers Soc Psychol, 36:405-417.
  • Besser A, Priel B (2010) Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. J Soc Clin Psychol, 29: 874.
  • Bırni G, Eryılmaz A (2022a) Enhancing well-being of the married: Investigating marital satisfaction, self-compassion and happiness increasing strategies. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12:650-669.
  • Bırni G, Eryılmaz A (2022b) Positive psychotherapy perspective on suicide: Investigating suicidal thoughts and suicide probability. Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counselling, 11:135-148.
  • Bırni G, Satıcı B (2023) A compassion focused intervention for trait perfectionism in non-clinical settings: A pilot study. Curr Psychol, doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05118-7.
  • Björk T, Wallin K, Pettersen G (2012) Male experiences of life after recovery from an eating disorder. Eat Disord, 20:460-468.
  • Booth-Laforce C, Oh W, Kim A H, Rubin K H, Rose-Krasnor L, Burgess K (2006) Attachment, self-worth, and peer-group functioning in middle childhood. Attach Hum Dev, 8:309-325.
  • Bowlby J (1982) Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 52:664-678.
  • Brand BL, McNary SW, Myrick AC, Classen CC, Lanius R, Loewenstein RJ et al. (2013) A longitudinal naturalistic study of patients with dissociative disorders treated by community clinicians. Psychol Trauma, 5:301-308.
  • Bretherton I (1985) Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev, 50:3-35.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2001) Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 27:575-584.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2002) Self-esteem: It’s not what you think (Unpublished manuscript). Seattle, University of Washington.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2006) The three faces of self-esteem. In Self-Esteem Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives (Eds M H Kernis):4-9. London, UK, Psychology Press.
  • Brown RP, Bosson JK (2001) Narcissus meets Sisyphus: Self-love, self-loathing, and the never-ending pursuit of self-worth. Psychol Inq, 12:210-213.
  • Brunnhuber S (2003) Differential-diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychother, 57:460-470.
  • Burger JM (2016) Kişilik (Çev. İD Erguvan Sarıoğlu). İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Burwell RA, Shirk SR (2006) Self processes in adolescent depression: The role of self‐worth contingencies. J Res Adolesc, 16:479-490.
  • Butler RJ, Gasson SL (2005) Self esteem/self concept scales for children and adolescents: A review. Child Adolesc Ment Health, 10:190-201.
  • Chamberlain JM, Haaga DA (2001) Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther, 19:163-176.
  • Cheng ST, Kwan KW (2008) Attachment dimensions and contingencies of self-worth: The moderating role of culture. Pers Individ Dif, 45:509-514.
  • Collins DR, Stukas AA (2008) Narcissism and self-presentation: The moderating effects of accountability and contingencies of self-worth. J Res Pers, 42:1629-1634.
  • Coopersmith S (1967) The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco, WH Freeman.
  • Covington M V (1984) The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elem Sch J, 85:5-20.
  • Covington MV, Beery R (1976) Self-worth and School Learning. New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston.
  • Covington MV, Omelich CL (1981) As failures mount: Affective and cognitive consequences of ability demotion in the classroom. J Educ Psychol, 73:796-808.
  • Crocker J (1999) Social stigma and self-esteem: Situational construction of self-worth. J Exp Soc Psychol, 35:89-107.
  • Crocker J (2002) Contingencies of self-worth: Implications for self-regulation and psychological vulnerability. Self Identity, 1:143-149.
  • Crocker J, Knight KM (2005) Contingencies of self-worth. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14:200-203.
  • Crocker J, Wolfe CT (2001) Contingencies of self-worth. Psychol Rev, 108:593-623.
  • Crocker J, Brook AT, Niiya Y, Villacorta M (2006) The pursuit of self‐esteem: Contingencies of self‐worth and self‐regulation. J Pers, 74:1749-1772.
  • Crocker J, Luhtanen RK, Cooper ML, Bouvrette A (2003) Contingencies of self-worth in college students: theory and measurement. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:894-908.
  • Cross SE, Madson L (1997) Models of the self: self-construals and gender. Psychol Bull, 122:5-37.
  • Crowell JA, Waters E (1994) Bowlby's theory grown up: The role of attachment in adult love relationships. Psychol Inq, 5:31-34.
  • Crowne DP, Crowne DP, Marlowe D (1964) The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley.
  • Çetin B, Akın A, Eroğlu Y (2011) Koşullu öz-değer ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8:410-426.
  • Davidson K M (2008) Cognitive–behavioural therapy for personality disorders. Psychiatry, 7:117-120.
  • De Leon L (2002) Multicultural literature: Reading to develop self-worth. Multicultural Education, 10:49-51.
  • Deniz ME, Yıldırım Kurtuluş H (2023) Self-efficacy, self-love, and fear of compassion mediate the effect of attachment styles on life satisfaction: A serial mediation analysis. Psychol Rep, doi: 10.1177/00332941231156809.
  • Drummond MJ (2002) Men, body image, and eating disorders. Int J Mens Health, 1:89-103.
  • Erbaş S (2015) Yeme tutumlarının nesne ilişkileri kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi) Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Erikson EH (1950) Childhood and Society. New York, WW Norton.
  • Erikson EH, Erikson JM (1998) The Life Cycle Completed (extended version). New York, WW Norton.
  • Eryılmaz A (2017) Yetişkinler için Mutluluğu Artırma Stratejileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7:116-126.
  • Eryılmaz A, Atak H (2014) Ergen öznel iyi oluşunun, öz saygı ve iyimserlik eğilimi ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10:170-181.
  • Fleming CE, Resick PA (2016) Predicting three types of dissociation in female survivors of intimate partner violence. J Trauma Dissociation, 17:267-285.
  • Forrest LN, Jones PJ, Ortiz SN, Smith AR (2018) Core psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A network analysis. Int J Eat Disord, 51:668-679.
  • Foster J D, Kernis MH, Goldman B M (2007) Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability. Self Identity, 6:64-73.
  • Frame K, Kelly L, Bayley E (2003) Increasing perceptions of self‐worth in preadolescents diagnosed with ADHD. J Nurs Scholarsh, 35:225-229.
  • Fredrickson BL, Roberts TA (1997) Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychol Women Q, 21:173-206.
  • Freud A (1946) The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. Madison, CT, International Universities Press.
  • Freud S (1910) Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. New York, J. of Nerv. and Ment. Disease Publ.
  • Friedrichs J (2016) An intercultural theory of international relations: How self-worth underlies politics among nations. International Theory, 8:63-96.
  • Gabbard GO (2014) Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Granek L (2007) “You’re a whole lot of person” – Understanding the journey through anorexia to recovery: A qualitative study. Humanist Psychol, 35:363–385.
  • Griffin D W, Bartholomew K (1994) Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 67:430-445.
  • Güvenir T, Taş F V (2008) Nesne ilişkileri kuramı. In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı (Ed FÇ Çetin):116-122. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Harter S (1986) Cognitive-developmental processes in the integration of concepts about emotions and the self. Soc Cogn, 4:119-151.
  • Harter S (2000) Is self-esteem only skin-deep? The inextricable link between physical appearance and self-esteem. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 9:133-138.
  • Harter S, Marold D B (1991) A model of the determinants and mediational role of self-worth: Implications for adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. In The Self: Interdisciplinary Approaches (Eds J Strauss, GR Goethals):66-92. Cham, Springer.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P (1987) Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol, 52:511–524.
  • Hooley JM, St. Germain SA (2014) Nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and self-criticism: Does changing self-worth change pain endurance in people who engage in self-injury? Clin Psychol Sci, 2:297-305.
  • Huberty JL, Vener J, Sidman C, Meendering J, Blissmer B, Schulte L et al. (2008) Women bound to be active: A pilot study to explore the feasibility of an intervention to increase physical activity and self-worth in women. Women Health, 48:83-101.
  • Ironside ML, Johnson SL, Carver CS (2020) Identity in bipolar disorder: Self‐worth and achievement. J Pers, 88:45-58.
  • James W (1890) The Principles of Psychology. New York, Henry Holt.
  • Joseph S, Linley PA (2004) Positive therapy: A positive psychological theory of therapeutic practice. In Positive Psychology in Practice (Eds PA Linley, S Joseph):354–368). Hoboken, NJ, Wiley.
  • Josephs R A, Markus H R, Tafarodi R W (1992) Gender and self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 63:391-402.
  • Karaşar B (2020) Mediator role of the need for social approval in the relationship between perfectionism and codependency: A structural equation modeling study. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7:40-47.
  • Karaşar B, Öğülmüş S (2016) Sosyal onay ihtiyaci ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17:84-104.
  • Kenny ME, Sirin SR (2006) Parental attachment, self‐worth, and depressive symptoms among emerging adults. J Couns Dev, 84:61-71.
  • Kernis MH (2005) Measuring self‐esteem in context: The importance of stability of self‐esteem in psychological functioning. J Pers, 73:1569-1605.
  • Kesebir S, İnanç L, Bezgin ÇH, Cengiz F (2013) Kadınlarda bipolar bozukluk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5:220-231.
  • Kim YH, Cohen D, Au WT (2010) The jury and abjury of my peers: the self in face and dignity cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol, 98:904-916.
  • King CA, Naylor MW, Segal HG, Evans T, Shain BN (1993) Global self-worth, specific self-perceptions of competence, and depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 32:745-752.
  • Kistler M, Rodgers KB, Power T, Austin EW, Hill LG (2010) Adolescents and music media: Toward an involvement‐mediational model of consumption and self‐concept. J Res Adolesc, 20:616-630.
  • Kopala-Sibley DC, Zuroff DC, Russell JJ, Moskowitz DS, Paris J (2012) Understanding heterogeneity in borderline personality disorder: differences in affective reactivity explained by the traits of dependency and self-criticism. J Abnorm Psychol, 121:680-691.
  • Krawitz R (2012) Behavioural treatment of severe chronic self-loathing in people with borderline personality disorder. Part 2: Self-compassion and other interventions. Australas Psychiatry, 20:501-506.
  • Lahav Y, Bellin ES, Solomon Z (2016) Posttraumatic growth and shattered world assumptions among ex-POWs: the role of dissociation. Psychiatry, 79:418-432.
  • Lakey CE, Hirsch JK, Nelson LA, Nsamenang SA (2014) Effects of contingent self-esteem on depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Death Stud, 38:563-570.
  • Lampard AM, Tasca GA, Balfour L, Bissada H (2013) An evaluation of the transdiagnostic cognitive‐behavioural model of eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 21:99-107.
  • Leary MR, Baumeister RF (2000) The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 32:1-62.
  • Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Batts Allen A, Hancock J (2007) Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol, 92:887-904.
  • Liao KYH, Wei M (2014) Academic stress and positive affect: Asian value and self-worth contingency as moderators among Chinese international students. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol, 20:107-115.
  • Lilly MM (2011) The contributions of interpersonal trauma exposure and world assumptions to predicting dissociation in undergraduates. J Trauma Dissociation, 12:375-392.
  • Liu CH, Chiu YHC, Chang JH (2017) Why do easterners have lower well-being than westerners? The role of others’ approval contingencies of self-worth in the cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. J Cross Cult Psychol, 48:217-224.
  • Mackrill T (2010) Goal consensus and collaboration in psychotherapy: An existential rationale. J Humanist Psychol, 50:96-107.
  • Moneta GB, Schneider B, Csikszentmihalyi M (2001) A longitudinal study of the self-concept and experiential components of self-worth and affect across adolescence. Appl Dev Sci, 5:125-142.
  • Neff, K (2003) Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity, 2:85-101.
  • Neff KD (2011) Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 5:1-12.
  • Neff KD, Vonk R (2009) Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. J Pers, 77:23-50.
  • Neff KD, Pisitsungkagarn K, Hsieh YP (2008) Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. J Cross Cult Psychol, 39:267-285.
  • Nelson P (1989) Ethnic differences in intrinsic/extrinsic religious orientation and depression in the elderly. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 3:199-204.
  • Nuttall J (2006) The existential phenomenology of transactional analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 36:214-227.
  • Öztürk E (2020) Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji Temel Kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Öztürk E, Derin G (2021) Dissosiyatif bozukluklarda kendine zarar verme davranışları ve intihar eğilimleri: travma perspektifinden psikoterapötik bir değerlendirme. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi, 7:9-31.
  • Pelham B W, Swann W B (1989) From self-conceptions to self-worth: on the sources and structure of global self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 57:672-680.
  • Petty KH, Davis CL, Tkacz J, Young-Hyman D, Waller JL (2009) Exercise effects on depressive symptoms and self-worth in overweight children: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 34:929-939.
  • Prieler M, Choi J, Lee HE (2021) The relationships among self-worth contingency on others’ approval, appearance comparisons on Facebook, and adolescent girls’ body esteem: A cross-cultural study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:901-913.
  • Proctor C (2017) Conditions of worth (Rogers). In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (Eds V Zeigler-Hill, TK Shackelford). Cham, Springer.
  • Rieger E, Prasetya K, Christensen B K, Shou Y (2021) Identifying the contingencies of self‐worth associated with eating disorder symptoms: The use of choice‐based conjoint analysis. Int J Eat Disord, 54:2167-2179.
  • Robinson S, Kissane DW, Brooker J, Hempton C, Burney S (2017) The relationship between poor quality of life and desire to hasten death: a multiple mediation model examining the contributions of depression, demoralization, loss of control, and low self-worth. J Pain Symptom Manage, 53:243-249.
  • Rogers CR (1959) A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In Psychology: A Study of a Science, Formulations of the Person and the Social Context (Ed S Koch):184-256. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Rosenberg M (1965) Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Rosenberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C, Rosenberg F (1995) Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. Am Sociol Rev, 60:141-156.
  • Sargent JT, Crocker J, Luhtanen RK (2006) Contingencies of self-worth and depressive symptoms in college students. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25:628-646.
  • Sasaki JY, Ko D, Kim HS (2014) Culture and self-worth: Implications for social comparison processes and coping with threats to self-worth. In Communal Functions of Social Comparison (Eds Z Kriazn, FX Gibbons):230-252. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Sharma M, Sharma A (2015) Disturbed sleep patterns and self worth in youth: A music therapy intervention. Voices of Research, 4:28-32.
  • Shimizu M, Niiya Y, Shigemasu E (2016) Achievement goals and improvement following failure: Moderating roles of self-compassion and contingency of self-worth. Self Identity, 15:107-115.
  • Shrauger JS, Schoeneman TJ (1979) Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psychol Bull, 86:549-573.
  • Snyder CR, Lopez SJ (2001) Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Solomon C (2003) Transactional analysis theory: The basics. Transactional Analysis Journal, 33:15-22.
  • Solomon S, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (1991) A terror management theory of social behavior: the psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 24:93-159.
  • Spilka B, Shaver PR, Kirkpatrick L A (2019) A general attribution theory for the psychology of religion. In The Psychology of Religion (Eds B Spilka, D McIntosh):153-170. London, UK, Routledge.
  • Stapleton P, Crighton GJ, Carter B, Pidgeon A (2017) Self-esteem and body image in females: The mediating role of self-compassion and appearance contingent self-worth. Humanist Psychol, 45:238-257.
  • Stepp SD, Pilkonis PA, Yaggi KE, Morse JQ, Feske U (2009) Interpersonal and emotional experiences of social interactions in borderline personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis, 197:484-491.
  • Sturman ED, Flett GL, Hewitt PL, Rudolph SG (2009) Dimensions of perfectionism and self-worth contingencies in depression. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther, 27:213-231.
  • Sümer N, Güngör D (1999) Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14:71-106.
  • Şahin HN, Batıgün DA, Uğurtaş S (2002) Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): Ergenler için kullanımının geçerlik, güvenilirlik ve faktör yapısı. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 13:125-135.
  • Thompson T (1994) Self‐worth protection: Review and implications for the classroom. Educ Rev (Birm), 46:259-274.
  • Uchida Y (2008) Contingencies of self-worth in Japanese culture: validation of the Japanese contingencies of self-worth scale. Shinrigaku Kenkyu, 79:250-256.
  • Valle A, Cabanach RG, Rodríguez S, Núñez JC, González-Pienda JA (2005) Self-worth protection strategies in higher educational students: Exploring a model of predictors and consequences. In New Directions in Higher Education (Ed R Nata):99-126. New York, Nova Science Publishers.
  • van der Hout R, Barnasconi F, Noorloos J, de Bruin R, van Slobbe-Maijer K, Legerstee J et al. (2023) Treatment outcomes of dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescents presenting with characteristics of borderline personality disorder: A naturalistic study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 28:707-720.
  • Webb RE, Rosenbaum PJ (2019) The varieties of procrastination: with different existential positions different reasons for it. Integr Psychol Behav Sci, 53:525-540.
  • Wichstrøm L (2000) Predictors of adolescent suicide attempts: a nationally representative longitudinal study of Norwegian adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39:603-610.
  • Wiekens CJ (2009) Self-awareness: Combining the" hard problem" with an" aggregate of loosely related subtopics" (Doctoral dissertation). Tilburg, Tilburg University.
  • Williams CF, Bustamante EE, Waller JL, Davis CL (2019) Exercise effects on quality of life, mood, and self-worth in overweight children: the SMART randomized controlled trial. Transl Behav Med, 9:451-459.
  • WHO (2022) Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide (Accessed 28.12.2022).
  • Yalçınkaya M, Taner M, Demirci E (2019). Ergenlerde sosyal onay ve iyilik hallerinin incelenmesi. Folklor/Edebiyat, 25:716-729.
  • Yao J, Ramirez-Marin J, Brett J, Aslani S, Semnani-Azad Z (2017) A measurement model for dignity, face, and honor cultural norms. Manag Organ Rev, 13:713-738.
  • Yiğit A (2021) Beliren yetişkinlerde öz-değer koşulları ile fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlar arasındaki̇ ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
  • Zeigler–Hill V, Abraham J (2006) Borderline personality features: Instability of self–esteem and affect. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25:668-687.
  • Zeigler-Hill V, Besser A (2013) A glimpse behind the mask: Facets of narcissism and feelings of self-worth. J Pers Assess, 95:249-260.
  • Zhang H, Carr ER, Garcia-Williams AG, Siegelman AE, Berke D, Niles-Carnes LV etal. (2018) Shame and depressive symptoms: Self-compassion and contingent self-worth as mediators?. J Clin Psychol Med Settings, 25:408-419

Öz-Değerin Kavramsal ve Kuramsal İncelemesi

Yıl 2024, , 327 - 346, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1336880

Öz

Bu çalışmada insan ruh sağlığı için oldukça önemli bir kaynak olan öz-değer ile psikososyal gelişim, öz-değer kaynakları, ruhsal bozukluklar ve öz-değer müdahaleleri ele alınmış, öz-değer üzerine kavramsal ve kuramsal detaylı bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada öncelikle öz-değer üzerine alanyazındaki kavramsal açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Bireylerde öz-değerin hangi kaynaklardan beslenerek oluştuğuna dair kuramsal açıklamalar sunulmuştur. Öz-değer ile ilişkili olan kavramlar ve bu kavramlarla öz-değer arasındaki ilişkiler açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, kültürün bireyin öz-değer gelişimine ve duygularına etkisi incelenmiştir. Öz-değer gelişimi kuramsal olarak ele alınmış ve Psikoanalitik kuram, Psikososyal gelişim kuramı, Transaksiyonel analiz ile Bağlanma kuramı açısından açıklanmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca, öz-değer ile çeşitli ruhsal bozukluklar arasında nasıl bir ilişki olabileceği, öz-değer eksikliğinin kişide hangi psikopatolojileri artırabileceği veyahut sebep olabileceği teorik kapsamda tartışılmıştır. Bunun üzerine, öz-değerin nasıl ölçüldüğü ve artırmak için daha önce yapılan müdahaleler sunulmuştur. Bütün bu bilgiler ışığında öz-değerin bireylerin ruh sağlığı için önemi tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca koşullu öz-değer ve koşulsuz öz-değer kavramlarının ruh sağlığına olası etkileri tartışılmıştır. Bireyler, ebeveynler ve ruh sağlığı uzmanları için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Aggarwal I (2013) The role of antisocial personality disorder and antisocial behavior in crime. Inquiries Journal, 5:1-2.
  • Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S (1978) Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum.
  • Allen B, Leary MR (2010) Self‐compassion, stress, and coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 4:107-118.
  • American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (2022) Suicide statistics. https://afsp.org/suicide-statistics/ (Accessed 28.12. 2022).
  • American Psychology Association Dictionary (2023) Self-awareness. https://dictionary.apa.org/self-awareness (Accessed 01.03.2023).
  • Arseven A (2016) Öz yeterlilik: Bir kavram analizi. Electronic Turkish Studies, 11:63-80.
  • Aslan Yılmaz H (2022) Self-awareness and self-consciousness: a review from a social psychology perspective. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14: 437-445.
  • Aslan-Yılmaz H (2016) Bir derleme: Benlik kavramına ilişkin bazı yaklaşımlar ve tanımlamalar. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 48:79-89.
  • Ateş H, Durmaz S (2016) Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarinin öz-değer inançlarinin bazi değişkenler açisindan incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17:517-533.
  • Bardone-Cone AM, Lin SL, Butler RM (2017) Perfectionism and contingent self-worth in relation to disordered eating and anxiety. Behav Ther, 48:380-390.
  • Bardone‐Cone AM, Thompson KA, Miller AJ (2020) The self and eating disorders. J Pers, 88:59-75.
  • Batey H, May J, Andrade J (2010) Negative intrusive thoughts and dissociation as risk factors for self‐harm. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 40:35-49.
  • Batra RK, Ghoshal T (2017) Fill up your senses: A theory of self-worth restoration through high-intensity sensory consumption. J Consum Behav, 44:916-938.
  • Baumeister RF, Campbell JD, Krueger JI , Vohs KD (2003) Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychol Sci Public Interest, 4:1-44.
  • Beck AT, Steer RA, Kovacs M, Garrison B (1985) Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. Am J Psychiatry, 142:559-563.
  • Berglas S, Jones EE (1978) Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. J Pers Soc Psychol, 36:405-417.
  • Besser A, Priel B (2010) Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. J Soc Clin Psychol, 29: 874.
  • Bırni G, Eryılmaz A (2022a) Enhancing well-being of the married: Investigating marital satisfaction, self-compassion and happiness increasing strategies. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12:650-669.
  • Bırni G, Eryılmaz A (2022b) Positive psychotherapy perspective on suicide: Investigating suicidal thoughts and suicide probability. Turkish International Journal of Special Education and Guidance & Counselling, 11:135-148.
  • Bırni G, Satıcı B (2023) A compassion focused intervention for trait perfectionism in non-clinical settings: A pilot study. Curr Psychol, doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05118-7.
  • Björk T, Wallin K, Pettersen G (2012) Male experiences of life after recovery from an eating disorder. Eat Disord, 20:460-468.
  • Booth-Laforce C, Oh W, Kim A H, Rubin K H, Rose-Krasnor L, Burgess K (2006) Attachment, self-worth, and peer-group functioning in middle childhood. Attach Hum Dev, 8:309-325.
  • Bowlby J (1982) Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 52:664-678.
  • Brand BL, McNary SW, Myrick AC, Classen CC, Lanius R, Loewenstein RJ et al. (2013) A longitudinal naturalistic study of patients with dissociative disorders treated by community clinicians. Psychol Trauma, 5:301-308.
  • Bretherton I (1985) Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev, 50:3-35.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2001) Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 27:575-584.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2002) Self-esteem: It’s not what you think (Unpublished manuscript). Seattle, University of Washington.
  • Brown JD, Marshall MA (2006) The three faces of self-esteem. In Self-Esteem Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives (Eds M H Kernis):4-9. London, UK, Psychology Press.
  • Brown RP, Bosson JK (2001) Narcissus meets Sisyphus: Self-love, self-loathing, and the never-ending pursuit of self-worth. Psychol Inq, 12:210-213.
  • Brunnhuber S (2003) Differential-diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychother, 57:460-470.
  • Burger JM (2016) Kişilik (Çev. İD Erguvan Sarıoğlu). İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Burwell RA, Shirk SR (2006) Self processes in adolescent depression: The role of self‐worth contingencies. J Res Adolesc, 16:479-490.
  • Butler RJ, Gasson SL (2005) Self esteem/self concept scales for children and adolescents: A review. Child Adolesc Ment Health, 10:190-201.
  • Chamberlain JM, Haaga DA (2001) Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther, 19:163-176.
  • Cheng ST, Kwan KW (2008) Attachment dimensions and contingencies of self-worth: The moderating role of culture. Pers Individ Dif, 45:509-514.
  • Collins DR, Stukas AA (2008) Narcissism and self-presentation: The moderating effects of accountability and contingencies of self-worth. J Res Pers, 42:1629-1634.
  • Coopersmith S (1967) The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco, WH Freeman.
  • Covington M V (1984) The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elem Sch J, 85:5-20.
  • Covington MV, Beery R (1976) Self-worth and School Learning. New York, Holt Rinehart & Winston.
  • Covington MV, Omelich CL (1981) As failures mount: Affective and cognitive consequences of ability demotion in the classroom. J Educ Psychol, 73:796-808.
  • Crocker J (1999) Social stigma and self-esteem: Situational construction of self-worth. J Exp Soc Psychol, 35:89-107.
  • Crocker J (2002) Contingencies of self-worth: Implications for self-regulation and psychological vulnerability. Self Identity, 1:143-149.
  • Crocker J, Knight KM (2005) Contingencies of self-worth. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 14:200-203.
  • Crocker J, Wolfe CT (2001) Contingencies of self-worth. Psychol Rev, 108:593-623.
  • Crocker J, Brook AT, Niiya Y, Villacorta M (2006) The pursuit of self‐esteem: Contingencies of self‐worth and self‐regulation. J Pers, 74:1749-1772.
  • Crocker J, Luhtanen RK, Cooper ML, Bouvrette A (2003) Contingencies of self-worth in college students: theory and measurement. J Pers Soc Psychol, 85:894-908.
  • Cross SE, Madson L (1997) Models of the self: self-construals and gender. Psychol Bull, 122:5-37.
  • Crowell JA, Waters E (1994) Bowlby's theory grown up: The role of attachment in adult love relationships. Psychol Inq, 5:31-34.
  • Crowne DP, Crowne DP, Marlowe D (1964) The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley.
  • Çetin B, Akın A, Eroğlu Y (2011) Koşullu öz-değer ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8:410-426.
  • Davidson K M (2008) Cognitive–behavioural therapy for personality disorders. Psychiatry, 7:117-120.
  • De Leon L (2002) Multicultural literature: Reading to develop self-worth. Multicultural Education, 10:49-51.
  • Deniz ME, Yıldırım Kurtuluş H (2023) Self-efficacy, self-love, and fear of compassion mediate the effect of attachment styles on life satisfaction: A serial mediation analysis. Psychol Rep, doi: 10.1177/00332941231156809.
  • Drummond MJ (2002) Men, body image, and eating disorders. Int J Mens Health, 1:89-103.
  • Erbaş S (2015) Yeme tutumlarının nesne ilişkileri kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. (Doktora tezi) Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Erikson EH (1950) Childhood and Society. New York, WW Norton.
  • Erikson EH, Erikson JM (1998) The Life Cycle Completed (extended version). New York, WW Norton.
  • Eryılmaz A (2017) Yetişkinler için Mutluluğu Artırma Stratejileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7:116-126.
  • Eryılmaz A, Atak H (2014) Ergen öznel iyi oluşunun, öz saygı ve iyimserlik eğilimi ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10:170-181.
  • Fleming CE, Resick PA (2016) Predicting three types of dissociation in female survivors of intimate partner violence. J Trauma Dissociation, 17:267-285.
  • Forrest LN, Jones PJ, Ortiz SN, Smith AR (2018) Core psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A network analysis. Int J Eat Disord, 51:668-679.
  • Foster J D, Kernis MH, Goldman B M (2007) Linking adult attachment to self-esteem stability. Self Identity, 6:64-73.
  • Frame K, Kelly L, Bayley E (2003) Increasing perceptions of self‐worth in preadolescents diagnosed with ADHD. J Nurs Scholarsh, 35:225-229.
  • Fredrickson BL, Roberts TA (1997) Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychol Women Q, 21:173-206.
  • Freud A (1946) The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. Madison, CT, International Universities Press.
  • Freud S (1910) Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex. New York, J. of Nerv. and Ment. Disease Publ.
  • Friedrichs J (2016) An intercultural theory of international relations: How self-worth underlies politics among nations. International Theory, 8:63-96.
  • Gabbard GO (2014) Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Granek L (2007) “You’re a whole lot of person” – Understanding the journey through anorexia to recovery: A qualitative study. Humanist Psychol, 35:363–385.
  • Griffin D W, Bartholomew K (1994) Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 67:430-445.
  • Güvenir T, Taş F V (2008) Nesne ilişkileri kuramı. In Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi Temel Kitabı (Ed FÇ Çetin):116-122. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Harter S (1986) Cognitive-developmental processes in the integration of concepts about emotions and the self. Soc Cogn, 4:119-151.
  • Harter S (2000) Is self-esteem only skin-deep? The inextricable link between physical appearance and self-esteem. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 9:133-138.
  • Harter S, Marold D B (1991) A model of the determinants and mediational role of self-worth: Implications for adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. In The Self: Interdisciplinary Approaches (Eds J Strauss, GR Goethals):66-92. Cham, Springer.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P (1987) Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol, 52:511–524.
  • Hooley JM, St. Germain SA (2014) Nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and self-criticism: Does changing self-worth change pain endurance in people who engage in self-injury? Clin Psychol Sci, 2:297-305.
  • Huberty JL, Vener J, Sidman C, Meendering J, Blissmer B, Schulte L et al. (2008) Women bound to be active: A pilot study to explore the feasibility of an intervention to increase physical activity and self-worth in women. Women Health, 48:83-101.
  • Ironside ML, Johnson SL, Carver CS (2020) Identity in bipolar disorder: Self‐worth and achievement. J Pers, 88:45-58.
  • James W (1890) The Principles of Psychology. New York, Henry Holt.
  • Joseph S, Linley PA (2004) Positive therapy: A positive psychological theory of therapeutic practice. In Positive Psychology in Practice (Eds PA Linley, S Joseph):354–368). Hoboken, NJ, Wiley.
  • Josephs R A, Markus H R, Tafarodi R W (1992) Gender and self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 63:391-402.
  • Karaşar B (2020) Mediator role of the need for social approval in the relationship between perfectionism and codependency: A structural equation modeling study. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 7:40-47.
  • Karaşar B, Öğülmüş S (2016) Sosyal onay ihtiyaci ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 17:84-104.
  • Kenny ME, Sirin SR (2006) Parental attachment, self‐worth, and depressive symptoms among emerging adults. J Couns Dev, 84:61-71.
  • Kernis MH (2005) Measuring self‐esteem in context: The importance of stability of self‐esteem in psychological functioning. J Pers, 73:1569-1605.
  • Kesebir S, İnanç L, Bezgin ÇH, Cengiz F (2013) Kadınlarda bipolar bozukluk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5:220-231.
  • Kim YH, Cohen D, Au WT (2010) The jury and abjury of my peers: the self in face and dignity cultures. J Pers Soc Psychol, 98:904-916.
  • King CA, Naylor MW, Segal HG, Evans T, Shain BN (1993) Global self-worth, specific self-perceptions of competence, and depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 32:745-752.
  • Kistler M, Rodgers KB, Power T, Austin EW, Hill LG (2010) Adolescents and music media: Toward an involvement‐mediational model of consumption and self‐concept. J Res Adolesc, 20:616-630.
  • Kopala-Sibley DC, Zuroff DC, Russell JJ, Moskowitz DS, Paris J (2012) Understanding heterogeneity in borderline personality disorder: differences in affective reactivity explained by the traits of dependency and self-criticism. J Abnorm Psychol, 121:680-691.
  • Krawitz R (2012) Behavioural treatment of severe chronic self-loathing in people with borderline personality disorder. Part 2: Self-compassion and other interventions. Australas Psychiatry, 20:501-506.
  • Lahav Y, Bellin ES, Solomon Z (2016) Posttraumatic growth and shattered world assumptions among ex-POWs: the role of dissociation. Psychiatry, 79:418-432.
  • Lakey CE, Hirsch JK, Nelson LA, Nsamenang SA (2014) Effects of contingent self-esteem on depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Death Stud, 38:563-570.
  • Lampard AM, Tasca GA, Balfour L, Bissada H (2013) An evaluation of the transdiagnostic cognitive‐behavioural model of eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 21:99-107.
  • Leary MR, Baumeister RF (2000) The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 32:1-62.
  • Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Batts Allen A, Hancock J (2007) Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol, 92:887-904.
  • Liao KYH, Wei M (2014) Academic stress and positive affect: Asian value and self-worth contingency as moderators among Chinese international students. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol, 20:107-115.
  • Lilly MM (2011) The contributions of interpersonal trauma exposure and world assumptions to predicting dissociation in undergraduates. J Trauma Dissociation, 12:375-392.
  • Liu CH, Chiu YHC, Chang JH (2017) Why do easterners have lower well-being than westerners? The role of others’ approval contingencies of self-worth in the cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. J Cross Cult Psychol, 48:217-224.
  • Mackrill T (2010) Goal consensus and collaboration in psychotherapy: An existential rationale. J Humanist Psychol, 50:96-107.
  • Moneta GB, Schneider B, Csikszentmihalyi M (2001) A longitudinal study of the self-concept and experiential components of self-worth and affect across adolescence. Appl Dev Sci, 5:125-142.
  • Neff, K (2003) Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity, 2:85-101.
  • Neff KD (2011) Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 5:1-12.
  • Neff KD, Vonk R (2009) Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. J Pers, 77:23-50.
  • Neff KD, Pisitsungkagarn K, Hsieh YP (2008) Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. J Cross Cult Psychol, 39:267-285.
  • Nelson P (1989) Ethnic differences in intrinsic/extrinsic religious orientation and depression in the elderly. Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 3:199-204.
  • Nuttall J (2006) The existential phenomenology of transactional analysis. Transactional Analysis Journal, 36:214-227.
  • Öztürk E (2020) Travma ve Dissosiyasyon: Psikotravmatoloji Temel Kitabı (2. Baskı). İstanbul, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Öztürk E, Derin G (2021) Dissosiyatif bozukluklarda kendine zarar verme davranışları ve intihar eğilimleri: travma perspektifinden psikoterapötik bir değerlendirme. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi, 7:9-31.
  • Pelham B W, Swann W B (1989) From self-conceptions to self-worth: on the sources and structure of global self-esteem. J Pers Soc Psychol, 57:672-680.
  • Petty KH, Davis CL, Tkacz J, Young-Hyman D, Waller JL (2009) Exercise effects on depressive symptoms and self-worth in overweight children: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol, 34:929-939.
  • Prieler M, Choi J, Lee HE (2021) The relationships among self-worth contingency on others’ approval, appearance comparisons on Facebook, and adolescent girls’ body esteem: A cross-cultural study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18:901-913.
  • Proctor C (2017) Conditions of worth (Rogers). In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (Eds V Zeigler-Hill, TK Shackelford). Cham, Springer.
  • Rieger E, Prasetya K, Christensen B K, Shou Y (2021) Identifying the contingencies of self‐worth associated with eating disorder symptoms: The use of choice‐based conjoint analysis. Int J Eat Disord, 54:2167-2179.
  • Robinson S, Kissane DW, Brooker J, Hempton C, Burney S (2017) The relationship between poor quality of life and desire to hasten death: a multiple mediation model examining the contributions of depression, demoralization, loss of control, and low self-worth. J Pain Symptom Manage, 53:243-249.
  • Rogers CR (1959) A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In Psychology: A Study of a Science, Formulations of the Person and the Social Context (Ed S Koch):184-256. New York, McGraw-Hill.
  • Rosenberg M (1965) Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Rosenberg M, Schooler C, Schoenbach C, Rosenberg F (1995) Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. Am Sociol Rev, 60:141-156.
  • Sargent JT, Crocker J, Luhtanen RK (2006) Contingencies of self-worth and depressive symptoms in college students. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25:628-646.
  • Sasaki JY, Ko D, Kim HS (2014) Culture and self-worth: Implications for social comparison processes and coping with threats to self-worth. In Communal Functions of Social Comparison (Eds Z Kriazn, FX Gibbons):230-252. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Sharma M, Sharma A (2015) Disturbed sleep patterns and self worth in youth: A music therapy intervention. Voices of Research, 4:28-32.
  • Shimizu M, Niiya Y, Shigemasu E (2016) Achievement goals and improvement following failure: Moderating roles of self-compassion and contingency of self-worth. Self Identity, 15:107-115.
  • Shrauger JS, Schoeneman TJ (1979) Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psychol Bull, 86:549-573.
  • Snyder CR, Lopez SJ (2001) Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Solomon C (2003) Transactional analysis theory: The basics. Transactional Analysis Journal, 33:15-22.
  • Solomon S, Greenberg J, Pyszczynski T (1991) A terror management theory of social behavior: the psychological functions of self-esteem and cultural worldviews. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 24:93-159.
  • Spilka B, Shaver PR, Kirkpatrick L A (2019) A general attribution theory for the psychology of religion. In The Psychology of Religion (Eds B Spilka, D McIntosh):153-170. London, UK, Routledge.
  • Stapleton P, Crighton GJ, Carter B, Pidgeon A (2017) Self-esteem and body image in females: The mediating role of self-compassion and appearance contingent self-worth. Humanist Psychol, 45:238-257.
  • Stepp SD, Pilkonis PA, Yaggi KE, Morse JQ, Feske U (2009) Interpersonal and emotional experiences of social interactions in borderline personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis, 197:484-491.
  • Sturman ED, Flett GL, Hewitt PL, Rudolph SG (2009) Dimensions of perfectionism and self-worth contingencies in depression. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther, 27:213-231.
  • Sümer N, Güngör D (1999) Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14:71-106.
  • Şahin HN, Batıgün DA, Uğurtaş S (2002) Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): Ergenler için kullanımının geçerlik, güvenilirlik ve faktör yapısı. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 13:125-135.
  • Thompson T (1994) Self‐worth protection: Review and implications for the classroom. Educ Rev (Birm), 46:259-274.
  • Uchida Y (2008) Contingencies of self-worth in Japanese culture: validation of the Japanese contingencies of self-worth scale. Shinrigaku Kenkyu, 79:250-256.
  • Valle A, Cabanach RG, Rodríguez S, Núñez JC, González-Pienda JA (2005) Self-worth protection strategies in higher educational students: Exploring a model of predictors and consequences. In New Directions in Higher Education (Ed R Nata):99-126. New York, Nova Science Publishers.
  • van der Hout R, Barnasconi F, Noorloos J, de Bruin R, van Slobbe-Maijer K, Legerstee J et al. (2023) Treatment outcomes of dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescents presenting with characteristics of borderline personality disorder: A naturalistic study. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 28:707-720.
  • Webb RE, Rosenbaum PJ (2019) The varieties of procrastination: with different existential positions different reasons for it. Integr Psychol Behav Sci, 53:525-540.
  • Wichstrøm L (2000) Predictors of adolescent suicide attempts: a nationally representative longitudinal study of Norwegian adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39:603-610.
  • Wiekens CJ (2009) Self-awareness: Combining the" hard problem" with an" aggregate of loosely related subtopics" (Doctoral dissertation). Tilburg, Tilburg University.
  • Williams CF, Bustamante EE, Waller JL, Davis CL (2019) Exercise effects on quality of life, mood, and self-worth in overweight children: the SMART randomized controlled trial. Transl Behav Med, 9:451-459.
  • WHO (2022) Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide (Accessed 28.12.2022).
  • Yalçınkaya M, Taner M, Demirci E (2019). Ergenlerde sosyal onay ve iyilik hallerinin incelenmesi. Folklor/Edebiyat, 25:716-729.
  • Yao J, Ramirez-Marin J, Brett J, Aslani S, Semnani-Azad Z (2017) A measurement model for dignity, face, and honor cultural norms. Manag Organ Rev, 13:713-738.
  • Yiğit A (2021) Beliren yetişkinlerde öz-değer koşulları ile fonksiyonel olmayan tutumlar arasındaki̇ ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
  • Zeigler–Hill V, Abraham J (2006) Borderline personality features: Instability of self–esteem and affect. J Soc Clin Psychol, 25:668-687.
  • Zeigler-Hill V, Besser A (2013) A glimpse behind the mask: Facets of narcissism and feelings of self-worth. J Pers Assess, 95:249-260.
  • Zhang H, Carr ER, Garcia-Williams AG, Siegelman AE, Berke D, Niles-Carnes LV etal. (2018) Shame and depressive symptoms: Self-compassion and contingent self-worth as mediators?. J Clin Psychol Med Settings, 25:408-419
Toplam 147 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gelişim Psikolojisi (Diğer), Psikolojik danışmanlık
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gaye Bırni 0000-0001-8355-2908

Ali Eryılmaz 0000-0001-9301-5946

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

AMA Bırni G, Eryılmaz A. Conceptual and Theoretical Review of Self-Worth. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Haziran 2024;16(2):327-346. doi:10.18863/pgy.1336880

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.