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Mutluluk Korkusu: Tanımı, Nedenleri ve Önlenmesi

Yıl 2024, , 485 - 493, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1348981

Öz

Ruh sağlığı alanında yapılan çalışmaların temeli kişinin olumlu duygularını artırmaya ve olumsuz duygularını, inançlarını ve düşüncelerini azaltmaya dayanır. Özellikle pozitif psikolojiye olan ilginin artmasıyla bireylerin pozitif duygulara sahip olmasını sağlamak için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Fakat son zamanlarda yapılan araştırmalarda bireylerin sadece negatif duygulardan değil, pozitif duygulardan da kaçındığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle birey mutlu olmaktan çekindiği için pozitif duygularını bastırabilmektedir. Kişinin, bireysel ve toplumsal anlamda sahip olduğu inanç ve kültürel değerler de ruh sağlığını etkilemektedir. Kişi sahip olduğu inanç ve kültürel değerlerden dolayı mutlu olmaktan korkmaktadır. Mutluluk korkusu, genel olarak bireyin mutluluktan hemen sonra mutsuzluğun geleceğine veya mutlu olduktan sonra kendisine veya çevresine zarar geleceğine inandığı için mutluluktan kaçınmasıdır. Mutluluk korkusu, kişinin hem ruh sağlığına hem de toplumsal ilişkilerine zarar vermektedir. Bunun yanında mutluluk korkusu alekstimi, kaygı, stres, merhamet korkusu, antisosyal, ilişkilerle ilgili bilişsel çarpıtmalar, panik bozukluğu ve özellikle depresyon gibi sorunlarla ilişkilidir. Bu alanda yapılacak tedavi müdahalelerinin etkili ve verimli olabilmesi için mutluluk korkusunu bilmek ve tanımlamak son derece önemlidir. Mutluluk korkusunun temelinde erken yaşam dönemlerinde uyumsuz şemaların geliştirilmesi, çocukluk döneminde sıcak ve samimi bir şekilde gereksinimlerinin karşılanmaması, pozitif duyguları yaşadığında cezalandırılması ve sağlıklı olmayan aile örüntülerine sahip bir ailede büyümesi gibi nedenler yatmaktadır. Bu çalışmada mutluluk korkusunun tanımının yapılması, koruyucu ve risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi, mutluluk korkusuna neden olan faktörlerin tespit edilmesi, ilişkili kavramlarının açıklanması ve bu şekilde mutluluk korkusunun ruh sağlığı alanında öneminin vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Agbo AA, Ngwu CN (2017) Aversion to happiness and the experience of happiness: The moderating roles of personality. Pers Individ Dif, 111:227-231.
  • Allen C (2020) The Balance of Personality. Portland, Portland State University Library.
  • Amiri S, Foroughi A, Bavafa A, Bazani M, Mohammadian Y, Dorouie N et al. (2019) Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the fear of happiness scale. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 23:e87633.
  • Arslan G (2021) Mediating effect of fear and externality of happiness in the association between psychological maltreatment and psychological well-being. Psychol Health Med, 28:707-718.
  • Arslan Y (2018) Öğretmenlerin farklılıkların yönetimi yaklaşımlarına ilşikin algıları ile örgütsel mutluluk algıları arasındaki ilişki (Doktora tezi). Kocaeli, Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
  • Bhardwaj MA (2020) Intentional enrichment of subjective well-being among college students. Our Heritage, 68:9799-9808.
  • Craske MG, Meuret AE, Ritz T, Treanor M, Dour HJ (2016) Treatment for anhedonia: A neuroscience driven approach. Depress Anxiety, 33:927–938.
  • Çevik Ö (2020) Kültürel bir öğreti: Mutluluk korkusu. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17:855-869.
  • Çevik Ö, Tanhan F (2020) Merhamet korkusu: tanımı, nedenleri ve önlenmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12:342-351.
  • Deci EL, Ryan RM (2006) Hedonia, eudaimonia and well-being: An introduction. J Happiness Stud, 9:1-11.
  • Demirci İ, Ekşi H, Kardaş S, Dinçer D (2016) Mutluluk korkusu ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24:2050-2072.
  • Diener E (2009) Subjective well-being. In The Science of Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (Ed E Diener):11–58. New York, Springer Science.
  • Eid M, Diener E (2001) Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 81:869–885.
  • Ekşi H, İkiz K, Başman M (2020) Üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk korkusu ve duygularını ifade etme becerileri arasındaki ilişkide öz duyarlılığın aracı rolü. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 28:820-829.
  • Elmas İ (2021) Öğretmenlerin mutluluk korkusunu yordayan değişkenlerin belirlenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Van, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi.
  • Elmas İ (2022) Yaşam doyumu, ilişkilerle ilgili bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve psikolojik kırılganlığın öğretmenlerin mutluluk korkusu ile ilişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(Suppl 1):147-156
  • Ellis A (1957) Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. J Individ Psychol, 13:38-44.
  • Esin Gulel F, Çağlar A (2019) We laughed a lot, then we will come to its harms: Fears of happiness. In Contemporary Approaches in Social Science Researches (Eds. C Ruggiero, H Arslan, G Gianturco). Bialystok, Poland, International Association of Social Science Research.
  • Fredrickson B L, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR (2003) What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 84:365–377.
  • Gilbert P, McEwan K, Catarino F, Baiao R, Palmeira L (2014) Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. Br J Clin Psychol, 53:228-244.
  • Gilbert P, McEwan K, Gibbons L, Chotai S, Duarte J, Matos M (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychol Psychother, 85:374-390.
  • Gilbert P, McEwan K, Matos M, Rivis A (2011) Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychol Psychother, 84:239–255.
  • Isen AM (1985) Asymmetry of happiness and sadness in effects on memory in normal college students: Comment on Hasher, Rose, Zacks, Sanft, and Doren. J Exp Psychol Gen, 114:388–391.
  • Joshanloo M (2017) Mediators of the relationship between externality of happiness and subjective well-being. Pers Individ Dif, 119:147–151.
  • Joshanloo M (2018) Fear and fragility of happiness as mediators of the relationship between insecure attachment and subjective well-being. Pers Individ Dif, 123:115-118.
  • Joshanloo M (2019) Lay conceptions of happiness: Associations with reported well-being, personality traits, and materialism. Front Psychol, 10:2377.
  • Joshanloo M (2023) Predictors of aversion to happiness: New Insights from a multinational study. Motiv Emot, 47:423-440.
  • Joshanloo M, Weijers D (2013) Aversion to happiness across cultures: A review of where and why people are averse to happiness. J Happiness Stud,15:717–735.
  • Joshanloo M, Lepshokova KZ, Panyusheva T, Natalia A, Poon WC, Yeung WlV et al. (2014) Cross-cultural validation of fear of happiness scale across 14 national groups. J Cross Cult Psychol, 45:246-264.
  • Karaismailoğlu D, Kulakaç N, Çilingir D (2021) Ameliyathane hemşirelerinde aleksitimi düzeyi ve iletişim becerilerine etkisi: Doğu Karadeniz örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10:81-87.
  • Koçak R (2002) Aleksitimi: Kuramsal çerçeve tedavi yaklaşımları ve ilgili araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35:183-212.
  • Lambert L, Passmore HA, Joshanloo M (2019) A positive psychology ıntervention program in a culturally diverse university: Boosting happiness and reducing fear. J Happiness Stud, 20:1141-1162.
  • Lambrou P (2014) Is fear of happiness real? Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/codesjoy/201405/is-fear-happiness-real. (Accessed: 22.06.2023).
  • Lyvers M, Ryan N, Thorberg FA (2023) Alexithymia was positively correlated with fear of happiness. Curr Psychol, 42:13507–13516.
  • Lu L, Gilmour R (2004) Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. J Happiness Stud, 5:269–291.
  • Markus H R, Kitayama S (1991) “Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation”. Psychol Rev, 98:224-253.
  • Menon U (2012) Hinduism, happiness and wellbeing: a case study of adulthood in an Oriya Hindu Temple Town. In Happiness Across Cultures: Views of Happiness and Quality of Life in Non-Western Cultures (Eds H Selin, G Davey):417- 434. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer.
  • Muhtar H (2016) Fear of happiness -exploring happiness in collectivistic and individualistic culture (Masters thesis). Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University..
  • Nall R, Legg TJ (2017) Cherophobia: symptoms, causes and treatments. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/cherophobia-causes-and-treatmen. (Accessed 08.08. 2022.)
  • Özkan E (2020) Üniversite öğrencilerinde mutluluk korkusu ve kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Rockliff H, Gilbert P, McEvan K, Lightman S, Glover D (2008) A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Clin Neuropsychiatry, 5:132-139.
  • Sarı T, Çakır G (2016) Mutluluk korkusu ile öznel ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5:222-229.
  • Sheldon KM, Abad N, Ferguson Y, Gunz A, Houser-Marko L, Nichols CP et al. (2010) Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals leads to increased happiness: A 6-month experimental longitudinal study. Motiv Emot, 34:39-48.
  • Tekke M, Özer B (2019) Fear of happiness: Religious and psychological implications in Turkey. Ment Health Relig Cult, 22:686-693.
  • Togo OT, Caz Ç (2019) The relationship between positivity and fear of happiness in people applying to graduate programs in physical education and sports department. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5:93-96.
  • Türk T, Malkoç A, Kocabıyık OO (2017) Mutluluk Korkusu Ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun psikometrik özellikleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 9:1-12.
  • Vanderlind WM, Stanton CH, Weinbrecht A, Velkoff EA, Joormann J (2017) Remembering the Good Ole Days: Fear of positive emotion relates to affect repair using positive memories. Cogn Ther Res,41:362–368.
  • Whetsel T (2017) Examining fears of compassion as a potenrial mediator between shame an danger (Masters thesis). Washington, Eastern Washington University.
  • Wong WL, Yuen CJ (2023) Associations between fragility of happiness beliefs and subjective well being among Chinese: Inconsistent mediation by valuing happiness. Curr Psychol, 42:15564–15574.
  • Yildirim M, Barmanpek U, Farag AAH (2018) Reliability and validity studies of externality of happiness scale among Turkish adults. European Scientific Journal, 14:1-17
  • Yıldırım M, Belen H (2018) Fear of happiness predicts subjective and psychological well-being above the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) model of personality. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 2:92-111.

Fear of Happiness: Description, Causes and Prevention

Yıl 2024, , 485 - 493, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1348981

Öz

Studies in mental health is to increase the positive emotions of the person and to reduce the negative emotions, beliefs and thoughts. Especially after positive psychology, many studies have been carried out to ensure that individuals have positive emotions. However, in recent studies, it has been determined that individuals avoid not only negative emotions but also positive emotions. Thus, you suppress your positive emotions because of fear of happiness. The individual's beliefs and cultural values also affect mental health. The person is afraid of being happy because of these beliefs and cultural values. Fear of happiness is the avoidance of happines. When people believe thet unhappiness will come immediately after happiness or that the environment will be harmed after being happy, fear of happiness occurs. Fear of happiness harms both the mental health and social relations. Morever, fear of happiness is associated with alexithymia, anxiety, stress, fear of compassion, antisocial, cognitive distortions related to relationships, panic disorder and especially depression. It is extremely important to know and define the fear of happiness for an effective treatment interventions. Fear of happiness rests in maladaptive schemas in early life, not meeting their needs warmly and sincerely in childhood, punishing them when they experience positive emotions, and growing up in a family with unhealthy family patterns. In this study, it is aimed to define fear of happiness, to determine the protective and risk factors, to determine the causative factors, to explain the related concepts, and so to raise awareness about fear of happiness.

Kaynakça

  • Agbo AA, Ngwu CN (2017) Aversion to happiness and the experience of happiness: The moderating roles of personality. Pers Individ Dif, 111:227-231.
  • Allen C (2020) The Balance of Personality. Portland, Portland State University Library.
  • Amiri S, Foroughi A, Bavafa A, Bazani M, Mohammadian Y, Dorouie N et al. (2019) Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the fear of happiness scale. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 23:e87633.
  • Arslan G (2021) Mediating effect of fear and externality of happiness in the association between psychological maltreatment and psychological well-being. Psychol Health Med, 28:707-718.
  • Arslan Y (2018) Öğretmenlerin farklılıkların yönetimi yaklaşımlarına ilşikin algıları ile örgütsel mutluluk algıları arasındaki ilişki (Doktora tezi). Kocaeli, Kocaeli Üniversitesi.
  • Bhardwaj MA (2020) Intentional enrichment of subjective well-being among college students. Our Heritage, 68:9799-9808.
  • Craske MG, Meuret AE, Ritz T, Treanor M, Dour HJ (2016) Treatment for anhedonia: A neuroscience driven approach. Depress Anxiety, 33:927–938.
  • Çevik Ö (2020) Kültürel bir öğreti: Mutluluk korkusu. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17:855-869.
  • Çevik Ö, Tanhan F (2020) Merhamet korkusu: tanımı, nedenleri ve önlenmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12:342-351.
  • Deci EL, Ryan RM (2006) Hedonia, eudaimonia and well-being: An introduction. J Happiness Stud, 9:1-11.
  • Demirci İ, Ekşi H, Kardaş S, Dinçer D (2016) Mutluluk korkusu ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24:2050-2072.
  • Diener E (2009) Subjective well-being. In The Science of Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener (Ed E Diener):11–58. New York, Springer Science.
  • Eid M, Diener E (2001) Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: Inter-and intranational differences. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 81:869–885.
  • Ekşi H, İkiz K, Başman M (2020) Üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk korkusu ve duygularını ifade etme becerileri arasındaki ilişkide öz duyarlılığın aracı rolü. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 28:820-829.
  • Elmas İ (2021) Öğretmenlerin mutluluk korkusunu yordayan değişkenlerin belirlenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Van, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi.
  • Elmas İ (2022) Yaşam doyumu, ilişkilerle ilgili bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve psikolojik kırılganlığın öğretmenlerin mutluluk korkusu ile ilişkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(Suppl 1):147-156
  • Ellis A (1957) Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. J Individ Psychol, 13:38-44.
  • Esin Gulel F, Çağlar A (2019) We laughed a lot, then we will come to its harms: Fears of happiness. In Contemporary Approaches in Social Science Researches (Eds. C Ruggiero, H Arslan, G Gianturco). Bialystok, Poland, International Association of Social Science Research.
  • Fredrickson B L, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR (2003) What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 84:365–377.
  • Gilbert P, McEwan K, Catarino F, Baiao R, Palmeira L (2014) Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. Br J Clin Psychol, 53:228-244.
  • Gilbert P, McEwan K, Gibbons L, Chotai S, Duarte J, Matos M (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychol Psychother, 85:374-390.
  • Gilbert P, McEwan K, Matos M, Rivis A (2011) Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychol Psychother, 84:239–255.
  • Isen AM (1985) Asymmetry of happiness and sadness in effects on memory in normal college students: Comment on Hasher, Rose, Zacks, Sanft, and Doren. J Exp Psychol Gen, 114:388–391.
  • Joshanloo M (2017) Mediators of the relationship between externality of happiness and subjective well-being. Pers Individ Dif, 119:147–151.
  • Joshanloo M (2018) Fear and fragility of happiness as mediators of the relationship between insecure attachment and subjective well-being. Pers Individ Dif, 123:115-118.
  • Joshanloo M (2019) Lay conceptions of happiness: Associations with reported well-being, personality traits, and materialism. Front Psychol, 10:2377.
  • Joshanloo M (2023) Predictors of aversion to happiness: New Insights from a multinational study. Motiv Emot, 47:423-440.
  • Joshanloo M, Weijers D (2013) Aversion to happiness across cultures: A review of where and why people are averse to happiness. J Happiness Stud,15:717–735.
  • Joshanloo M, Lepshokova KZ, Panyusheva T, Natalia A, Poon WC, Yeung WlV et al. (2014) Cross-cultural validation of fear of happiness scale across 14 national groups. J Cross Cult Psychol, 45:246-264.
  • Karaismailoğlu D, Kulakaç N, Çilingir D (2021) Ameliyathane hemşirelerinde aleksitimi düzeyi ve iletişim becerilerine etkisi: Doğu Karadeniz örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10:81-87.
  • Koçak R (2002) Aleksitimi: Kuramsal çerçeve tedavi yaklaşımları ve ilgili araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35:183-212.
  • Lambert L, Passmore HA, Joshanloo M (2019) A positive psychology ıntervention program in a culturally diverse university: Boosting happiness and reducing fear. J Happiness Stud, 20:1141-1162.
  • Lambrou P (2014) Is fear of happiness real? Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/codesjoy/201405/is-fear-happiness-real. (Accessed: 22.06.2023).
  • Lyvers M, Ryan N, Thorberg FA (2023) Alexithymia was positively correlated with fear of happiness. Curr Psychol, 42:13507–13516.
  • Lu L, Gilmour R (2004) Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. J Happiness Stud, 5:269–291.
  • Markus H R, Kitayama S (1991) “Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation”. Psychol Rev, 98:224-253.
  • Menon U (2012) Hinduism, happiness and wellbeing: a case study of adulthood in an Oriya Hindu Temple Town. In Happiness Across Cultures: Views of Happiness and Quality of Life in Non-Western Cultures (Eds H Selin, G Davey):417- 434. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer.
  • Muhtar H (2016) Fear of happiness -exploring happiness in collectivistic and individualistic culture (Masters thesis). Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University..
  • Nall R, Legg TJ (2017) Cherophobia: symptoms, causes and treatments. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/cherophobia-causes-and-treatmen. (Accessed 08.08. 2022.)
  • Özkan E (2020) Üniversite öğrencilerinde mutluluk korkusu ve kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Rockliff H, Gilbert P, McEvan K, Lightman S, Glover D (2008) A pilot exploration of heart rate variability and salivary cortisol responses to compassion-focused imagery. Clin Neuropsychiatry, 5:132-139.
  • Sarı T, Çakır G (2016) Mutluluk korkusu ile öznel ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5:222-229.
  • Sheldon KM, Abad N, Ferguson Y, Gunz A, Houser-Marko L, Nichols CP et al. (2010) Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals leads to increased happiness: A 6-month experimental longitudinal study. Motiv Emot, 34:39-48.
  • Tekke M, Özer B (2019) Fear of happiness: Religious and psychological implications in Turkey. Ment Health Relig Cult, 22:686-693.
  • Togo OT, Caz Ç (2019) The relationship between positivity and fear of happiness in people applying to graduate programs in physical education and sports department. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5:93-96.
  • Türk T, Malkoç A, Kocabıyık OO (2017) Mutluluk Korkusu Ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun psikometrik özellikleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 9:1-12.
  • Vanderlind WM, Stanton CH, Weinbrecht A, Velkoff EA, Joormann J (2017) Remembering the Good Ole Days: Fear of positive emotion relates to affect repair using positive memories. Cogn Ther Res,41:362–368.
  • Whetsel T (2017) Examining fears of compassion as a potenrial mediator between shame an danger (Masters thesis). Washington, Eastern Washington University.
  • Wong WL, Yuen CJ (2023) Associations between fragility of happiness beliefs and subjective well being among Chinese: Inconsistent mediation by valuing happiness. Curr Psychol, 42:15564–15574.
  • Yildirim M, Barmanpek U, Farag AAH (2018) Reliability and validity studies of externality of happiness scale among Turkish adults. European Scientific Journal, 14:1-17
  • Yıldırım M, Belen H (2018) Fear of happiness predicts subjective and psychological well-being above the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) model of personality. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 2:92-111.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kültürlerarası Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

İmran Elmas 0000-0003-1787-0929

Özlem Çevik 0000-0002-4637-2147

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 1 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

AMA Elmas İ, Çevik Ö. Fear of Happiness: Description, Causes and Prevention. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Eylül 2024;16(3):485-493. doi:10.18863/pgy.1348981

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.