Bireyselleştirilmiş Psikoterapi: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Öz

Klinik psikoloji uygulayıcıları, danışanlarla psikoterapi sürecini yürütürken uygulamalarını danışanlarına göre şekillendirmek durumunda kalsa da bunu yapmak için görgül olarak desteklenmiş çok az rehber vardır. Bir süredir klinik psikolojide hangi psikoterapinin etkili olduğuna ilişkin sorular sorulmaktadır. Bu sorular farklı psikolojik bozukluklar için etkili olup olmadığı incelenen çeşitli psikoterapi yaklaşımları odağındaki çalışmaları hızlandırmıştır. Ancak bu çalışmalarda danışan tarafının eksik kaldığı görülmektedir. Kanıta dayalı uygulama yaklaşımının da ortaya çıkmasıyla son yıllarda artan sayıda çalışma “bireyselleştirilmiş psikoterapi” yaklaşımı bağlamında psikoterapi uygulamalarının danışan özelliklerine göre uyarlanmasına odaklanmaktadır. Bu uyarlama, tedavi öncesi karar verme ile başlasa da tekniklerin seçilmesi, sıralanması, terapi süreci boyunca değişikliklere göre uyarlamaların devam etmesini de kapsamaktadır. Ayrıca, terapi sürecinde seansların sıklığı, sonlandırmanın nasıl ve ne zaman yapılacağı da psikoterapinin danışana özgü sunulmasında önemli noktalardır. Bu alan yazın derlemesinde, söz konusu önemli noktalarda kişiselleştirmenin nasıl yapılacağına ilişkin çeşitli yaklaşımlar ve yöntemler sunulmakta ve gelecekteki çalışmalar için önerilerde bulunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psikoterapi
• Kanıta Dayalı Uygulama
• Bireyselleştirilmiş-Psikoterapi

Individualized Psychotherapy: A Review

Abstract

Although clinical psychology practitioners have to tailor their practice to their clients when conducting psychotherapy with clients, there is little empirically supported basis for doing so. For some time now, questions have been asked in clinical psychology about which psychotherapy is effective. These questions have accelerated studies focusing on various psychotherapy approaches that are examined whether they are effective for different psychological disorders. However, it is seen that the client side is missing in these studies. With the emergence of the evidence-based practice approach, an increasing number of studies in recent years have focused on the adaptation of psychotherapy practices according to client characteristics in the context of the "individualized psychotherapy" approach. Although this adaptation starts with pre-treatment decision-making, it also includes the selection and sequencing of techniques and the continuation of adaptations according to changes during the therapy process. In addition, the frequency of sessions in the therapy process, how and when to terminate psychotherapy are also important points in presenting psychotherapy specific to the client. In this literature review, various approaches and methods are presented on how to perform personalization at these important points and suggestions are made for future studies.

Keywords

• Psychotherapy
• Evidence Based Practice
• Individualised Psychotherapy

Kaynakça

1. Almirall D, Chronis-Tuscano A (2016) Adaptive interventions in child and adolescent mental health. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 45:383-395.
2. APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM 5). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association.
3. APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2006) Evidence-based practice in psychology. Am Psychol, 61:271-285.
4. Bach B, Presnall-Shvorin J (2020) Using DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits in clinical treatment. In The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders (Eds CW Lejuez, KL Gratz):450–467. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
5. Bach B, Markon K, Simonsen E, Krueger RF (2015) Clinical utility of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders: Six cases from practice. J Psychiatr Pract, 21:3-25.
6. Baldwin SA, Berkeljon A, Atkins DC, Olsen JA, Nielsen SL (2009) Rates of change in naturalistic psychotherapy: Contrasting dose–effect and good-enough level models of change. J Consult Clin Psychol, 77:203-211.
7. Barkham M, De Jong K, Delgadillo J, Lutz W (2023) Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) and feedback: Research review and recommendations. Psychother Res, 33:841-855.
8. Barlow DH, Ellard KK, Fairholme CP, Farchione CP, Boisseau CL, Allen LB (2011) The Unified Protocol For Transdiagnostic Treatment Of Emotional Disorders: Client Workbook. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

9. Barlow DH, Farchione TJ (2018) Applications of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. New York, Oxford University Press.
10. Barlow DH, Allen LB, Choate ML (2004) Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behav Ther, 35:205–230.
11. Barlow DH, Harris BA, Eustis EH, Farchione TJ (2020) The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. World Psychiatry, 19:245-246.
12. Bastiaansen JA, Kunkels YK, Blaauw FJ, Boker SM, Ceulemans E, Chen M et al. (2020) Time to get personal? The impact of researchers choices on the selection of treatment targets using the experience sampling methodology. J Psychosom Res,137:110211.
13. Berk M, Parker G (2009) The elephant on the couch:side-effects of psychotherapy. Aust NZ J Psychiatry, 43:787-794.
14. Berman NC, Stark A, Cooperman A, Wilhelm S, Cohen IG (2015) Effect of patient and therapist factors on suicide risk assessment. Death Stud, 39:433-441.
15. Beutler L (2001) Comparisons among quality assurance systems: From outcome assessment to clinical utility. J Consult Clin Psychol, 69:197–204.
16. Beutler LE (1998) Identifying empirically supported treatments: What if we didn't? J Consult Clin Psychol, 66:113-120.
17. Bigirumurame T, Uwimpuhwe G, Wason J (2022) Sequential multiple assignment randomized trial studies should report all key components: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol, 142:152-160.
18. Bolton JM, Gunnell D, Turecki G (2015) Suicide risk assessment and intervention in people with mental illness. BMJ, 351:h4978-h4978.
19. Bolton P, Lee C, Haroz EE, Murray L, Dorsey S, Robinson C et al. (2014) A transdiagnostic community-based mental health treatment for comorbid disorders: Development and outcomes of a randomized controlled trial among Burmese refugees in Thailand. PLoS Med, 11:e1001757.
20. Bone C, Delgadillo J, Barkham M (2021) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the good-enough level (GEL) literature. J Couns Psychol, 68:219-231.
21. Boswell JF, Kraus DR, Miller SD, Lambert MJ (2015) Implementing routine outcome monitoring in clinical practice: Benefits, challenges, and solutions. Psychother Res, 25:6-19.
22. Brabec B, Meister R (2001) A nearest-neighbor model for regional avalanche forecasting. Ann Glaciol, 32:130 –134.
23. Bronswijk SC, DeRubeis RJ, Lemmens LH, Peeters FP, Keefe JR, Cohen ZD et al. (2021) Precision medicine for long-term depression outcomes using the Personalized Advantage Index approach: cognitive therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy? Psychol Med, 51:279-289.
24. Bruijniks SJE, Lemmens LHJM, Hollon SD, Peeters FPML, Cuijpers P, Arntz A et al. (2020) The effects of once-versus twice- weekly sessions on psychotherapy outcomes in depressed patients. Br J Psychiatry, 216:222-230.
25. Butler AC, Chapman JE, Forman EM, Beck AT (2006) The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev, 26:17-31.
26. Cheavens JS, Strunk DR, Lazarus SA, Goldstein LA (2012) The compensation and capitalization models: A test of two approaches to individualizing the treatment of depression. Behav Res Ther, 50:699–706.
27. Chekroud AM, Bondar J, Delgadillo J, Doherty G, Wasil A, Fokkema M et al. (2021) The promise of machine learning in predicting treatment outcomes in psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 20:154-170.
28. Chorpita BF, Daleiden EL, Weisz JR (2005a) Identifying and selecting the common elements of evidence based interventions: A distillation and matching model. Ment Health Serv Res, 7:5-20.
29. Chorpita BF, Daleiden EL, Weisz JR (2005b) Modularity in the design and application of therapeutic interventions. Appl Prev Psychol, 11:141-156.
30. Clemens NA (2010) Dependency on the psychotherapist. J Psychiatr Pract, 16:50-53.
31. Cohen ZD, Kim TT, Van HL, Dekker JJM, Driessen E (2020) A demonstration of a multi-method variable selection approach for treatment selection: Recommending cognitive-behavioral versus psychodynamic therapy for mild to moderate adult depression. Psychother Res, 30:137–150.
32. Cohen ZD, DeRubeis RJ (2018) Treatment selection in depression. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 14:209–236.
33. Cook SC, Schwartz AC, Kaslow NJ (2017) Evidence-based psychotherapy: Advantages and challenges. Neurotherapeutics, 14:537-545.
34. Cougle JR, Hom MA, Matheny NL (2017) Cognitive behavioral therapy: Empirically supported treatment and the movement to empirically supported practice. In Treatments for Psychological Problems and Syndromes (Eds D McKay, JS Abramowitz, EAStorch):4-14. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley Blackwell.
35. Cramer AO, Waldorp LJ, Van Der Maas HL, Borsboom D (2010) Comorbidity: A network perspective. Behav Brain Sci, 33:137-150.
36. Cuijpers P (2017) Four decades of outcome research on psychotherapies for adult depression: An overview of a series of meta-anlyses. Can J Psychol, 58:7–19.
37. Cuijpers P (2019) Targets and outcomes of psychotherapies for mental disorders: an overview. World Psychiatry, 18:276-285.
38. Cuijpers P, Berking M, Andersson G, Quigley L, Kleiboer A, Dobson KS (2013) A meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. Can J Psychiatry, 58:376-385.
39. Cuijpers P, Huibers M, Ebert DD, Koole SL, Andersson G (2013) How much psychotherapy is needed to treat depression? A metaregression analysis. J Affect Disord, 149:1-13.
40. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Andersson G, van Oppen P (2008) Psychotherapy for depression in adults: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. J Consult Clin Psychol, 76:909–922.
41. Deisenhofer AK, Delgadillo J, Rubel JA, Böhnke JR, Zimmermann D, Schwartz B et al. (2018) Individual treatment selection for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety, 35:541–550.
42. Delgadillo J, Duhne GS (2020) Targeted prescription of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus person-centered counseling for depression using a machine learning approach. J Consult Clin Psychol, 88:14–24.
43. Delman J, Clark JA, Eisen SV, Parker VA (2015) Facilitators and barriers to the active participation of clients with serious mental illnesses in medication decision making: the perceptions of young adult clients. J Behav Health Serv Res, 42:238-253.
44. DeRubeis RJ, Cohen ZD, Forand NR, Fournier JC, Gelfand LA, Lorenzo-Luaces L (2014) The personalized advantage index: translating research on prediction into individualized treatment recommendations. A demonstration. PloS One, 9:e83875.
45. DeYoung CG, Chmielewski M, Clark LA, Condon DM, Kotov R, Krueger RF et al. (2022) The distinction between symptoms and traits in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). J Pers, 90:20-33.
46. Dimidjian S, Hollon SD, Dobson KS, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, Addis M et al. (2006) Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol, 74:658–670.
47. Dobson KS, Hollon SD, Dimidjian S, Schmaling KB, Kohlenberg RJ, Gallop RJ et al. (2008) Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the prevention of relapse and recurrence in majör depression. J Consult Clin Psychol, 76:468-477.
48. Eaton NR, Bringmann LF, Elmer T, Fried EI, Forbes MK, Greene AL et al. (2023) A review of approaches and models in psychopathology conceptualization research. Nat Rev Psychol, 2:622-636.
49. Elliott R (1998) Editor's introduction: A guide to the empirically supported treatments controversy. Psychother Res, 8:115-125.
50. Elwyn G, Frosch D, Thomson R, Joseph-Williams N, Lloyd A, Kinnersley P et al. (2012) Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. J Gen Intern Med, 27:1361-1367.
51. Erekson DM, Lambert MJ, Eggett DL (2015) The relationship between session frequency and psychotherapy outcome in a naturalistic setting. J Consult Clin Psychol, 83:1097–1107.
52. Evans C, Mellor-Clark J, Margison F, Barkham M, Audin K, Connell J et al. (2000) CORE: clinical outcomes in routine evaluation. J Ment Health, 9:247-255.
53. Eysenck HJ (1952) The effects of psychotherapy. J Consult Clin Psychol, 16:319–324.
54. Faija CL, Bee P, Lovell K, Lidbetter N, Gellatly J, Ardern K et al. (2022) Using routine outcome measures as clinical process tools: Maximising the therapeutic yield in the IAPT programme when working remotely. Psychol Psychother, 95:820-837.
55. Fernandez KC, Fisher AJ, Chi C (2017) Development and initial implementation of the Dynamic Assessment Treatment Algorithm (DATA). PloS One, 12:e0178806.
56. Finogenow M (2021) Experiential techniques and therapeutic relationship in schema therapy. Psychoterapia, 196:49-63.
57. Fiorillo A, Barlati S, Bellomo A, Corrivetti G, Nicolò G, Sampogna G et al. (2020) The role of shared decision-making in improving adherence to pharmacological treatments in patients with schizophrenia: a clinical review. Ann Gen Psychiatry, 19:43.
58. Fisher AJ, Boswell JF (2016) Enhancing the personalization of psychotherapy with dynamic assessment and modeling. Assessment, 23:496–506.
59. Fisher AJ, Bosley HG, Fernandez KC, Reeves JW, Soyster PD, Diamond A et al. (2019) Open trial of a personalized modular treatment for mood and anxiety. Behav Res Ther, 116:69–79.
60. Flach P (2012) Machine Learning: The Art and Science of Algorithms That Make Sense of Data. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
61. Fried EI, Nesse RM (2015) Depression is not a consistent syndrome: An investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR* D study. J Affect Disord, 172:96-102.
62. Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2010) Regularization paths for generalized linear models via coordinate descent. J Stat Softw, 33:1-22.
63. Forbes MK, Neo B, Nezami OM, Fried EI, Faure K, Michelsen B et al. (2024) Elemental psychopathology: Distilling constituent symptoms and patterns of repetition in the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5. Psychol Med, 54:886-894.
64. Gautam M, Tripathi A, Deshmukh D, Gaur M (2020) Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression. Indian J Psychiatry, 62:223-229.
65. Geurtzen N, Karremans JC, Keijsers GP, Hutschemaekers GJ (2023) “I Need You!” patients’ care dependency patterns during psychotherapy for personality disorders and its association with symptom reduction and wish for treatment continuation. J Contemp Psychother, 53:257-267.
66. Geurtzen N, Keijsers GP, Karremans JC, Hutschemaekers GJ (2019) Care dependency may help and hurt psychological treatment: A treatment-analogue study with students in clinical training. J Psychother Integr, 29:374-388.
67. Gibbons MBC, Gallop R, Thompson D, Luther D, Crits-Christoph K, Jacobs J et al. (2016) Comparative effectiveness of cognitive therapy and dynamic psychotherapy for major depressive disorder in a community mental health setting: A randomized clinical noninferiority trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73:904–911.
68. Gold D, De Vos E, Chiang M, Sinclair SJ (2019) A history of routine outcome measurement in clinical practice: a review of evidence and issues. New School Psychol Bull, 16:25-38.
69. Greben DH (2004) Integrative dimensions of psychotherapy training. Can J Psychiatry, 49:238–248.
70. Green SA, Honeybourne E, Chalkley SR, Poots AJ, Woodcock T, Price G et al. (2015) A retrospective observational analysis to identify patient and treatment related predictors of outcomes in a community mental health programme. BMJ Open, 5:e006103.
71. Greenhalgh J, Gooding K, Gibbons E, Dalkin S, Wright J, Valderas J et al. (2018) How do patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) support clinician-patient communication and patient care? A realist synthesis. J Patient Rep Outcomes, 2:42.
72. Grilo CM, White MA, Masheb RM, Ivezaj V, Morgan PT, Gueorguieva R (2020) Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of adaptive “SMART” stepped-care treatment for adults with binge-eating disorder comorbid with obesity. Am Psychol, 75:204-218.
73. Hansen NB, Lambert MJ, Forman EM (2002) The psychotherapy dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services. Clin Psychol (New York), 9:329–343.
74. Hayes AM, Laurenceau JP, Feldman G, Strauss JL, Cardaciotto L (2007) Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clin Psychol Rev, 27:715-723.
75. Hessinger JD, London MJ, Baer SM (2018) Evaluation of a shared decision-making intervention on the utilization of evidence-based psychotherapy in a VA outpatient PTSD clinic. Psychol Serv, 15:437-441.
76. Hofmann SG, Hayes SC (2019) The future of intervention science: Process-based therapy. Clin Psychol Sci, 7:37-50.
77. Holmes EA, Ghaderi A, Harmer CJ, Ramchandani PG, Cuijpers P, Morrison AP et al. (2018) The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on psychological treatments research in tomorrow's science. Lancet Psychiatry, 5:237-286.
78. Hopwood M (2020) The shared decision-making process in the pharmacological management of depression. Patient. 13:23-30.
79. Howard KI, Moras K, Brill PL, Martinovich Z, Lutz W (1996) Evaluation of psychotherapy: Efficacy, effectiveness, and patient progress. Am Psychol, 51:1059-1064.
80. Huibers MJH, Cohen ZD, Lemmens LHJM, Arntz A, Peeters FPML, Cuijpers P et al. (2015) Predicting optimal outcomes in cognitive therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed individuals using the Personalized Advantage Index approach. PloS One, 10:e0140771.
81. Hunot V, Moore THM, Caldwell DM, Furukawa TA, Davies P, Jones H et al. (2013) ‘Third wave’ cognitive and behavioural therapies versus other psychological therapies for depression. Cochrane Database Sys Rev, 10:CD008704.
82. Joyce AS, Piper WE, Ogrodniczuk JS, Klien RH (2007) Termination In Psychotherapy. A Psychodynamic Model of Processes and Outcomes, Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.
83. Juul S, Jakobsen JC, Jørgensen CK, Poulsen S, Sørensen P, Simonsen S (2023) The difference between shorter-versus longer-term psychotherapy for adult mental health disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23:438.
84. Kazantzis N, Luong HK, Usatoff AS, Impala T, Yew RY, Hofmann SG (2018) The processes of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognit Ther Res, 42:349-357.
85. Kazdin AE (2011) Evidence-based treatment research: Advances, limitations, and next steps. Am Psychol, 66:685–698.
86. Keefe JR, Webb CA, DeRubeis RJ (2016) In cognitive therapy for depression, early focus onmaladaptive beliefs may be especially efficacious for patients with personality disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol, 84:353-364.
87. Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM et al. (2017) The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J Abnorm Psychol, 126:454-478
88. Krueger RF, Hobbs KA (2020) An overview of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders. Psychopathology, 53:126-132.
89. Krueger RF, Kotov R, Watson D, Forbes MK, Eaton NR, Ruggero CJ et al. (2018) Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17:282– 293.
90. Lambert M (2007) Presidential address: What we have learned from a decade of research aimed at improving psychotherapy outcome in routine care. Psychother Res, 17:1-14.
91. Lambert MJ (2013) Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change, 6th ed. New Jersey, Wiley.
92. Lambert MJ, Whipple JL, Kleinstäuber M (2018) Collecting and delivering progress feedback: A meta‐analysis of routine outcome monitoring. Psychotherapy, 55:520–537.
93. Langer DA, Jensen-Doss A (2018) Shared decision-making in youth mental health care: using the evidence to plan treatments collaboratively. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 47:821-831.
94. Langer DA, Holly LE, Wills CE, Tompson MC, Chorpita BF (2021) Personalizing treatment through shared decision-making for youth psychotherapy: A preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 90:29–38.
95. Li E, Kealy D, Aafjes-van Doorn K, McCollum J, Curtis JT, Luo Xet al. (2024) “It felt like i was being tailored to the treatment rather than the treatment being tailored to me”: patient experiences of helpful and unhelpful psychotherapy. Psychother Res, doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2360448.
96. Linardon J, Wade TD, de la Piedad Garcia X, Brennan L (2017) The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol, 85:1080–1094.
97. Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Ward-Ciesielski EF (2012) Assessing and managing risk with suicidal individuals. Cogn Behav Pract, 19:218-232.
98. Loh A, Simon D, Wills CE, Kriston L, Niebling W, Härter M (2007) The effects of a shared decision-making intervention in primary care of depression: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns, 67:324-332.
99. Lutz W, Deisenhofer AK, Rubel J, Bennemann B, Giesemann J, Poster K et al. (2022) Prospective evaluation of a clinical decision support system in psychological therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol, 90:90–106.
100. Lutz W, Leach C, Barkham M, Lucock M, Stiles WB, Evans C et al. (2005) Predicting change for individual psychotherapy clients on the basis of their nearest neighbors. J ConsultClin Psychol, 73:904–913.
101. Lutz W, Rubel JA, Schwartz B, Schilling V, Deisenhofer AK (2019) Towards integrating personalized feedback research into clinical practice: Development of the Trier Treatment Navigator (TTN). Behav Res Ther, 120:103438.
102. Lutz W, Saunders SM, Leon SC, Martinovich Z, Kosfelder J, Schulte D et al. (2006) Empirically and clinically useful decision making in psychotherapy: Differential predictions with treatment response models. Psychol Assess, 18:133–141.
103. Mansell W, Carey TA, Tai S (2012) A Transdiagnostic Approach to CBT Using Method of Levels Therapy, East Sussex, Routledge.
104. Marshall T, Stellick C, Abba-Aji A, Lewanczuk R, Li XM, Olson K et al. (2021) The impact of shared decision-making on the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: systematic review. BJPsych Open, 7:e189.
105. Matthews EB, Savoy M, Paranjape A, Washington D, Hackney T, Galis D et al. (2021) Shared decision making in primary care based depression treatment: communication and decision-making preferences among an underserved patient population. Front Psychiatry, 12:681165.
106. Mohri M, Rostamizadeh A, Talwalkar A (2018) Foundations of Machine Learning, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MIT Press.
107. Moore A, van Loenhout JAF, de Almeida MM, Smith P, Guha-Sapir D (2020) Measuring mental health burden in humanitarian settings: a critical review of assessment tools. Glob Health Action, 13:1783957.
108. Morey LC, Benson KT, Busch AJ, Skodol AE (2015) Personality disorders in DSM-5: Emerging research on the alternative model. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 17:1-9.
109. Morey LC, Skodol AE, Oldham JM (2014) Clinician judgments of clinical utility: A comparison of DSM-IV-TR personality disorders and the alternative model for DSM-5 personality disorders. J Abnorm Psychol, 123:398–405.
110. Moskow DM, Ong CW, Hayes SC, Hofmann SG (2023) Process-based therapy: A personalized approach to treatment. J Exp Psychopathol, 14:20438087231152848.
111. Mott JM, Stanley MA, Street RL, Grady RH, Teng EJ (2014) Increasing engagement in evidence-based PTSD treatment through shared decision-making: A pilot study. MilMed, 179:143-149.
112. Mullins‐Sweatt SN, Hopwood CJ, Chmielewski M, Meyer NA, Min J, Helle AC et al. (2020) Treatment of personality pathology through the lens of the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: Developing a research agenda. Personality Ment Health, 14:123-141.
113. Murray LK, Dorsey S, Haroz E, Lee C, Alsiary MM, Haydary A et al. (2014) A common elements treatment approach for adult mental health problems in low-and middle-income countries. Cogn Behav Pract, 21:111–123.
114. Murray LK, Haroz EE, Doty SB, Singh NS, Bogdanov S, Bass J et al. (2018) Testing the effectiveness and implementation of a brief version of the Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) in Ukraine: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19:418.
115. Murray LK, Kane JC, Glass N, Skavenski van Wyk S, Melendez F, Paul R et al. (2020) Effectiveness of the Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) in reducing intimate partner violence and hazardous alcohol use in Zambia (VATU): A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med, 17:e1003056.
116. Nye A, Delgadillo J, Barkham M (2023) Efficacy of personalized psychological interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol, 91:389-397.
117. Norcross JC, Goldfried MR (2005) Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
118. Norcross JC, Cooper M (2021) Toward an evidence-based bespoke psychotherapy. In Personalizing Psychotherapy: Assessing and Accommodating Patient Preferences (Eds JC Norcross, M Cooper):169–179. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
119. Olthof M, Hasselman F, Oude Maatman F, Bosman AMT, Lichtwarck-Aschoff A (2023) Complexity theory of psychopathology. J Psychopathol Clin Sci, 132:314–323.
120. Ong CW, Hayes SC, Hofmann SG (2022) A process-based approach to cognitive behavioral therapy: A theory-based case illustration. Front Psychol, 13:1002849.
121. Ost LG (2008) Efficacy of the third wave of behavioral therapies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther, 46:296–321.
122. Perlis RH (2016) Abandoning personalization to get to precision in the pharmacotherapy of depression. World Psychiatry, 15:228–235.
123. Peterson AP, Fagan C (2021) Improving measurement feedback systems for measurement-based care. Psychother Res, 31:184-199.
124. Petkovic D, Altman R, Wong M, Vigil A (2018) Improving the explainability of random forest classifier – user centered approach. Pac Symp Biocomput, 23:204–215.
125. Philippot P, Bouvard M, Baeyens C, Dethier V (2019) Case conceptualization from a process‐based and modular perspective: Rationale and application to mood and anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Psychother, 26:175-190.
126. Pinner DH, Kivlighan DM (2018) The ethical implications and utility of routine outcome monitoring in determining boundaries of competence in practice. Prof Psychol Res Pr, 49:247.
127. Råbu M, Haavind H (2018) Coming to terms: Client subjective experience of ending psychotherapy. Couns Psychol Q, 31:223-242.
128. Rafaeli E, Bernstein DP, Young J (2010) Schema Therapy: Distinctive Features. London, UK, Routledge.
129. Rimes KA, Chalder T (2010) The Beliefs about Emotions Scale: Validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. J Psychosom Res, 68:285-292.
130. Robinson L, Delgadillo J, Kellett S (2020) The dose-response effect in routinely delivered psychological therapies: A systematic review. Psychother Res, 30:79–96.
131. Rodríguez AG (2018) Struggling with psychological treatments comparation: Looking for practitioner’s survival. Papeles del Psicólogo, 39:13-21.
132. Roush JF, Brown SL, Jahn DR, Mitchell SM, Taylor NJ, Quinnett P et al. (2017) Mental health professionals' suicide risk assessment and management practices. Crisis, 39:55-64.
133. Russell KC, Gillis HL, Law L, Couillard J (2018) A pilot study examining outcomes associated with the implementation of progress monitoring at a substance use disorder treatment program for adolescents. Child Youth Care Forum, 47:403-419.
134. Samalin L, Honciuc M, Boyer L, de Chazeron I, Blanc O, Abbar M et al. (2018) Efficacy of shared decision-making on treatment adherence of patients with bipolar disorder: a cluster randomized trial (ShareD-BD). BMC Psychiatry, 18:103.
135. Sasso KE, Strunk DR, Braun JD, DeRubeis RJ, Brotman MA (2015) Identifying moderators of the adherence-outcome relation in cognitive therapy for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol, 83:976-984.
136. Sauer-Zavala S, Cassiello-Robbins C, Ametaj AA, Wilner JG, Pagan D (2019) Transdiagnostic treatment personalization: The feasibility of ordering unified protocol modules according to patient strengths and weaknesses. Behavior Modification, 43:518–543.
137. Schaffrath J, Weinmann‐Lutz B, Lutz W (2022) The Trier Treatment Navigator (TTN) in action: Clinical case study on data‐informed psychological therapy. J Clin Psychol, 78:2016-2028.
138. Skodol AE, Clark LA, Bender DS, Krueger RF, Morey LC, Verheul R et al. (2011) Proposed changes in personality and personality disorder assessment and diagnosis for DSM-5 Part I: Description and rationale. Personal Disord, 2:4-22.
139. Skodol AE, Morey LC, Bender DS, Oldham JM (2015) The alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders: A clinical application. Am J Psychiatry, 172:606-613.
140. Smith ML, Glass GV (1977) Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. Am Psychol, 32:752-760.
141. Southward MW, Sauer-Zavala S (2020) Experimental manipulations to test theory-driven mechanisms of cognitive behavior therapy. Front Psychiatry, 11:603009.
142. Spring B (2007) Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: What it is, why it matters; what you need to know. J Clin Psychol, 63:611-631.
143. Stein AT, Carl E, Cuijpers P, Karyotaki E, Smits JA (2021) Looking beyond depression: A meta-analysis of the effect of behavioral activation on depression, anxiety, and activation. Psychol Med, 51:1491-1504.
144. Stein BD, Kogan JN, Mihalyo MJ, Schuster J, Deegan PE, Sorbero MJ et al. (2013). Use of a computerized medication shared decision making tool in community mental health settings: impact on psychotropic medication adherence. Community Ment Health J, 49:185-192.
145. Strobl C, Malley J, Tutz G (2009) An introduction to recursive partitioning: rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests. Psychol Methods, 14:323-348.
146. Strupp H, Binder J (1985) Psychotherapy In A New Key: A Guide to Time-Limited Psychotherapy. New York, NY, Basic Books.
147. Stumpp NE, Sauer-Zavala S (2022) Evidence-based strategies for treatment personalization: a review. Cogn Behav Pract, 29:902-913.
148. Tasca GA, Sylvestre J, Balfour L, Chyurlia L, Evans J, Fortin-Langelier B et al. (2015) What clinicians want: findings from a psychotherapy practice research network survey. Psychotherapy (Chic), 52:1–11.
149. Tauscher JS, Cohn EB, Johnson TR, Diteman KD, Ries RK, Atkins DC et al. (2021) What do clinicians want? Understanding frontline addiction treatment clinicians’ preferences and priorities to improve the design of measurement-based care technology. Addict Sci Clin Pract, 16:38.
150. Thomas EC, Ben-David S, Treichler E, Roth S, Dixon LB, Salzer M et al. (2021) A systematic review of shared decision–making interventions for service users with serious mental illnesses: state of the science and future directions. Psychiatr Serv, 72:1288-1300.
151. Wampold BE, Fluckiger C, Del Re AC, Yulish NE, Frost ND, Pace BT et al. (2017) In pursuit of truth: a critical examination of meta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy. Psychother Res, 27:14–32.
152. Watts D, Moulden H, Mamak M, Upfold C, Chaimowitz G, Kapczinski F. (2021) Predicting offenses among individuals with psychiatric disorders-A machine learning approach. J Psychiatr Res, 138:146-154.
153. Weiss WM, Murray LK, Zangana GAS, Mahmooth Z, Kaysen D, Dorsey S et al. (2015) Community-based mental health treatments for survivors of torture and militant attacks in Southern Iraq: A randomized control trial. BMC Psychiatry, 15:249.
154. Whipple JL, Lambert MJ, Vermeersch DA, Smart DW, Nielsen SL, Hawkins EJ (2003) Improving the effects of psychotherapy: The use of early identification of treatment and problem-solving strategies in routine practice. J Couns Psychol, 50:59-68.
155. White MM, Lambert MJ, Ogles BM, Mclaughlin SB, Bailey RJ, Tingey KM (2018) Using the assessment for signal clients as a feedback tool for reducing treatment failure. In Patient-Focused and Feedback Research in Psychotherapy (Eds W Lutz, K de Jong, J Rubel):110-120. London, UK, Routledge.
156. Wilshire CE, Ward T, Clack S (2021) Symptom descriptions in psychopathology: How well are they working for us?. Clin Psychol Sci, 9:323-339.
157. Yarkoni T, Westfall J (2017) Choosing prediction over explanation in psychology: lessons from machine learning. Perspect Psychol Sci, 12:1100–1122.
158. Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME (2005) Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York, Guilford Press.
159. Zarbo C, Tasca GA, Cattafi F, Compare A (2016) Integrative psychotherapy works. Front Psychol, 6:172963.