Göz Hareketleri ve Şizofreni: Hassas Takip, Sakkadik Hareketler ve Keşfedici Göz Hareketleri Üzerine Bir Derleme

Öz

Bu derleme makalesinde şizofrenide göz hareketlerinin hassas takip, sakkadik hareketler ve keşfedici göz hareketleri üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Göz hareketleri, görsel çevreyle etkileşimin düzenlenmesinde kritik rol oynar ve şizofreni, bu süreçlerde belirgin değişikliklere yol açar. Hassas takip göz hareketleri, bir nesnenin fovea üzerinde doğru bir şekilde izlenmesini sağlar. Şizofreni hastalarında, hassas takip sırasında gözlerin genellikle hedefin gerisinde kalması ve düzeltici sakkadik hareketlerle telafi edilmesi gözlemlenir, bu da hastaların hareket hızına uyum sağlama zorluğuna işaret eder. Sakkadik göz hareketleri, ani ve hızlı göz hareketlerini ifade eder; şizofreni hastalarında antisakkad ve prosakkad görevlerinde bozulmalar görülür. Antisakkad görevinde, çeldirici uyaranın zıt yönüne bakma talimatı verilir ve yüksek hata oranları dikkat ve kontrol mekanizmalarındaki bozuklukları gösterir. Prosakkad görevinde ise, çeldirici uyaranın yönüne bakılması istenir ve şizofreni hastaları bu görevde sağlıklı bireylerden daha düşük performans sergiler. Keşfedici göz hareketleri, çevresel bilgiyi tarama ve analiz etme yeteneğini yansıtır. Şizofreni hastalarında, keşfedici göz hareketleri genellikle daha kısa tarama yolları ve daha az fiksasyon sayısı ile karakterize edilir, bu da çevresel bilgileri işleme zorluklarını gösterir. Şizofrenide göz hareketi bozuklukları, diğer bozukluklarla karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı farklılıklar görülmektedir, bu bozukluklar hastalığın tanı ve tedavisinde potansiyel biyobelirteçler olarak değerlendirilebilir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, genetik ve nörobiyolojik faktörlerin göz hareketleri üzerindeki etkilerini ve bu bozuklukların tedavi yöntemleriyle birleştirilmesini ele almalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• şizofreni
• göz takibi
• sakkadik hareketler
• hassas takip
• keşfedici göz hareketleri

Eye Movements and Schizophrenia: A Review on Smooth Pursuit, Saccadic Movements, and Exploratory Eye Movements

Abstract

This review article examines the effects of eye movements on smooth pursuit, saccadic movements, and exploratory eye movements in schizophrenia. Eye movements play a critical role in regulating interaction with the visual environment, and schizophrenia significantly alters these processes. Smooth pursuit eye movements enable accurate tracking of an object on the fovea. In individuals with schizophrenia, the eyes often lag behind the target during smooth pursuit, requiring corrective saccadic movements, which indicate difficulties in adapting to the target's speed. Saccadic eye movements refer to rapid, abrupt movements of the eyes. In schizophrenia, impairments are observed in antisaccade and prosaccade tasks. The antisaccade task requires individuals to look in the opposite direction of a distracting stimulus, and high error rates suggest deficits in attention and control mechanisms. In the prosaccade task, individuals are instructed to look toward the distracting stimulus, and people with schizophrenia perform worse compared to healthy individuals. Exploratory eye movements reflect the ability to scan and analyze environmental information. In schizophrenia, these movements are often characterized by shorter scanning paths and fewer fixations, indicating difficulties in processing environmental information. Eye movement abnormalities in schizophrenia show significant differences compared to other disorders and hold potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. Future research should explore the impact of genetic and neurobiological factors on eye movements and integrate these findings with therapeutic approaches.

Keywords

• schizophrenia
• eye tracking
• saccadic movements
• exploratory eye movements
• smooth pursuit

Kaynakça

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