Postmodern Approaches in Group Psychotherapies: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Schema Therapy, and Positive Group Therapy

Abstract

Group psychotherapy has been demonstrated by numerous studies to be a highly effective treatment method in various areas, such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction, and interpersonal relationships. It also cheaper than individual psychotherapy. The success of the therapeutic relationship and process critically depends on the professionals who conduct group psychotherapy adopting a specific theoretical orientation and framework. Accordingly, this study aims to compile the fundamental elements, session flow, therapist’s role, and processes of three contemporary postmodern group approaches, namely acceptance and commitment group therapy, schema group therapy, and positive group psychotherapy. While these have gained popularity in other countries, they remain relatively unused in Türkiye. The compiled information will be of benefit to professionals who engage in group interventions and students interested in receiving education on group therapies.

Keywords

• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
• Schema Therapy
• Positive Psychotherapy
• Group Psychotherapy

Grup Psikoterapilerinde Postmodern Yaklaşımlar: Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi, Şema Terapi ve Pozitif Grup Terapisi

Öz

Grup psikoterapisinin, depresyon, kaygı, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, bağımlılık ve kişilerarası ilişkiler konularında oldukça etkili bir tedavi yöntemi olduğu birçok çalışma ile ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca, maliyet ve etkililik açısından bireysel psikoterapilere kıyasla çeşitli avantajlara sahiptir. Ancak, ülkemizde grup psikoterapilerinin uygulama alanı ve bilinirliği sınırlıdır. Grup psikoterapisi uygulayacak olan uzmanların belirli bir teorik yönelim ve kuram benimsemesi, terapi ilişkisi ve sürecinin başarısı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, diğer ülkelerde son zamanlarda sıklıkla kullanılmaya başlanan, ancak ülkemizde yeni gelişen güncel ve postmodern grup yaklaşımlarından olan kabul ve kararlılık grup terapisi, şema grup terapisi ve pozitif psikoterapi grup terapilerinin temel öğeleri, seans akışları, terapistin grup içindeki rolü ve grup terapi süreçleri hakkında bilgi vermektir. Bu çalışma, grup uygulamaları yapacak olan uzmanlara ve grup terapileri ile ilgili eğitim almak isteyen öğrencilere, bahsedilen üç ekolün grup süreci ve terapistin konumu ile ilgili temel bilgileri aktarmayı hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Grup Psikoterapisi
• Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi
• Şema Terapi
• Pozitif Psikoterapi

Kaynakça

1. Anthony EJ (2018) Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach. London, Routledge.
2. Arntz A, Jacob GA, Lee CW, Brand-de Wilde OM, Fassbinder E, Harper RP et al. (2022) Effectiveness of predominantly group schema therapy and combined ındividual and group schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 79:287-299.
3. Arntz A, Van Genderen H (2020) Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. West Sussex, Wiley.
4. Bannink F (2017) Bireyler ve Toplumlarda İyi Oluşu Geliştirmek için 201 Pozitif Psikoloji Uygulaması. İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Yayınları.
5. Başer Baykal N (2021) Postmodernite ve terapiler. İçinde: Postmodern Psikoterapiler ve Vaka Uygulamaları (Ed. N Başer-Baykal):1-11. Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık.
6. Calvert F, Smith E, Brockman R, Simpson S (2018) Group schema therapy for eating disorders: study protocol. J Eat Disord, 6:1.
7. Carr A (2016) Pozitif Psikoloji - Mutluluğun ve İnsanın Güçlü Yönlerinin Bilimi. İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınları.
8. Carr A, Finnegan L (2015) The say ‘yes’ to life (SYTL) program: A positive psychology group intervention for depression. J Contemp Psychother, 45:109-118.

9. Clarke S, Kingston J, James K, Bolderstan H, Remington B (2014) Acceptance and commitment therapy group for treatment-resistant participants: A randomized controlled trial. J Contextual Behav Sci, 3:179-187.
10. Coto-Lesmes R, Fernández-Rodríguez C, González-Fernández S (2020) Acceptance and commitment therapy in group format for anxiety and depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord, 263:107-120.
11. Demirci İ (2021) Pozitif psikoloji temelli perma grupla psikolojik danışma uygulamasının üniversite öğrencilerinin iyi oluşlarına etkisi: bir pilot çalışma. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21:453-466.
12. Eilenberg T, Fink P, Jensen JS, Rief W, Frostholm L (2016) Acceptance and commitment group therapy (act-gt) for health anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med, 46:103-115.
13. Eryılmaz A (2015) Pozitif grup psikoterapisinin etkililiğinin incelenmesi: bir ön çalışma. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 2:13-24.
14. Farrell JM, Reiss N, Shaw IA (2014) The Schema Therapy Clinician's Guide: A Complete Resource For Building and Delivering Individual, Group and Integrated Schema Mode Treatment Programs. West Sussex, Wiley.
15. Farrell JM, Shaw IA, Reiss N (2012) Group schema therapy for BPD: catalyzing mode change. In Handbook of Schema Therapy: Theory, Research and Practice (Eds. Van Vreeswijk M, Broersen J, Nadort M): 341-358. West Sussex, Wiley.
16. Furchtlehner LM, Fischer E, Schuster R, Laireiter AR (2024) A comparative study on the efficacy of group positive psychotherapy and group cognitive behavioral therapy on flourishing, happiness and satisfaction with life: A randomized controlled trial. J Happiness Stud, 25:104.
17. Furchtlehner LM, Schuster R, Laireiter AR (2020) A comparative study of the efficacy of group positive psychotherapy and group cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depressive disorders: A randomized controlled trial. J Posit Psychol, 15:832-845.
18. Gordon T, Borushok J, Polk KL (2017) The ACT Approach: A Comprehensive Guide for Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Wisconsin, PESI.
19. Harris R (2018) Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi ACT’i Kolay Öğrenmek – İlkeler ve Ötesi İçin Hızlı Bir Başlangıç. İstanbul, Litera.
20. Hayes SC (2004) Acceptance and commitment therapy, relation frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behav Ther, 35:639-665.
21. Hayes SC, Barnes-Holmes D, Roche B (2001) Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnnerian Account of Human Language and Cognition. Amsterdam, Kluwer.
22. Hayes SC, Smith SX (2023) Zihninden Çık Hayatına Gir: Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi (ACT) ile Kendine Yardım Kılavuzu. İstanbul, Litera.
23. Hayes SC, Strosalh KD, Wilson KG (2012) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiental Approach to Behavior Change. New York, Guilford Press.
24. Hilden HM, Rosenström T, Karila I, Elokorpi A, Torpo M, Arajärvi R et al. (2021) Effectiveness of brief schema group therapy for borderline personality disorder symptoms: A randomized pilot study. Nord J Psychiatry, 75:176-185.
25. Irsyadiyah AU, Siswadi AGP, Wardhani N (2019) Application of group positive psychotherapy (GPPT) to increasing well being in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Psikodimensia, 18:144-157.
26. Körük S, Özabacı N (2018) Effectiveness of schema therapy on the treatment of depressive disorders: A meta-analysis. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 10:470-480.
27. Lee SW, Choi M, Lee SJ (2023) A randomized controlled trial of group-based acceptance and commitment therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Contextual Behav Sci, 27:45-53.
28. Linehan M (2020) Building a Life Worth Living: A Memoir. New York, Random House.
29. Lovett N, Lovett T (2016) Wellbeing in education: staff matter. Int J Soc Sci Humanity, 6:107–112.
30. Mashhadi A, Morvaridi M, Shamloo Z, Leahy R (2019) The effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy on emotional regulation and social anxiety symptoms. Int J Cogn Ther, 12:16-24.
31. Morgan A (2002) Beginning to use a narrative approach in therapy. Int J Narrat Ther Community Work, 2002:85-90.
32. Perris P, Lockwood G (2012) Meeting core emotional needs in group schema therapy through limited reparenting. In Group Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual with Patient Workbook (Eds. Farrell JM, Shaw I): 271-285. West Sussex, Wiley.
33. Peterson C (2006) A Primer in Positive Psychology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
34. Rafaeli E, Bernstein DP, Young J (2010) Schema Therapy: Distinctive Features. London, Routledge.
35. Rashid T (2009) Positive interventions in clinical practice. J Clin Psychol, 65:461–466.
36. Rashid T, Anjum A (2008) Positive psychotherapy for young adults and children. In Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents (Eds. ARZ John, LH Benjamin): 250-287. New York, Guilford Press.
37. Roediger E, Stevens BA, Brocman R (2023) Bağlamsal Şema Terapi - Kişilik Bozuklukları, Duygulanım Düzensizlikleri, Kişilerarası İşlevsellik. İstanbul, Psikonet Yayınları.
38. Saraç A (2020) Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi Temelli Grupla Psikolojik Danışma Uygulamalarının Değerler Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. 13. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, Hatay, Türkiye.
39. Seligman M (2011) Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Canada, Free Press.
40. Seligman M, Rashid T, Parks AC (2006) Positive psychotherapy. Am Psychol, 61:774–788.
41. Seligman M, Steen T, Park N, Peterson C (2005) Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol, 60:410–421.
42. Shaw IA, Farrell JM (2023) İçten Dışarı Şema Terapi-Kendine Uygulama Kendine Yansıtma Rehberi. İstanbul, Psikonet Yayınları.
43. Simpson SG, Morrow E, van Vreeswijk M, Reid C (2010) Group schema therapy for eating disorders: a pilot study. Front Psychol, 1:182-190.
44. Srichan C, Yingsoong A, Pisitsungkagarn K (2023) The effects of acceptance and commitment group therapy on social anxiety, fears of negative evaluation, and psychological flexibility: an initial study in Thai female undergraduates. Int J Adv Couns, 45:687–707.
45. Stoddard JA, Afari N (2014) The Big Book of ACT Metaphors: A Practitioner's Guide to Experiential Exercises and Metaphors in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Oakland, New Harbinger.
46. Tarragona M (2008) Postmodern/post-structuralist therapies. In 21st Century Psychotherapies (Ed. Lebow J):167-205. West Sussex, Wiley.
47. Tarragona M, (2021) Personal narrative, expressive writing and wellbeing. In the Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology (Eds. CR Snyder): 892-906. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
48. Tracy M, Penney E, Norton AR (2024) Group schema therapy for personality disorders: Systematic review, research agenda and treatment implications. Psychotherapy Research, doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2361451.
49. Twohig MP, Hayes SC, Plumb JC, Pruitt LD, Collins AB, Hazlett-Stevens H et al. (2010) A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus progressive relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 78:705-716.
50. Uliaszek AA, Rashid T, Williams GE, Gulamani T (2016) Group therapy for university students: A randomized control trial of dialectical behavior therapy and positive psychotherapy. Behav Res Ther, 77:78–85.
51. Van Vreeswijk M, Broersen J, Nadort M (2012) The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy: Theory, Research, and Practice. West Sussex, Wiley.
52. Yalom ID, Leszcz M (2005) The Theory & Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York, Basic Books.
53. Yavuz F (2015) Kabul ve kararlılık terapisi: genel bir bakış. Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Özel Konular, 8(2):21-27.
54. Wilson KG, DuFrene T (2008) Mindfulness for Two: An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Approach to Mindfulness in Psychotherapy. Oakland, New Harbinger.
55. Wilson KG, Hayes SC, Gregg J, Zettle RD (2001) Psychopathology and psychotherapy. In Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnnerian Account of Human Language and Cognition (Eds. SC Hayes, D Barnes-Holmes, B Roche):211-237. Amsterdam, Kluwer.