Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review

Öz

This review article comprehensively examines complementary and alternative treatment (CAT) approaches for children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). CAT usage rates among individuals with ASD range from 28-95%, with families turning to these methods due to insufficient responses to conventional treatments, concerns about side effects, and the pursuit of "natural" therapies. The article covers biologically-based interventions (gluten-free/casein-free diet, ketogenic diet, omega-3 supplements, vitamins, probiotics, melatonin), mind-body practices (yoga, music therapy, massage), and manipulative therapies (hippotherapy, sensory integration). While melatonin and music therapy demonstrate strong evidence levels, risky and ineffective methods such as chelation therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are not recommended. Evidence for gluten-free/casein-free diet, probiotics, and omega-3 remains inconsistent, requiring individual evaluation. It is critically important for clinicians to maintain non-judgmental, open communication with families and provide evidence-based guidance. CAT applications should be integrated with standard treatments, monitored with concrete goals, and potential risks must be considered. Future controlled studies accounting for phenotypic heterogeneity are needed to determine which CAT strategies are appropriate for whom and under what conditions. Although more than half of parents prefer to discuss CAT options with their child's physician, the perception that physicians lack sufficient knowledge about CAT can lead to reluctance in disclosure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Autism spectrum disorder
• complementary and alternative medicine
• evidence-based medicine

Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğunda Tamamlayıcı ve Alternatif Tedaviler: Kapsamlı Bir Gözden Geçirme

Öz

Bu derleme makale, otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan çocuk ve ergenlerde tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi (TAT) yaklaşımlarını kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. OSB'li bireylerde TAT kullanım oranları %28-95 arasında değişmekte olup, aileler bu yöntemlere geleneksel tedavilere yetersiz yanıt, yan etki endişeleri ve "doğal" tedavi arayışı nedeniyle yönelmektedir. Makalede biyolojik temelli müdahaleler (glutensiz-kazeinsiz diyet, ketojenik diyet, omega-3 takviyeleri, vitaminler, probiyotikler, melatonin), zihin-beden uygulamaları (yoga, müzik terapisi, masaj) ve manipülatif terapiler (hipoterapi, duyusal bütünleme) ele alınmaktadır. Melatonin ve müzik terapisi güçlü kanıt düzeyine sahipken, şelasyon tedavisi ve hiperbarik oksijen terapisi gibi riskli ve etkisiz yöntemler önerilmemektedir. Glutensiz-kazeinsiz diyet, probiyotikler ve omega-3 için kanıtlar tutarsız olup bireysel değerlendirme gerektirmektedir. Klinisyenlerin ailelerle yargılamayan, açık iletişim kurarak kanıta dayalı rehberlik sunması kritik öneme sahiptir. TAT uygulamalarının standart tedavilerle entegre edilmesi, somut hedeflerle izlenmesi ve potansiyel risklerin göz önünde bulundurulması gerekmektedir. Gelecekte fenotipik heterojeniteyi dikkate alan kontrollü çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Özellikle ebeveynlerin yarısından fazlası TAT seçeneklerini çocuklarının hekimiyle tartışmayı tercih etse de, hekimlerin TAT konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadığı algısı bildirimde bulunmada isteksizliğe yol açabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• otizm spektrum bozukluğu
• tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi
• kanıta dayalı tıp

Kaynakça

1. Abraham DA, Undela K, Narasimhan U, Rajanandh MG (2021) Effect of L-Carnosine in children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Amino Acids, 53:575–585.
2. Adams JB, Audhya T, Geis E, Gehn E, Fimbres V, Pollard EL et al. (2018) Comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention for autism spectrum disorder—a randomized, controlled 12-month trial. Nutrients, 10:369.
3. Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E et al. (2011a) Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab (Lond), 8:34.
4. Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E et al. (2011b) Effect of a vitamin/mineral supplement on children and adults with autism. BMC Pediatr, 11:111.
5. Adams JB, Baral M, Geis E, Mitchell J, Ingram J, Hensley A et al. (2009a) The severity of autism is associated with toxic metal body burden and red blood cell glutathione levels. J Toxicol, 2009:532640.
6. Adams JB, Baral M, Geis E, Mitchell J, Ingram J, Hensley A et al. (2009b) Safety and efficacy of oral DMSA therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders: Part A-Medical results. BMC Pharmacol, 9:16.
7. Adams JB, Johansen LJ, Powell LD, Quig D, Rubin RA (2011d) Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism–comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterol, 11:22.
8. Adıgüzel E, Çiçek B (2023) Dietary approaches and nutritional supplements in the management of autism spectrum disorder. In Autismo: Uma Abordagem Multiprofissional Vol 1 (Eds E Adıgüzel, B Çiçek) :58–86.Editora Cientifica Digital.

9. Agirman G, Hsiao EY (2024) Microbiota–gut–brain axis in neurodevelopmental disorders.In The Gut-Brain Axis 2nd ed (Eds N Hyland,C Stanton): 201–216. Ireland, Academic Press .
10. Akins RS, Angkustsiri K, Hansen RL (2010) Complementary and alternative medicine in autism: an evidence-based approach to negotiating safe and efficacious interventions with families. Neurotherapeutics, 7:307–319.
11. Al-Ayadhi LY, Elamin NE (2013) Camel milk as a potential therapy as an antioxidant in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013:602834.
12. Al-Ayadhi LY, Halepoto DM, Al-Dress AM, Mitwali Y, Zainah R (2015) Behavioral benefits of camel milk in subjects with autism spectrum disorder. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 25:819–823.
13. Alcantara J, Alcantara JD, Alcantara J (2011a) A systematic review of the literature on the chiropractic care of patients with autism spectrum disorder. Explore (NY), 7:384–390.
14. Alcantara J, Ohm J, Kunz K (2011b) A practice-based prospective study on the incidence and prevalence of adverse events associated with pediatric chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 25:72.
15. Alcantara J, Ohm J, Kunz D (2010) The chiropractic care of children. J Altern Complement Med, 16:621–626.
16. Anagnostou E (2018) Clinical trials in autism spectrum disorder: evidence, challenges and future directions. Curr Opin Neurol, 31:119–125.
17. Andersen-Warren M (2013) Dramatherapy with children and young people who have autistic spectrum disorders: An examination of dramatherapists’ practices. Dramatherapy, 35:3–19.
18. Andersen IM, Kaczmarska J, McGrew SG, Malow BA (2008) Melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol, 23:482–485.
19. de Andrade Wobido K, de Sá Barreto da Cunha M, Miranda SS, da Mota Santana J, da Silva DCG, Pereira M (2022) Non-specific effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on autistic spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci, 25:1995–2007.
20. Andreo‐Martínez P, García‐Martínez N, Sánchez‐Samper EP, Martínez‐González AE (2020) An approach to gut microbiota profile in children with autism spectrum disorder. Environ Microbiol Rep, 12:115–135.
21. Anzalone SM, Xavier J, Boucenna S, Billeci L, Narzisi A, Muratori F et al. (2019) Quantifying patterns of joint attention during human-robot interactions: An application for autism spectrum disorder assessment. Pattern Recognition Letters, 118:42–50.
22. Aran A, Harel M, Cassuto H, Polyansky L, Schnapp A, Wattad N et al. (2021) Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial. Mol Autism, 12:6.
23. Aranburu E, Matias S, Simon E, Larretxi I, Martinez O, Bustamante MÁ et al. 2021) Gluten and FODMAPs relationship with mental disorders: systematic review. Nutrients, 13:1894.
24. Arns M, Heinrich H, Strehl U (2014) Evaluation of neurofeedback in ADHD: the long and winding road. Biol Psychol, 95:108–115.
25. Azzam HME, Sayyah H, Youssef S, Lotfy H, Abdelhamid IA, Abd Elhamed HA et al. (2015) Autism and vitamin D: An intervention study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 22:9–14.
26. Bahrami F, Movahedi A, Marandi SM, Abedi A (2012) Kata techniques training consistently decreases stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil, 33:1183–1193.
27. Bailey PE, Leon T, Ebner NC, Moustafa AA, Weidemann G (2023) A meta-analysis of the weight of advice in decision-making. Curr Psychol, 42:24516–24541.
28. Bang M, Lee SH, Cho S-H, Yu S-A, Kim K, Lu HY et l. (2017) Herbal medicine treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 2017:8614680.
29. Bar-Lev Schleider L, Mechoulam R, Saban N, Meiri G, Novack V (2019) Real life experience of medical cannabis treatment in autism: analysis of safety and efficacy. Sci Rep, 9:200.
30. Barchel D, Stolar O, De-Haan T, Ziv-Baran T, Saban N, Fuchs DO et al. (2019) Oral cannabidiol use in children with autism spectrum disorder to treat related symptoms and co-morbidities. Front Pharmacol, 9:1521.
31. Barrett B (2003) Alternative, complementary, and conventional medicine: is integration upon us? J Altern Complement Med, 9:417–427.
32. Barton EE, Reichow B, Schnitz A, Smith IC, Sherlock D (2015) A systematic review of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities. Res Dev Disabil, 37:64–80.
33. Bashir S, Al-Ayadhi LY (2014) Effect of camel milk on thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in autistic children: double-blind study. Pediatr Res, 75:559–563.
34. Bass MM, Duchowny CA, Llabre MM (2009) The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism J Autism Dev Disord, 39:1261–1267.
35. Bavarsad Shahripour R, Harrigan MR, Alexandrov A V (2014) N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in neurological disorders: mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities. Brain Behav, 4:108–122.
36. Bekele E, Young M, Zheng Z, Zhang L, Swanson A, Johnston R et al. (2013) A step towards adaptive multimodal virtual social interaction platform for children with autism. In 7th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 464-473). July 21-26 2013, Berlin, Springer.
37. Bell JG, Miller D, MacDonald DJ, MacKinlay EE, Dick JR, Cheseldine S et al. (2010) The fatty acid compositions of erythrocyte and plasma polar lipids in children with autism, developmental delay or typically developing controls and the effect of fish oil intake. Br J Nutr, 103:1160–1167.
38. Bent S, Ailarov A, Dang KT, Widjaja F, Lawton BL, Hendren RL (2017) Open-label trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Altern Complement Med, 23:394–395.
39. Bent S, Bertoglio K, Ashwood P, Bostrom A, Hendren RL (2011a) A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 41:545–554.
40. Bent S, Hendren RL, Zandi T, Law K, Choi J-E, Widjaja F et al. (2014) Internet-based, randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for hyperactivity in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 53:658–666.
41. Bent S, Lawton B, Warren T, Widjaja F, Dang K, Fahey JW et al. (2018) Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli. Mol Autism, 9:35.
42. Berding K, Donovan SM (2020) Dietary patterns impact temporal dynamics of fecal microbiota composition in children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Nutr, 6:193.
43. Bertoglio K, Jill James S, Deprey L, Brule N, Hendren RL (2010) Pilot study of the effect of methyl B12 treatment on behavioral and biomarker measures in children with autism. J Altern Complement Med, 16:555–560.
44. Bessetti RN, Litwa KA (2025) Broccoli for the brain: a review of the neuroprotective mechanisms of sulforaphane. Front Cell Neurosci, 19:1601366.
45. Biçer İ, Balçık PY (2019) Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp: Türkiye ve seçilen ülkelerinin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22:245–257.
46. Bieleninik Ł, Geretsegger M, Mössler K, Assmus J, Thompson G, Gattino G et al. (2017) Effects of improvisational music therapy vs enhanced standard care on symptom severity among children with autism spectrum disorder: The TIME-A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 318:525–535.
47. Bilgiç A (2009) Otistik spektrum bozukluklarında tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi uygulamaları. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10(Suppl 1):22-23.
48. Bilgic A, Cöngöloğlu A, Hergüner S, Türkoğlu S, Bahali K, Gürkan K et al. (2013) Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children with autism spectrum disorders: a multicenter study. Noro Psikiyatr Ars, 50:237-243.
49. Bo J, Shen B, Pang Y, Zhang M, Xiang Y, Dong L et al. (2025) The association of social ability with the outcomes of a motor program in children with autism spectrum disorders—preliminary findings. J Mot Learn Dev, 13:270–282.
50. Bolman WM, Richmond JA (1999) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial of low dose dimethylglycine in patients with autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 29:191–194.
51. Borgi M, Loliva D, Cerino S, Chiarotti F, Venerosi A, Bramini M et al. (2016) Effectiveness of a standardized equine-assisted therapy program for children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 46:1–9.
52. Bradshaw J, Gillespie S, McCracken C, King BH, McCracken JT, Johnson CR et al. (2021) Predictors of caregiver strain for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 51:3039–3049.
53. Brandt A, Gebrian M, Slevc LR (2012) Music and early language acquisition. Front Psychol, 3:327.
54. Bremer E, Crozier M, Lloyd M (2016) A systematic review of the behavioural outcomes following exercise interventions for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 20:899–915.
55. Brudnak MA, Rimland B, Kerry RE, Dailey M, Taylor R, Stayton B et al. (2002) Enzyme-based therapy for autism spectrum disorders–is it worth another look? Med Hypotheses, 58:422–428.
56. Çakir G, Altay N, Kılıçarslan Törüner E (2022) Determining the traditional methods and complementary therapies used by parents of children with special healthcare needs: descriptive study. J Tradit Complem Med, 5:3.
57. Çakmak S, Nural N (2017) Kronik hastalıklarda tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi uygulamaları. Intern Med Nurs-Special Topics, 3:57–64.
58. Calder PC (2016) Docosahexaenoic acid. Ann Nutr Metab, 69:8–21.
59. Camilleri V, Dingli A, Haddod F (2019) Learning about autism using VR. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: 64-76. Cham, Springer International.
60. Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C (2015) The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann Gastroenterol, 28:203-209.
61. Cases J, Ibarra A, Feuillère N, Roller M, Sukkar SG (2011) Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Med J Nutrition Metab, 4:211–218.
62. Cekici H, Sanlier N (2019) Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: A review. Nutr Neurosci, 22:145–155.
63. Chan AS, Sze SL, Han YMY (2014) An intranasal herbal medicine improves executive functions and activates the underlying neural network in children with autism. Res Autism, 8:681–691.
64. Chan AS, Sze SL, Han YMY, Cheung M (2012) A Chan dietary intervention enhances executive functions and anterior cingulate activity in autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012:262136.
65. Chan AS, Sze SL, Siu NY, Lau EM, Cheung M (2013) A Chinese mind-body exercise improves self-control of children with autism: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 8:e68184.
66. Chasen LR (2011) Social skills, emotional growth and drama therapy.In Inspiring Connection on the Autism Spectrum.2nd ed.(Eds LR Chasen):177-187. London, Jessica Kingsley.
67. Cheuk DK, Wong V, Chen WX (2011) Acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(9):CD007849.
68. Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC, Becker M, Schaefer K, Black C et al. (2002) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol, 17:833–837.
69. Christison GW, Ivany K (2006) Elimination diets in autism spectrum disorders: any wheat amidst the chaff? J Dev Behav Pediatr, 27:S162–S171.
70. Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, Bykova YL, Nikishena IS (2011) Efficacy of cortexin in the treatment of memory disorders in children. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 111(9):37-40.
71. Coben R, Linden M, Myers TE (2010) Neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder: a review of the literature. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 35:83–105.
72. Coben R, Padolsky I (2007) Assessment-guided neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder. J Neurother, 11:5–23.
73. Coeckelbergh M (2010) Artificial companions: Empathy and vulnerability mirroring in human-robot relations. Stud Ethics Law Technol, 4(3):2.
74. Cooper EL (2007) Is there room for paradox in CAM? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 4:135-137.
75. Corbett BA, Gunther JR, Comins D, Price J, Ryan N, Simon D et al. (2011) Brief report: theatre as therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 41:505–511.
76. Corbett BA, Swain DM, Coke C, Simon D, Newsom C, Houchins‐Juarez N et al. (2014) Improvement in social deficits in autism spectrum disorders using a theatre‐based, peer‐mediated intervention. Autism Res, 7:4–16.
77. Coretti L, Paparo L, Riccio MP, Amato F, Cuomo M, Natale A et al. (2018) Gut microbiota features in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Microbiol, 9:3146.
78. Costa S, Lehmann H, Dautenhahn K, Robins B, Soares F (2015) Using a humanoid robot to elicit body awareness and appropriate physical interaction in children with autism. Int J Soc Robot, 7:265–278.
79. Cryan JF, Dinan TG (2012) Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci, 13:701–712.
80. Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu K V, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M et al. (2019) The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev, 99:1877-2013.
81. Dadds MR, MacDonald E, Cauchi A, Williams K, Levy F, Brennan J (2014) Nasal oxytocin for social deficits in childhood autism: a randomized controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord, 44:521–531.
82. Davis TN, O’Reilly M, Kang S, Lang R, Rispoli M, Sigafoos J et al. (2013) Chelation treatment for autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 7:49–55.
83. Dean O, Giorlando F, Berk M (2011) N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 36:78–86.
84. Dean OM, Gray KM, Villagonzalo K-A, Dodd S, Mohebbi M, Vick T et al. (2017) A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a fixed dose of N-acetyl cysteine in children with autistic disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 51:241–249.
85. DeFilippis M (2018a) The use of complementary alternative medicine in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull, 48:40-63.
86. Degtyareva VG, Drobyshev VA, Poteryaeva EL (2024) The effectiveness of rehabilitation measures using the drug Cortexin in children with neuropsychiatric pathology. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova,124(12): 86-92.
87. Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Björkholm B, Samuelsson A et al. (2011) Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108:3047–3052.
88. Committee on Children with Disabilities (2001) American Academy of Pediatrics: The pediatrician's role in the diagnosis and management of autistic spectrum disorder in children. Pediatrics, 107:1221-1226.
89. Doherty M, Foley KR, Schloss J (2025) Complementary and alternative medicine for autism–a systematic review. J Autism Dev Disord, 55:3689–3699.
90. Donovan SM, Rao G (2019) Health benefits of yogurt among infants and toddlers aged 4 to 24 months: a systematic review. Nutr Rev, 77:478–486.
91. Downey R, Rapport MJK (2012) Motor activity in children with autism: a review of current literature. Pediatr Phys Ther, 24:2–20.
92. Duquette M-M, Carbonneau H, Roult R, Crevier L (2016) Sport and physical activity: Facilitating interventions with young people living with an autism spectrum disorder. Physical Activity Review, 4:40–49.
93. Edelson SM, Arin D, Bauman M, Lukas SE, Rudy JH, Sholar M et al. (1999) Auditory integration training: A double-blind study of behavioral and electrophysiological effects in people with autism. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl, 14:73–81.
94. El-Alfy AT, Ivey K, Robinson K, Ahmed S, Radwan M, Slade D et al. (2010) Antidepressant-like effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 95:434–442.
95. El-Ansary A, Al-Ayadhi L (2012) Neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorders. J Neuroinflammation, 9:265.
96. El-Rashidy O, El-Baz F, El-Gendy Y, Khalaf R, Reda D, Saad K (2017) Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. Metab Brain Dis, 32:1935–1941.
97. Elder JH, Shankar M, Shuster J, Theriaque D, Burns S, Sherrill L (2006) The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: results of a preliminary double blind clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord, 36:413–420.
98. Ellie Wilson C, Roberts G, Gillan N, Ohlsen C, Robertson D, Zinkstok J (2013) The NICE guideline on recognition, referral, diagnosis and management of adults on the autism spectrum. Adv Ment Health Intellect Disabil, 8:3–14.
99. Enticott PG, Kennedy HA, Zangen A, Fitzgerald PB (2011) Deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation associated with improved social functioning in a young woman with an autism spectrum disorder. J ECT, 27:41–43.
100. Erdman P, Miller D, Jacobson S (2015) The impact of an equine facilitated learning program on youth with autism spectrum disorder. Hum Anim Interact Bull, 3(2):21-36.
101. Erickson K, Hewitt E, Watson A, Rosner A, Hewitt R (2009) A pediatric perspective on chiropractic.In Integrative Pediatrics,1 nd ed.(Eds T Culbert,K Olness): 146-179. New York,Oxford University Press.
102. Ernst E, Gilbey A (2010) Chiropractic claims in the English-speaking world. N Z Med J, 123:36-44.
103. Escalona A, Field T, Singer-Strunck R, Cullen C, Hartshorn K (2001) Brief report: Improvements in the behavior of children with autism following massage therapy. J Autism Dev Disord, 31:513–516.
104. Esch BE, Carr JE (2004) Secretin as a treatment for autism: a review of the evidence. J Autism Dev Disord, 34:543–556.
105. Esmaeili E, Eslami-Arshaghi T, Hosseinzadeh S, Elahirad E, Jamalpoor Z, Hatamie S et al. (2020) The biomedical potential of cellulose acetate/polyurethane nanofibrous mats containing reduced graphene oxide/silver nanocomposites and curcumin: Antimicrobial performance and cutaneous wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol, 152:418–427.
106. Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I, Mihailidou H, Spilioti M, Skarpalezou A, Makaronas N et al. (2003) Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. J Child Neurol, 18:113–118.
107. Fadeyi MO, Li TK (2018) Evaluating possible use of IVIG in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Drug Assess, 7(Suppl1):14.
108. Fahey JW, Kensler TW (2021) The challenges of designing and implementing clinical trials with broccoli sprouts and turning evidence into public health action. Front Nutr, 8:648788.
109. Faraone S V, Rostain AL, Montano CB, Mason O, Antshel KM, Newcorn JH (2020) Systematic review: nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: risk factors, outcomes, and risk reduction strategies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 59:100–112.
110. Fattorusso A, Di Genova L, Dell’Isola GB, Mencaroni E, Esposito S (2019) Autism spectrum disorders and the gut microbiota. Nutrients, 11:521.
111. Fazlioğlu Y, Baran G (2008) A sensory integration therapy program on sensory problems for children with autism. Percept Mot Skills, 106:415–422.
112. Feingold BF (1975) Hyperkinesis and learning disabilities linked to artificial food flavors and colors. Am J Nurs, 75:797–803.
113. Feng J, Shan L, Du L, Wang B, Li H, Wang W et al. (2017) Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Neurosci, 20:284–290.
114. Ferguson L, Morean D (2024) The effects of yoga practices on self-regulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. J Phys Med Rehabil, 105:e157–e158.
115. Field T (2019) Pediatric massage therapy research: a narrative review. Children (Basel), 6:78.
116. Field T, Lasko D, Mundy P, Henteleff T, Kabat S, Talpins S et al. (1997) Brief report: autistic children’s attentiveness and responsivity improve after touch therapy. J Autism Dev Disord, 27:333–338.
117. Fletcher CL, Grannemann BD, Richardson TA, Trivedi MH (2011) Prospective trial of equine-assisted activities in autism spectrum disorder. Altern Ther Health Med, 17:14.
118. Fleury-Teixeira P, Caixeta FV, Ramires da Silva LC, Brasil-Neto JP, Malcher-Lopes R (2019) Effects of CBD-enriched cannabis sativa extract on autism spectrum disorder symptoms: an observational study of 18 participants undergoing compassionate use. Front Neurol, 10:1145.
119. Fodstad JC, Raches C, Hines E (2024) Controversial Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorders.In Handbook of Early Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders: Research, Policy, and Practice,2nd ed.(Eds DR Dixon,P Sturmey,JL Matson): 471–492. Cham, Springer.
120. Fraguas D, Díaz-Caneja CM, Pina-Camacho L, Moreno C, Durán-Cutilla M, Ayora M et al. (2019) Dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 144:e20183218.
121. Frenkel M, Arye E Ben, Carlson C, Sierpina V (2008) Integrating complementary and alternative medicine into conventional primary care: the patient perspective. Explore (NY), 4:178–186.
122. Friedrich EVC, Sivanathan A, Lim T, Suttie N, Louchart S, Pillen S et al. (2015) An effective neurofeedback intervention to improve social interactions in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 45:4084–4100.
123. Frye RE (2022) A personalized multidisciplinary approach to evaluating and treating autism spectrum disorder. J Pers Med, 12:464.
124. Frye RE, Delatorre R, Taylor H, Slattery J, Melnyk S, Chowdhury N et al. (2013a) Redox metabolism abnormalities in autistic children associated with mitochondrial disease. Transl Psychiatry, 3:e273.
125. Frye RE, Rossignol D, Casanova MF, Brown GL, Martin V, Edelson S et al. (2013b) A review of traditional and novel treatments for seizures in autism spectrum disorder: findings from a systematic review and expert panel. Front Public Health, 13:31.
126. Frye RE, Rossignol DA (2016) Identification and treatment of pathophysiological comorbidities of autism spectrum disorder to achieve optimal outcomes. Clin Med Insights Pediatr, 10:43-56.
127. Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M et al. (2018) Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry, 23:247–256.
128. Frye RE, Slattery JC, Quadros E V (2017) Folate metabolism abnormalities in autism: potential biomarkers. Biomark Med, 11:687–699.
129. Funahashi A, Gruebler A, Aoki T, Kadone H, Suzuki K (2014) Brief report: the smiles of a child with autism spectrum disorder during an animal-assisted activity may facilitate social positive behaviors—quantitative analysis with smile-detecting interface. J Autism Dev Disord, 44:685–693.
130. Fung LK, Mahajan R, Nozzolillo A, Bernal P, Krasner A, Jo B, et al. (2016) Pharmacologic treatment of severe irritability and problem behaviors in autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 137(Suppl 2):S124–S135.
131. Fung SC (2019) Effect of a canine-assisted read aloud intervention on reading ability and physiological response: a pilot study. Animals (Basel), 9:474.
132. Fung SC (2014) Effect of animal-assisted play therapy on facilitating social behavior for children with autism: a preliminary comparison study. Hum Anim Interact Bull, 2(2):40-59.
133. Gabriels RL, Agnew JA, Holt KD, Shoffner A, Zhaoxing P, Ruzzano S et al. (2012) Pilot study measuring the effects of therapeutic horseback riding on school-age children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 6:578–588.
134. Gabriels RL, Pan Z, Dechant B, Agnew JA, Brim N, Mesibov G (2015) Randomized controlled trial of therapeutic horseback riding in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 54:541–549.
135. Geretsegger M, Elefant C, Mössler KA, Gold C (2014) Music therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014(6):CD004381.
136. Geretsegger M, Holck U, Carpente JA, Elefant C, Kim J, Gold C (2015) Common characteristics of improvisational approaches in music therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder: Developing treatment guidelines. J Music Ther, 52:258–281.
137. Ghaeeni S (2022) The Effect of EAAT on Autism: a Literature Review. Art and Education, 2:36–44.
138. Ghanizadeh A, Akhondzadeh S, Hormozi M, Makarem A, Abotorabi-Zarchi M, Firoozabadi A (2012) Glutathione-related factors and oxidative stress in autism, a review. Curr Med Chem, 19:4000–4005.
139. Ghanizadeh A, Moghimi-Sarani E (2013) A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of N-Acetylcysteine added to risperidone for treating autistic disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 13:196.
140. Gleberzon BJ (2006) Chiropractic and the management of children with autism. Clinical Chiropractic, 9:176–181.
141. Godfrey E, Haythorne D (2013) Benefits of dramatherapy for autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative analysis of feedback from parents and teachers of clients attending roundabout dramatherapy sessions in schools. Dramatherapy, 35:20–28.
142. Golnik AE, Ireland M (2009) Complementary alternative medicine for children with autism: a physician survey. J Autism Dev Disord, 39:996–1005.
143. Granpeesheh D, Tarbox J, Dixon DR, Wilke AE, Allen MS, Bradstreet JJ (2010) Randomized trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 4:268–275.
144. Green VA, Pituch KA, Itchon J, Choi A, O’Reilly M, Sigafoos J (2006) Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism. Res Dev Disabil, 27:70–84.
145. Gringras P, Nir T, Breddy J, Frydman-Marom A, Findling RL (2017) Efficacy and safety of pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 56:948–957.
146. Gromova OA, Torshin IY, Zgoda VG, Tikhonova O V (2019) An analysis of the peptide composition of a’light’peptide fraction of cerebrolysin. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 119(8):75–83.
147. Groppe SE, Gossen A, Rademacher L, Hahn A, Westphal L, Gründer G et al. (2013) Oxytocin influences processing of socially relevant cues in the ventral tegmental area of the human brain. Biol Psychiatry, 74:172–179.
148. Grossi E, Melli S, Dunca D, Terruzzi V (2016) Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long-term treatment with probiotics. SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 4:2050313X16666231.
149. Guastella AJ, Einfeld SL, Gray KM, Rinehart NJ, Tonge BJ, Lambert TJ et al. (2010) Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry, 67:692–694.
150. Guastella AJ, Gray KM, Rinehart NJ, Alvares GA, Tonge BJ, Hickie IB et al. (2015) The effects of a course of intranasal oxytocin on social behaviors in youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 56:444–452.
151. Guekht AB, Moessler H, Novak PH, Gusev EI (2011) Cerebrolysin in vascular dementia: improvement of clinical outcome in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 20:310-318.
152. Güller N, Değerli S, Amine S, Altıntaş M, Adıgüzel E (2020) Otizm spektrum bozukluğunda bağırsak-beyin aksı, diyet yaklaşımları ve probiyotik tedavisi. Haliç Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3:69–82.
153. Gulyaeva N V (2018) Molecular mechanisms of brain peptide-containing drugs: cortexin. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 118(10):93–96.
154. Guo B-Q, Li H-B, Zhai D-S, Ding S-B (2019) Maternal multivitamin supplementation is associated with a reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res, 65:4–16.
155. Gupta S (1996) Brief report: dysregulated immune system in children with autism: beneficial effects of intravenous immune globulin on autistic characteristics. J Autism Dev Disord, 26:439–452.
156. Gupta S (2000) Immunological treatments for autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 30:475–479.
157. Gwynette MF, Warren NJ, Warthen J, Truleove JS, Ross CP, Snook CA (2015) Yoga as an intervention for patients with autism spectrum disorder: a review of the evidence and future directions. Autism Open Access, 5:3.
158. Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG (2014) A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology, 146:67–75.
159. Hameed MQ, Dhamne SC, Gersner R, Kaye HL, Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A (2017) Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in children. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 17:1–15.
160. Hangül Z, Tufan AE (2022) Use of complementary and alternative therapies in autism spectrum disorder. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14:165–173.
161. Hanson E, Kalish LA, Bunce E, Curtis C, McDaniel S, Ware J et al. (2007a) Use of complementary and alternative medicine among children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 37:628–636.
162. Hardan AY, Fung LK, Libove RA, Obukhanych T V, Nair S, Herzenberg LA et al. (2012) A randomized controlled pilot trial of oral N-acetylcysteine in children with autism. Biol Psychiatry, 71:956–961.
163. Hariprasad VR, Arasappa R, Varambally S, Srinath S, Gangadhar BN (2013) Feasibility and efficacy of yoga as an add-on intervention in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: An exploratory study. Indian J Psychiatry, 55:S379–S384.
164. Harrington JW, Rosen L, Garnecho ANA, Patrick PA (2006) Parental perceptions and use of complementary and alternative medicine practices for children with autistic spectrum disorders in private practice. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 27:S156–S161.
165. Hartshorn K, Olds L, Field T, Delage J, Cullen C, Escalona A (2001) Creative movement therapy benefits children with autism. Early Child Dev Care, 166:1–5.
166. Hasanzadeh E, Mohammadi M-R, Ghanizadeh A, Rezazadeh S-A, Tabrizi M, Rezaei F et al. (2012) A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba added to risperidone in patients with autistic disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 43:674–682.
167. Hawk C, Khorsan R, Lisi AJ, Ferrance RJ, Evans MW (2007) Chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review with implications for whole systems research. J Altern Complement Med, 13:491–512.
168. Hendren RL, James SJ, Widjaja F, Lawton B, Rosenblatt A, Bent S (2016) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of methyl B12 for children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 26:774–783.
169. Hipkiss AR (2009) On the enigma of carnosine’s anti-ageing actions. Exp Gerontol, 44:237–242.
170. Hodges H, Fealko C, Soares N (2020) Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Transl Pediatr, 9:55-65.
171. Höfer J, Hoffmann F, Bachmann C (2017) Use of complementary and alternative medicine in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Autism, 21:387–402.
172. Holmes RP, Goodman HO, Assimos DG (2001) Contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion. Kidney Int, 59:270–276.
173. Holtmann M, Steiner S, Hohmann S, Poustka L, Banaschewski T, Bölte S (2011) Neurofeedback in autism spectrum disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol, 53:986–993.
174. Van Hoogdalem LE, Feijs HME, Bramer WM, Ismail SY, van Dongen JDM (2020) The effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy as an alternative treatment for autism spectrum disorders in children. J Psychophysiol, 35:102-115.
175. Hopf KP, Madren E, Santianni KA (2016) Use and perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine to treat and manage the symptoms of autism in children: a survey of parents in a community population. J Altern Complement Med, 22:25–32.
176. Hourston S, Atchley R (2017) Autism and mind–body therapies: A systematic review. J Altern Complement Med, 23:331–339.
177. Howells K, Sivaratnam C, Lindor E, He J, Hyde C, McGillivray J et al. (2022) Can a community-based football program benefit motor ability in children with autism spectrum disorder? A pilot evaluation considering the role of social impairments. J Autism Dev Disord, 52:402–413.
178. Howes OD, Rogdaki M, Findon JL, Wichers RH, Charman T, King BH et al. (2018) Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol, 32:3–29.
179. Hsiao EY (2014) Gastrointestinal issues in autism spectrum disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 22:104–111.
180. Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, Sharon G, Hyde ER, McCue T, et al. (2013) The microbiota modulates gut physiology and behavioral abnormalities associated with autism. Cell, 155:1451.
181. Huashuang Z, Yang L, Chensheng H, Jing X, Bo C, Dongming Z et al. (2022) Prevalence of adverse effects associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry, 13:875591.
182. Huffman LC, Sutcliffe TL, Tanner ISD, Feldman HM (2011) Management of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders: a comprehensive review of pharmacologic and complementary-alternative medicine treatments. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 32:56–68.
183. Hughes HK, Ashwood P (2018) Anti-Candida albicans IgG antibodies in children with autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry, 9:627.
184. Hurt E, Arnold LE, Lofthouse N (2014) Quantitative EEG neurofeedback for the treatment of pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, learning disorders, and epilepsy. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 23:465–486.
185. Hyman SL, Levy SE (2010) Dietary, complementary and alternative therapies.In Evidence-based Practices and Treatments for Children with Autism (Eds B Reichow,P Doehring,DV Cichetti,FR Volkmar) :275-293. Cham, Springer.
186. Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM, Kuo DZ, Apkon S, Davidson LF et al. (2020) Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145:e20193447..
187. Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Foley J, Cain U, Peck R, Morris DD et al. (2016) The gluten-free/casein-free diet: a double-blind challenge trial in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 46:205–220.
188. Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Schmidt B, Cain U, Lemcke N, Foley JT et al. (2012) Nutrient intake from food in children with autism. Pediatrics, 130(Suppl 2):S145–S153.
189. Izzo AA, Ernst E (2001) Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs, 61:2163–2175.
190. James S, Montgomery P, Williams K (2011) Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (11):CD007992.
191. James S, Stevenson SW, Silove N, Williams K (2015) Chelation for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5(5):CD010766.
192. James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW et al. (2004) Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr, 80:1611–1617.
193. James SJ, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Cleves MA, Halsted CH, Wong DH et al. (2006) Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 141B(8):947–956.
194. Janda K, Wojtkowska K, Jakubczyk K, Antoniewicz J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K (2020) Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders—a systematic review. Nutrients, 12:3894.
195. Jonkman KM, Back E, Staal WG, Benard L, van der Doelen DM, Begeer S (2022) Alternative treatments for autism: Prevalence and predictors. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 98:102046.
196. Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Błaszczyk S (2012) The level of arabinitol in autistic children after probiotic therapy. Nutrition, 28:124–126.
197. Kandeel M, Morsy MA, Al Khodair KM, Alhojaily S (2024) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of camel milk consumption for improving autism symptoms in children in randomized clinical trials. Open Vet J, 14:2441.
198. Kang D-W, Adams JB, Coleman DM, Pollard EL, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S et al. (2019) Long-term benefit of Microbiota Transfer Therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota. Sci Rep, 9:5821.
199. Kang D-W, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L, Fasano A et al. (2017) Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study. Microbiome, 5:10.
200. Kang D-W, Ilhan ZE, Isern NG, Hoyt DW, Howsmon DP, Shaffer M et al. L (2018) Differences in fecal microbial metabolites and microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorders. Anaerobe, 49:121–131.
201. Karimian A, Abdolmaleki A, Zahri S, Ghanimi HA (2025) The role of cerebrolysin in promoting axonal regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury: a focus on macrophage activation. Adv Pharm Bull, 15:917-927.
202. Kashefimehr B, Kayihan H, Huri M (2018) The effect of sensory integration therapy on occupational performance in children with autism. OTJR (Thorofare N J), 38:75–83.
203. Kaur M, Eigsti I-M, Bhat A (2021) Effects of a creative yoga intervention on the joint attention and social communication skills, as well as affective states of children with autism spectrum disorder. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 88:101860.
204. Kaya K, Alp H (2022) Otizmli çocuklarda beden eğitimi ve sporun önemi üzerine yapılmış araştırmaların incelenmesi: Meta analiz. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Öğrenci Çalışmaları, 4:1–7.
205. Kendall E, Maujean A, Pepping CA, Downes M, Lakhani A, Byrne J et al. (2015) A systematic review of the efficacy of equine-assisted interventions on psychological outcomes. Eur J Psychother Couns, 17:57–79.
206. Kern JK, Geier DA, Sykes LK, Haley BE, Geier MR (2016) The relationship between mercury and autism: A comprehensive review and discussion. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 37:8–24.
207. Kern JK, Miller VS, Cauller L, Kendall R, Mehta J, Dodd M (2001) Effectiveness of N, N-dimethylglycine in autism and pervasive developmental disorder. J Child Neurol, 16:169–173.
208. Kern Koegel L, Ashbaugh K, Navab A, Koegel RL (2016) Improving empathic communication skills in adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 46:921–933.
209. Kessler RC, Davis RB, Foster DF, Van Rompay MI, Walters EE, Wilkey SA et al. (2001) Long-term trends in the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies in the United States. Ann Intern Med, 135:262–268.
210. Kete H, Ersoy S, Pala E (2023) Physicians’ attitudes towards modern and complementary medicine. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, 7:371–380.
211. Khorshid KA, Sweat RW, Zemba DA, Zemba BN (2006) Clinical efficacy of upper cervical versus full spine chiropractic care on children with autism: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Vertebral Subluxation Research, 9:1–7.
212. Kidd PM (2007) Omega-3 DHA and EPA for cognition, behavior, and mood: clinical findings and structural-functional synergies with cell membrane phospholipids. Altern Med Rev, 12:207-227.
213. Kittana M, Ahmadani A, Stojanovska L, Attlee A (2021) The role of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a narrative review. Nutrients, 14:26.
214. Klaiman C, Huffman L, Masaki L, Elliott GR (2013) Tetrahydrobiopterin as a treatment for autism spectrum disorders: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 23:320–328.
215. Klein N, Kemper KJ (2016) Integrative approaches to caring for children with autism. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care, 46:195–201.
216. Knight J, Deora R, Assimos DG, Holmes RP (2013) The genetic composition of Oxalobacter formigenes and its relationship to colonization and calcium oxalate stone disease. Urolithiasis, 41:187–196.
217. Knivsberg A-M, Reichelt K-L, Høien T, Nødland M (2003) Effect of a dietary intervention on autistic behavior. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl ,18:248–257.
218. Knivsberg A-M, Reichelt KL (2004) Autistic Syndromes and Diet: A Single Blind Study. In Focus on Autism Research,2nd ed.(Ed s OT Ryaskin):213-245. New York, Nova Medical Press.
219. Kobylewski S, Jacobson MF (2012) Toxicology of food dyes. Int J Occup Environ Health, 18:220–246.
220. Koch SC (2020) Indications and contraindications in dance movement therapy: learning from practitioners’ experience. GMS Journal of Arts Therapies, 2:Doc02.
221. Koch SC, Mehl L, Sobanski E, Sieber M, Fuchs T (2015) Fixing the mirrors: A feasibility study of the effects of dance movement therapy on young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 19:338–350.
222. Koenig KP, Buckley-Reen A, Garg S (2012) Efficacy of the Get Ready to Learn yoga program among children with autism spectrum disorders: A pretest–posttest control group design. Am J Occup Ther, 66:538–546.
223. Komarnytsky S, Rathinasabapathy T, Wagner C, Metzger B, Carlisle C, Panda C et al. (2021) Endocannabinoid system and its regulation by polyunsaturated fatty acids and full spectrum hemp oils. Int J Mol Sci, 22:5479.
224. Kouijzer MEJ, de Moor JMH, Gerrits BJL, Buitelaar JK, van Schie HT (2009) Long-term effects of neurofeedback treatment in autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 3:496–501.
225. Kouijzer MEJ, van Schie HT, Gerrits BJL, Buitelaar JK, de Moor JMH (2013) Is EEG-biofeedback an effective treatment in autism spectrum disorders? A randomized controlled trial. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 38:17–28.
226. Kumar V, Gill KD (2014) Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in aluminium neurotoxicity and its amelioration: a review. Neurotoxicology, 41:154–166.
227. Kumazaki H, Muramatsu T, Yoshikawa Y, Matsumoto Y, Ishiguro H, Kikuchi M et al. (2020) Optimal robot for intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 74:581–586.
228. Kurkin D V, Bakulin DA, Morkovin EI, Kalatanova A V, Makarenko IE, Dorotenko AR et al. (2021) Neuroprotective action of Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Actovegin in acute or chronic brain ischemia in rats. PLoS One, 16:e0254493.
229. Kurkin D V, Bakulin DA, Morkovin EI, Petrov VI, Strygin A V, Smirnov A V et al. (2025) Neurotropic effects of cortexin on models of mental and physical developmental delay. Biomedicines, 13:860.
230. Lai WW, Oei TPS (2014) Coping in parents and caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A review. Rev J Autism Dev Disord, 1:207–224.
231. Lang R, Koegel LK, Ashbaugh K, Regester A, Ence W, Smith W (2010) Physical exercise and individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 4:565–576.
232. Lang R, O’Reilly M, Healy O, Rispoli M, Lydon H, Streusand W et al. (2012) Sensory integration therapy for autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 6:1004–1018.
233. Lee B, Lee J, Cheon J-H, Sung H-K, Cho S-H, Chang GT (2018a) The efficacy and safety of acupuncture for the treatment of children with autism Spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018:1057539.
234. Lee MS, Choi T-Y, Shin B-C, Ernst E (2012) Acupuncture for children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Autism Dev Disord, 42:1671–1683.
235. Lee MS, Kim J-I, Ernst E (2011) Massage therapy for children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry, 72:406–411.
236. Lee RWY, Corley MJ, Pang A, Arakaki G, Abbott L, Nishimoto M et al. (2018b) A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Physiol Behav, 188:205–211.
237. Lee T-M, Lee K-M, Lee C-Y, Lee H-C, Tam K-W, Loh E-W (2021) Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 55:196–206.
238. Lerner MD, Mikami AY (2012) A preliminary randomized controlled trial of two social skills interventions for youth with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl, 27:147–157.
239. Lerner MD, Mikami AY, Levine K (2011) Socio-dramatic affective-relational intervention for adolescents with Asperger syndrome & high functioning autism: Pilot study. Autism, 15:21–42.
240. Levy SE, Hyman SL (2003) Use of complementary and alternative treatments for children with autistic spectrum disorders is increasing. Pediatr Ann, 32:685–691.
241. Levy SE, Hyman SL (2008) Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 17:803–820.
242. Levy SE, Hyman SL (2015) Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 24:117–143.
243. Liu C, Li T, Wang Z, Zhou R, Zhuang L (2019) Scalp acupuncture treatment for children’s autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 98: e14880.
244. Liu M, Devlin JC, Hu J, Volkova A, Battaglia TW, Ho M et al. (2021) Microbial genetic and transcriptional contributions to oxalate degradation by the gut microbiota in health and disease. Elife, 10:e63642.
245. Llambias C, Magill-Evans J, Smith V, Warren S (2016) Equine-assisted occupational therapy: Increasing engagement for children with autism spectrum disorder. Am J Occup Ther, 70:7006220040p1-7006220040p9.
246. Lofthouse N, Hendren R, Hurt E, Arnold LE, Butter E (2012) A review of complementary and alternative treatments for autism spectrum disorders. Autism Res Treat, 2012.1: 870391.
247. Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J (2018) Autism spectrum disorder. Lancet, 392:508–520.
248. Lucock M, Yates Z (2009) Folic acid fortification: a double-edged sword. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 12:555–564.
249. Malow B, Adkins KW, McGrew SG, Wang L, Goldman SE, Fawkes D et al. (2012) Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: a controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes. J Autism Dev Disord, 42:1729–1737.
250. Malow BA, Findling RL, Schroder CM, Maras A, Breddy J, Nir T et al. (2021) Sleep, growth, and puberty after 2 years of prolonged-release melatonin in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 60:252–261.
251. Mangiola F, Ianiro G, Franceschi F, Fagiuoli S, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A (2016) Gut microbiota in autism and mood disorders. World J Gastroenterol, 22:361.
252. Mao L, Tsui T-H, Zhang J, Dai Y, Tong YW (2021) Mixing effects on decentralized high-solid digester for horticultural waste: Startup, operation and sensitive microorganisms Bioresour Technol, 333:125216.
253. Maras A, Schroder CM, Malow BA, Findling RL, Breddy J, Nir T et al. (2018) Long-term efficacy and safety of pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 28:699–710.
254. Marchand AM (2012) Chiropractic care of children from birth to adolescence and classification of reported conditions: an internet cross-sectional survey of 956 European chiropractors. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 35:372–380.
255. Marchezan J, Winkler dos Santos EGA, Deckmann I, Riesgo R dos S (2019) Immunological dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: a potential target for therapy. Neuroimmunomodulation, 25:300–319.
256. Mari-Bauset S, Zazpe I, Mari-Sanchis A, Llopis-González A, Morales-Suarez-Varela M (2014) Evidence of the gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Child Neurol, 29:1718–1727.
257. Marino L, Lilienfeld SO (2007) Dolphin-assisted therapy: More flawed data and more flawed conclusions. Anthrozoös, 20:239–249.
258. Marsh A, Eslick EM, Eslick GD (2016) Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis Eur J Nutr, 55:897–906.
259. Martinez-Cayuelas E, Gavela-Pérez T, Rodrigo-Moreno M, Merino-Andreu M, Vales-Villamarín C, Pérez-Nadador I et al. (2022) Melatonin rhythm and its relation to sleep and circadian parameters in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Front Neurol, 13:813692.
260. Martínez-González AE, Andreo-Martínez P (2019) The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal symptoms of children with ASD. Medicina (Kaunas), 55:408.
261. Martínez-González AE, Andreo-Martínez P (2023) Autism and gut microbiota: A bibliometric study. Rev J Autism Dev Disord, 10:630–642.
262. Massey LK (2007) Food oxalate: factors affecting measurement, biological variation, and bioavailability. J Am Diet Assoc, 107:1191–1194.
263. Mateos-Moreno D, Atencia-Doña L (2013) Effect of a combined dance/movement and music therapy on young adults diagnosed with severe autism. Arts Psychother, 40:465–472.
264. Mayer-Benarous H, Benarous X, Vonthron F, Cohen D (2021) Music therapy for children with autistic spectrum disorder and/or other neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry, 12:435.
265. Mayer EA, Padua D, Tillisch K (2014) Altered brain‐gut axis in autism: comorbidity or causative mechanisms? Bioessays, 36:933–939.
266. Mazahery H, Stonehouse W, Delshad M, Kruger MC, Conlon CA, Beck KL et al. (2017) Relationship between long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and randomised controlled trials. Nutrients, 9:155.
267. Mazzoli R, Pessione E (2016) The neuro-endocrinological role of microbial glutamate and GABA signaling. Front Microbiol, 7:1934.
268. McElhanon BO, McCracken C, Karpen S, Sharp WG (2014) Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 133:872–883.
269. McGuinness G, Kim Y (2020) Sulforaphane treatment for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. EXCLI J, 19:892.
270. McKay JR, Lynch KG, Shepard DS, Pettinati HM (2005) The effectiveness of telephone-based continuing care for alcohol and cocaine dependence: 24-month outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry , 62:199–207.
271. Mehta VA, Spears CA, Abdelgadir J, Wang TY, Sankey EW, Griffin A et al. (2021) Management of unruptured incidentally found intracranial saccular aneurysms. Neurosurg Rev, 44:1933–1941.
272. Melamed IR, Heffron M, Testori A, Lipe K (2018) A pilot study of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin 5% for autism: Impact on autism spectrum and markers of neuroinflammation. Autism Res, 11:421–433.
273. Ming X, Chen X, Wang XT, Zhang Z, Kang V, Zimmerman-Bier B (2012) Acupuncture for treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012: 679845.
274. Mirenda P (2013) Autism spectrum disorder: Past, present, and future. Perspect Augment Altern Commun, 22:131–138.
275. Mitchell T, Kumar P, Reddy T, Wood KD, Knight J, Assimos DG et al. (2019) Dietary oxalate and kidney stone formation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 316:F409–F413.
276. Miyaoka T, Wake R, Furuya M, Liaury K, Ieda M, Kawakami K et al. (2013) Yokukansan (TJ-54) for treatment of very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: an open-label study. Phytomedicine, 20:654–658.
277. Modabbernia A, Velthorst E, Reichenberg A (2017) Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Mol Autism, 8:13.
278. Molina-Jimenez MF, Sanchez-Reus MI, Benedi J (2003) Effect of fraxetin and myricetin on rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells: comparison with N-acetylcysteine. Eur J Pharmacol, 472:81–87.
279. Morais LH, Schreiber IV HL, Mazmanian SK (2021) The gut microbiota–brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders. Nat Rev Microbiol, 19:241–255.
280. Mortada EM (2024) Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine in current medical practice. Cureus. 16:e52041.
281. Mössler K, Schmid W, Aßmus J, Fusar-Poli L, Gold C (2020) Attunement in music therapy for young children with autism: revisiting qualities of relationship as mechanisms of change. J Autism Dev Disord, 50:3921–3934.
282. Mousain-Bosc M, Siatka C, Bali JP (2011) Magnesium, hyperactivity and autism in children. In Magnesium in the Central Nervous System. 2nd ed (Eds R Vink, M Nechifor). Adelaide (AU), University of Adelaide Press.
283. Mudford OC, Cross BA, Breen S, Cullen C, Reeves D, Gould J et al. (2000) Auditory integration training for children with autism: no behavioral benefits detected. Am J Ment Retard, 105:118–129.
284. Mulé CM, Lavelle TA, Sliwinski SK, Wong JB (2021) Shared decision-making during initial diagnostic and treatment planning visits for children with autism spectrum disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 42:363–373.
285. Mulloy A, Lang R, O’Reilly M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Rispoli M (2010) Gluten-free and casein-free diets in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 4:328–339.
286. Munasinghe SA, Oliff C, Finn J, Wray JA (2010) Digestive enzyme supplementation for autism spectrum disorders: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord, 40:1131–1138.
287. Must A, Phillips S, Curtin C, Bandini LG (2015) Barriers to physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders: Relationship to physical activity and screen time. J Phys Act Health, 12:529–534.
288. Mutter J, Naumann J, Schneider R, Walach H, Haley B (2005) Mercury and autism: accelerating evidence? Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 26:439–446.
289. Myers SM, Johnson CP, Disabilities C on C with (2007) Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 120:1162–1182.
290. Nadeem M, Barakat JMH, Daas D, Potams A (2025) A review of socially assistive robotics in supporting children with autism spectrum disorder. Multimodal Technol Interact, 9:98.
291. Newell C, Bomhof MR, Reimer RA, Hittel DS, Rho JM, Shearer J (2016) Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism, 7:37.
292. Ng JY, Boon HS, Thompson AK, Whitehead CR (2016) Making sense of “alternative”,“complementary”,“unconventional” and “integrative” medicine: exploring the terms and meanings through a textual analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med, 16:134.
293. Ng QX, Loke W, Venkatanarayanan N, Lim DY, Soh AY Sen, Yeo WS (2019) A systematic review of the role of prebiotics and probiotics in autism spectrum disorders. Medicina (Kaunas), 55:129.
294. Nikoo M, Radnia H, Farokhnia M, Mohammadi M-R, Akhondzadeh S (2015) N-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive therapy to risperidone for treatment of irritability in autism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Clin Neuropharmacol, 38:11–17.
295. Nye C, Brice A (2005) Combined vitamin B6‐magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005(4):CD003497.
296. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group (2011) The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford, UK, Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.
297. O’Haire ME (2013) Animal-assisted intervention for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic literature review. J Autism Dev Disord, 43:1606–1622.
298. O’Haire ME (2017) Research on animal-assisted intervention and autism spectrum disorder, 2012–2015. Appl Dev Sci, 21:200–216.
299. O’Haire ME, Gabriels RL (2017) The impact of animals in classrooms assisting students with autism and other developmental disorders.In How Animals Help Students Learn (Eds ME O'haire,RL Gabriels): 83–97. New York, Routledge.
300. O’Haire ME, McKenzie SJ, McCune S, Slaughter V (2014) Effects of classroom animal-assisted activities on social functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Altern Complement Med, 20:162–168.
301. Oberman LM, Ifert-Miller F, Najib U, Bashir S, Woollacott I, Gonzalez-Heydrich J et al. (2010) Transcranial magnetic stimulation provides means to assess cortical plasticity and excitability in humans with fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Front Synaptic Neurosci, 2:1577.
302. Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A (2016) Brain stimulation to understand and modulate the autism spectrum. In Pediatric Brain Stimulation: Mapping and Modulating The Developing Brain (Eds A Kirton, DL Gilbert):257–279. New York, Elsevier Academic Press..
303. Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A (2015) Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 45:524–536.
304. Odeh CE, Martell R, Griffin S, Johnson ER, Gladfelter AL, Odeh CE et al. (2020) Motor-based interventions improve language outcomes in children with autism: a systematic review. Clin Arch Commun Disord, 5:1–7.
305. Olson CA, Vuong HE, Yano JM, Liang QY, Nusbaum DJ, Hsiao EY (2018) The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet. Cell, 173:1728–1741.
306. Önal S, Sachadyn-Król M, Kostecka M (2023) A review of the nutritional approach and the role of dietary components in children with autism spectrum disorders in light of the latest scientific research. Nutrients, 15:4852.
307. Ooi YP, Weng S-J, Kossowsky J, Gerger H, Sung M (2017) Oxytocin and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacopsychiatry, 50:5–13.
308. Ooi YP, Weng SJ, Jang LY, Low L, Seah J, Teo S et al. (2015) Omega-3 fatty acids in the management of autism spectrum disorders: findings from an open-label pilot study in Singapore. Eur J Clin Nutr, 69:969–971.
309. Pan C-Y (2010) Effects of water exercise swimming program on aquatic skills and social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 14:9–28.
310. Pan C-Y (2011) The efficacy of an aquatic program on physical fitness and aquatic skills in children with and without autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 5:657–665.
311. Pandina G, Ring RH, Bangerter A, Ness S (2020) Current approaches to the pharmacologic treatment of core symptoms across the lifespan of autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 43:629–645.
312. Paoli A, Rubini A, Volek JS, Grimaldi KA (2013) Beyond weight loss: a review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets. Eur J Clin Nutr, 67:789–796.
313. Parker A, Beresford B, Dawson V, Elphick H, Fairhurst C, Hewitt C et al. (2019) Oral melatonin for non‐respiratory sleep disturbance in children with neurodisabilities: Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Dev Med Child Neurol, 61:880–890.
314. Parker KJ, Oztan O, Libove RA, Sumiyoshi RD, Jackson LP, Karhson DS et al. (2017) Intranasal oxytocin treatment for social deficits and biomarkers of response in children with autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114:8119–8124.
315. Parracho HMRT, Gibson GR, Knott F, Bosscher D, Kleerebezem M, McCartney AL (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover-designed probiotic feeding study in children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics, 5:69.
316. Patel M, Atluri LM, Gonzalez NA, Sakhamuri N, Athiyaman S, Randhi B et al. (2022) A systematic review of mixed studies exploring the effects of probiotics on gut-microbiome to modulate therapy in children with autism spectrum disorder. Cureus, 14:12.
317. Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, Rodrigues Pereira R (2017) Diet and ADHD, reviewing the evidence: a systematic review of meta-analyses of double-blind placebo-controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of diet interventions on the behavior of children with ADHD. PLoS One, 12:e0169277.
318. Pennisi P, Tonacci A, Tartarisco G, Billeci L, Ruta L, Gangemi S et al. (2016) Autism and social robotics: A systematic review. Autism Res, 9:165–183.
319. Pereira AG, Echave J, Jorge AOS, Nogueira-Marques R, Nur Yuksek E, Barciela P et al. (2025) Therapeutic and preventive potential of plant-derived antioxidant nutraceuticals. Foods, 14:1749.
320. Perrin JM, Coury DL, Hyman SL, Cole L, Reynolds AM, Clemons T (2012) Complementary and alternative medicine use in a large pediatric autism sample. Pediatrics, 130:77–82.
321. Peters BC, Wood W, Hepburn S (2020) Theoretical development of equine-assisted activities and therapies for children with autism: a systematic mapping review. Hum Anim Interact Bull, 8(2):1-35.
322. Petrus C, Adamson SR, Block L, Einarson SJ, Sharifnejad M, Harris SR (2008) Effects of exercise interventions on stereotypic behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder. Physiother Can, 60:134–145.
323. Pfeiffer BA, Koenig K, Kinnealey M, Sheppard M, Henderson L (2011) Effectiveness of sensory integration interventions in children with autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Am J Occup The, 65:76–85.
324. Pineda JA, Brang D, Hecht E, Edwards L, Carey S, Bacon M et al. (2008) Positive behavioral and electrophysiological changes following neurofeedback training in children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 2:557–581.
325. Pineda JA, Carrasco K, Datko M, Pillen S, Schalles M (2014) Neurofeedback training produces normalization in behavioural and electrophysiological measures of high-functioning autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 369:20130183.
326. Piravej K, Tangtrongchitr P, Chandarasiri P, Paothong L, Sukprasong S (2009) Effects of Thai traditional massage on autistic children’s behavior. J Altern Complement Med, 15:1355–1361.
327. Piwowarczyk A, Horvath A, Łukasik J, Pisula E, Szajewska H (2018) Gluten-and casein-free diet and autism spectrum disorders in children: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr, 57:433–440.
328. Plioplys A V (1998) Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of children with autism. J Child Neurol, 13:79–82.
329. Preis J, McKenna M (2014) The effects of sensory integration therapy on verbal expression and engagement in children with autism. Int J Ther Rehabil, 21:476–486.
330. Pretzsch CM, Floris DL, Voinescu B, Elsahib M, Mendez MA, Wichers R et al. (2021) Modulation of striatal functional connectivity differences in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder in a single-dose randomized trial of cannabidivarin. Mol Autism, 12:49.
331. Pretzsch CM, Voinescu B, Mendez MA, Wichers R, Ajram L, Ivin G et al. (2019) The effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on low-frequency activity and functional connectivity in the brain of adults with and without ASD. J Psychopharmacol, 33:1141–1148.
332. Pusponegoro HD, Ismael S, Firmansyah A, Sastroasmoro S, Vandenplas Y (2015) Gluten and casein supplementation does not increase symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Paediatr, 104:e500–e505.
333. Quintana DS, Westlye LT, Alnæs D, Rustan ØG, Kaufmann T, Smerud KT et al. (2016) Low dose intranasal oxytocin delivered with Breath Powered device dampens amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A peripheral effect-controlled within-subjects randomized dose-response fMRI trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 69:180–188.
334. Ramaekers VT, Sequeira JM, Blau N, Quadros E V (2008) A milk‐free diet downregulates folate receptor autoimmunity in cerebral folate deficiency syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol, 50:346–352.
335. Randell E, Wright M, Milosevic S, Gillespie D, Brookes-Howell L, Busse-Morris M et al. (2022) Sensory integration therapy for children with autism and sensory processing difficulties: the SenITA RCT. Health Technol Assess, 26(29):1-140.
336. Ranieri A, Mennitti C, Falcone N, La Monica I, Di Iorio MR, Tripodi L et al. (2023) Positive effects of physical activity in autism spectrum disorder: how influences behavior, metabolic disorder and gut microbiota. Front Psychiatry, 14:1238797.
337. Ribichini E, Scalese G, Mocci C, Severi C (2024) Gut–brain axis and psychopathology: Exploring the impact of diet with a focus on the low-FODMAP approach. Nutrients, 16:3515.
338. Romero-Martínez Á, Sarrate-Costa C, Moya-Albiol L (2021) A systematic review of the role of oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in facial emotional processing. Biology (Basel), 10:1334.
339. Rosenblatt LE, Gorantla S, Torres JA, Yarmush RS, Rao S, Park ER et al. (2011) Relaxation response–based yoga improves functioning in young children with autism: A pilot study. J Altern Complement Med, 17:1029–1035.
340. Rossignol DA (2009) Novel and emerging treatments for autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 21:213–236.
341. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2011) Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol, 53:783–792.
342. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2012a) Folate receptor alpha autoimmunity and cerebral folate deficiency in autism spectrum disorders. J Pediatr Biochem, 2:263–271.
343. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2012b) Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry, 17:290–314.
344. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2012c) A review of research trends in physiological abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: immune dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental toxicant exposures. Mol Psychiatry, 17:389–401.
345. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2014) Evidence linking oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation in the brain of individuals with autism. Front Physiol, 5:150.
346. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2021a) A systematic review and meta-analysis of immunoglobulin g abnormalities and the therapeutic use of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in autism spectrum disorder. J Pers Med, 11:488.
347. Rossignol DA, Frye RE (2021b) The effectiveness of cobalamin (B12) treatment for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med, 11:784.
348. Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW, Smith S, Schneider C, Logerquist S, Usman A et al. (2009) Hyperbaric treatment for children with autism: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. BMC Pediatr, 9:21.
349. Rubenstein JLR, Merzenich MM (2003) Model of autism: increased ratio of excitation/inhibition in key neural systems. Genes Brain Behav, 2:255–267.
350. Ruhee RT, Suzuki K (2020) The integrative role of sulforaphane in preventing inflammation, oxidative stress and fatigue: A review of a potential protective phytochemical. Antioxidants (Basel), 9:521.
351. Ruskin DN, Kawamura Jr M, Masino SA (2009) Reduced pain and inflammation in juvenile and adult rats fed a ketogenic diet. PLoS One, 4:e8349.
352. Saad K, Abdel-Rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al-Atram AA, Cannell JJ, Bjørklund G et al. (2016) Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutr Neurosci, 19:346–351.
353. Saad K, Abdel‐Rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al‐Atram AA, El‐Houfey AA, Othman HA-K et al. (2018) Retracted: Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 59:20–29.
354. Saad K, Eltayeb AA, Mohamad IL, Al-Atram AA, Elserogy Y, Bjørklund G et al. (2015) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of digestive enzymes in children with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci, 13:188.
355. Sakulchit T, Ladish C, Goldman RD (2017) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder. Can Fam Physician, 63:446–448.
356. Sampanthavivat M, Singkhwa W, Chaiyakul T, Karoonyawanich S, Ajpru H (2012) Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of childhood autism: a randomised controlled trial. Diving Hyperb Med, 42:128–133.
357. Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Angkustsiri K, German JB, James SJ, Cutler P, et al. (2018) Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord ,13:1–32
358. Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Chen SY, Kalanetra K, Lemay DG, Rose DR, Yang HT, Tancredi DJ, German JB, Slupsky CM (2019) Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. PloS One, 14:e0210064.
359. Sathe N, Andrews JC, McPheeters ML, Warren ZE (2017a) Nutritional and dietary interventions for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 139:e20170346.
360. Scassellati B, Admoni H, Matarić M (2012) Robots for use in autism research. Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 14:275–294.
361. Scassellati B, Boccanfuso L, Huang C-M, Mademtzi M, Qin M, Salomons N et al. (2018) Improving social skills in children with ASD using a long-term, in-home social robot. Sci Robot, 3:eaat7544.
362. Schaaf RC, Benevides TW, Kelly D, Mailloux-Maggio Z (2012) Occupational therapy and sensory integration for children with autism: A feasibility, safety, acceptability and fidelity study. Autism, 16:321–327.
363. Schaaf RC, Case-Smith J (2014) Sensory interventions for children with autism. J Comp Eff Res, 3:225–227.
364. Schnorr SL, Bachner HA (2016) Integrative therapies in anxiety treatment with special emphasis on the gut microbiome. Yale J Biol Med, 89:397.
365. Schoen SA, Lane SJ, Mailloux Z, May‐Benson T, Parham LD, Smith Roley S et al. (2019) A systematic review of ayres sensory integration intervention for children with autism. Autism Res, 12:6–19.
366. Schweizer C (2020) Art therapy for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: Development and first evaluation of a treatment programme (Doctoral thesis). Groningen, University of Groningen.
367. Şenel HG (2010) Parents’ views and experiences about complementary and alternative medicine treatments for their children with autistic spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 40:494–503.
368. Shaaban SY, El Gendy YG, Mehanna NS, El-Senousy WM, El-Feki HSA, Saad K et al. (2018) The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, open-label study. Nutr Neurosci, 21:676–681.
369. Shafer RL, Lewis MH, Newell KM, Bodfish JW (2021) Atypical neural processing during the execution of complex sensorimotor behavior in autism. Behav Brain Res, 409:113337.
370. Sharda M, Silani G, Specht K, Tillmann J, Nater U, Gold C (2019) Music therapy for children with autism: investigating social behaviour through music. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 3:759–761.
371. Sharda M, Tuerk C, Chowdhury R, Jamey K, Foster N, Custo-Blanch M et al. (2018) Music improves social communication and auditory–motor connectivity in children with autism. Transl Psychiatry, 8:231.
372. Shaw T, Soto-Garcia M (2021) Chiropractic management of toe-walking in an eight-year-old male diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder utilizing a functional approach: A case study. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 26:538–541.
373. Shen Y, He P, Fan Y, Zhang J, Yan H, Hu W et al. (2010) Carnosine protects against permanent cerebral ischemia in histidine decarboxylase knockout mice by reducing glutamate excitotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med, 48:727–735.
374. Shepherd SJ, Lomer MCE, Gibson PR (2013) Short-chain carbohydrates and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol, 108:707–717.
375. Siafis S, Çıray O, Wu H, Schneider-Thoma J, Bighelli I, Krause M et al. (2022) Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Mol Autism, 13:10.
376. Sidjaja FF (2025) The growing definition of autism. Intl J Disabil Dev Educ, 72: 1505-1511.
377. Sikich L, Kolevzon A, King BH, McDougle CJ, Sanders KB, Kim S-J et al. (2021) Intranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med, 385:1462–1473.
378. Silva L, Schalock M (2013) Treatment of tactile impairment in young children with autism: results with qigong massage. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork, 6:12-20.
379. Silva LMT, Cignolini A, Warren R, Budden S, Skowron-Gooch A (2007) Improvement in sensory impairment and social interaction in young children with autism following treatment with an original Qigong massage methodology. Am J Chin Med, 35:393–406.
380. Silva LMT, Schalock M, Ayres R, Bunse C, Budden S (2009) Qigong massage treatment for sensory and self-regulation problems in young children with autism: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Occup Ther, 63:423–432.
381. Silva LMT, Schalock M, Gabrielsen KR, Budden SS, Buenrostro M, Horton G (2015) Early intervention with a parent‐delivered massage protocol directed at tactile abnormalities decreases severity of autism and improves child‐to‐parent interactions: a replication study. Autism Res Treat, 2015:904585.
382. Simpson K, Keen D (2011) Music interventions for children with autism: narrative review of the literature. J Autism Dev Disord, 41:1507–1514.
383. Singer A, Ravi R (2015) Complementary and alternative treatments for autism part 2: identifying and avoiding non-evidence-based treatments. AMA J Ethics, 17:375–380.
384. Singh K, Connors SL, Macklin EA, Smith KD, Fahey JW, Talalay P et al. (2014) Sulforaphane treatment of ASD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111:15550–15555.
385. Sinha Y, Silove N, Hayen A, Williams K (2011) Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(12):CD003681.
386. Sinha Y, Silove N, Wheeler D, Williams K (2006) Auditory integration training and other sound therapies for autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child, 91:1018–1022.
387. Slattery J, Kumar N, Delhey L, Berk M, Dean O, Spielholz C et al. (2015) Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 55:294–321.
388. Smith CA, Parton C, King M, Gallego G (2020a) Parents’ experiences of information-seeking and decision-making regarding complementary medicine for children with autism spectrum disorder: a qualitative study. BMC Complement Med Ther, 20:4.
389. Smith T, Mruzek DW, Mozingo D (2015) Sensory integration therapy. Controversial therapies for autism and intellectual disabilities. Routledge, pp 247–269.
390. So BR, Kim S, Jang SH, Kim MJ, Lee JJ, Kim SR et al. (2023) Dietary protocatechuic acid redistributes tight junction proteins by targeting Rho-associated protein kinase to improve intestinal barrier function. Food Funct, 14:4777–4791.
391. Sokhadze EM, Baruth JM, Sears L, Sokhadze GE, El-Baz AS, Casanova MF (2012) Prefrontal neuromodulation using rTMS improves error monitoring and correction function in autism. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 37:91–102.
392. Sokhadze EM, El-Baz AS, Tasman A, Sears LL, Wang Y, Lamina E V et al. (2014) Neuromodulation integrating rTMS and neurofeedback for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: an exploratory study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 39:237–257.
393. Sowa M, Meulenbroek R (2012) Effects of physical exercise on autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 6:46–57.
394. Srikantha P, Mohajeri MH (2019) The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci, 20:2115.
395. Srinivasan SM, Bhat AN (2013) A review of “music and movement” therapies for children with autism: embodied interventions for multisystem development. Front Integr Neurosci, 7:22.
396. Stevens C, Sidener TM, Reeve SA, Sidener DW (2011) Effects of behavior-specific and general praise, on acquisition of tacts in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord, 5:666–669.
397. Stewart PA, Hyman SL, Schmidt BL, Macklin EA, Reynolds A, Johnson CR et al. (2015) Dietary supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorders: common, insufficient, and excessive J Acad Nutr Diet, 115:1237–1248.
398. Sun C, Zou M, Zhao D, Xia W, Wu L (2016) Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in autistic children participating in structured teaching: an open-label trial. Nutrients, 8:337.
399. Syrdal DS, Dautenhahn K, Robins B, Karakosta E, Jones NC (2020) Kaspar in the wild: Experiences from deploying a small humanoid robot in a nursery school for children with autism. Paladyn, 11:301–326.
400. Tangkiatkumjai M, Boardman H, Walker D-M (2020) Potential factors that influence usage of complementary and alternative medicine worldwide: a systematic review. BMC Complement Med Ther, 20:363.
401. de Theije CGM, Wu J, Da Silva SL, Kamphuis PJ, Garssen J, Korte SM et al. (2011) Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management. Eur J Pharmacol, 668:S70–S80.
402. Tomova A, Husarova V, Lakatosova S, Bakos J, Vlkova B, Babinska K et al. (2015) Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiol Behav, 138:179–187.
403. Tordjman S, Najjar I, Bellissant E, Anderson GM, Barburoth M, Cohen D et al. (2013) Advances in the research of melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: literature review and new perspectives. Int J Mol Sci, 14:20508–20542.
404. Tortora S (2011) 2010 Marian Chace Lecture. Am J Dance Ther, 33:4–17.
405. Trembath D, Varcin K, Waddington H, Sulek R, Bent C, Ashburner J et al. (2023) Non-pharmacological interventions for autistic children: An umbrella review. Autism, 27:275–295.
406. Trzmiel T, Purandare B, Michalak M, Zasadzka E, Pawlaczyk M (2019) Equine assisted activities and therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med, 42:104–113.
407. Tsolaki M, Lazarou E, Kozori M, Petridou N, Tabakis I, Lazarou I et al. (2020) A randomized clinical trial of greek high phenolic early harvest extra virgin olive oil in mild cognitive impairment: The MICOIL pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis, 78:801–817.
408. Vandana P, Simkin DR, Hendren RL, Arnold LE (2023) Autism spectrum disorder and complementary-integrative medicine. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 32:469–494.
409. Vidyashree HM, Maheshkumar K, Sundareswaran L, Sakthivel G, Partheeban PK, Rajan R (2019) Effect of yoga intervention on short-term heart rate variability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Yoga, 12:73–77.
410. Vivanti G, Rogers SJ (2014) Autism and the mirror neuron system: insights from learning and teaching. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 369:20130184.
411. Vuong HE, Hsiao EY (2017) Emerging roles for the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 81:411–423.
412. wai Fan K (2005) National center for complementary and alternative medicine website. J Med Libr Assoc, 93:410.
413. Wainer J, Dautenhahn K, Robins B, Amirabdollahian F (2014) A pilot study with a novel setup for collaborative play of the humanoid robot KASPAR with children with autism Int J Soc Robot, 6:45–65.
414. Wainer J, Ferrari E, Dautenhahn K, Robins B (2010) The effectiveness of using a robotics class to foster collaboration among groups of children with autism in an exploratory study. Pers Ubiquit Comput, 14:445–455.
415. Walker WA, Iyengar RS (2015) Breast milk, microbiota, and intestinal immune homeostasis. Pediatr Res, 77:220–228.
416. Wang C, Preisser J, Chung Y, Li K (2018) Complementary and alternative medicine use among children with mental health issues: Results from the National Health Interview Survey. BMC Complement Altern Med, 18:241.
417. Wang L, Wang B, Wu C, Wang J, Sun M (2023) Autism spectrum disorder: neurodevelopmental risk factors, biological mechanism, and precision therapy. Int J Mol Sci, 24:1819.
418. Wang R, Ren Z, Li Y (2025) The effect of sulforaphane on autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. EXCLI J, 24:542–557.
419. Wang Z, Bai Y, Wang J, Wang J (2020a) The preventive and therapeutic effects of α-lipoic acid on ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate deposition in rats. Int Urol Nephrol, 52:1227–1234.
420. Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J (2020b) The association between vitamin D status and ASD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13:86.
421. Ward SC, Whalon K, Rusnak K, Wendell K, Paschall N (2013) The association between therapeutic horseback riding and the social communication and sensory reactions of children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord, 43:2190–2198.
422. Wardle JJL, Adams J (2014) Indirect and non-health risks associated with complementary and alternative medicine use: an integrative review. Eur J Integr Med, 6:409–422.
423. Watling R, Hauer S (2015) Effectiveness of Ayres Sensory Integration® and sensory-based interventions for people with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Am J Occup Ther, 69:6905180030p1-6905180030p12.
424. Weitlauf AS, Sathe N, McPheeters ML, Warren ZE (2017) Interventions targeting sensory challenges in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 139.6: e20170347.
425. Whitehouse AJO, Barry JG, Bishop DVM (2008) Further defining the language impairment of autism: is there a specific language impairment subtype? J Commun Disord, 41:319–336.
426. Whiteley P, Haracopos D, Knivsberg A-M, Reichelt KL, Parlar S, Jacobsen J, et al.S (2010a) The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten-and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. Nutr Neurosci, 13:87–100.
427. Whiteley P, Shattock P, Carr K, Hooper M, Todd L (2010b) How could a Gluten-and casein-Free Diet Ameliorate symptoms Associated with Autism spectrum conditions? Autism Insights, 2:39-53.
428. Wigham S, Rodgers J, South M, McConachie H, Freeston M (2015) The interplay between sensory processing abnormalities, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety and restricted and repetitive behaviours in autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord, 45:943–952.
429. Williams K, Wray JA, Wheeler DM (2012) Intravenous secretin for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012(4):CD003495.
430. Wink LK, Adams R, Wang Z, Klaunig JE, Plawecki MH, Posey DJ et al. (2016) A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of N-acetylcysteine in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism, 7:26.
431. Włodarczyk A, Cubała WJ, Wielewicka A (2020) Ketogenic diet: a dietary modification as an anxiolytic approach? Nutrients, 12:3822.
432. Wong HHL, Smith RG (2006) Patterns of complementary and alternative medical therapy use in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord, 36:901–909.
433. Wong VC-N, Sun J-G (2010) Randomized controlled trial of acupuncture versus sham acupuncture in autism spectrum disorder. J Altern Complement Med, 16:545–553.
434. Wong VCN, Chen W-X, Liu W-L (2010) Randomized controlled trial of electro-acupuncture for autism spectrum disorder. Altern Med Rev, 15:136–146.
435. Woodward A (2004) Music therapy for autistic children and their families: a creative spectrum. J Music Ther, 18:8–14.
436. Xiao N, Shinwari K, Kiselev S, Huang X, Li B, Qi J (2023) Effects of equine-assisted activities and therapies for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20:2630.
437. Xiong T, Chen H, Luo R, Mu D (2016) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10(10):CD010922.
438. Xu Y, Yang X, Chen D, Xu Y, Lan L, Zhao S et al. (2023) Maternal exposure to pesticides and autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders in offspring: A meta-analysis. Chemosphere, 313:137459.
439. Yamasue H, Okada T, Munesue T, Kuroda M, Fujioka T, Uno Y et al. (2020) Effect of intranasal oxytocin on the core social symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Mol Psychiatry, 25:1849–1858.
440. Yatawara CJ, Einfeld SL, Hickie IB, Davenport TA, Guastella AJ (2016) The effect of oxytocin nasal spray on social interaction deficits observed in young children with autism: a randomized clinical crossover trial. Mol Psychiatry, 21:1225–1231.
441. Yenkoyan K, Ounanian Z, Mirumyan M, Hayrapetyan L, Zakaryan N, Sahakyan R, et al. (2024) Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: current and promising strategies. Curr Med Chem, 31:1485–1511.
442. Yıldıran A (2024) Immunology and genetics of autism spectrum disorders and retrospective evaluation of clinical responses to regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Int J Pediatr, 12:2.
443. Yu Z, Zhang P, Tao C, Lu L, Tang C (2023) Efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions targeting social function in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 18:e0291720.
444. Zavadenko NN, Davydova LA (2019) Neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm-born children (with extremely low, very low or low body weight). Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 119(12):12–19.
445. Zhang Y, Zeng J, Wu D, Li X, Chen Y, Dai S et al. (2021) Effect and safety of acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 100:e22269.
446. Zhao M, You Y, Li J, Healy S, Taylor A, Zhang Z et al. (2022) The effects of therapeutic horseback riding program on motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Ment Health Promot, 24: 475-489.
447. Zheng Z, Nie G, Swanson A, Weitlauf A, Warren Z, Sarkar N (2020) A randomized controlled trial of an intelligent robotic response to joint attention intervention system. J Autism Dev Disord, 50:2819–2831.
448. Zhou S, Zheng G, Yu H, Wu Y, Huang W, Zhang Z et al. (2025) The relationship between dietary patterns and the autistic trait in school-age children. Res Autism, 126:202633.
449. Zimmerman AW, Singh K, Connors SL, Liu H, Panjwani AA, Lee L-Cet al, (2021) Randomized controlled trial of sulforaphane and metabolite discovery in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism, 12:38.
450. Zisman CR, Patti MA, Kalb LG, Stapp EK, Van Eck K, Volk H et al. (2020) Complementary and alternative medicine use in children with a developmental disability and co-occurring medical conditions. Complement Ther Med, 53:102527.
451. Zwaigenbaum L, Bauman ML, Choueiri R, Kasari C, Carter A, Granpeesheh D et al. (2015) Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder under 3 years of age: recommendations for practice and research. Pediatrics, 136:S60–S81.
452. Zykov VP, Serebrennikova EB, Panchenko TN, Sycheva YB, Presnyakova SN, Mazur EL et al. (2018) Results of a multicenter study on the efficacy of cortexin in treatment of cognitive dysfunction in children. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 118(3):27–31.