Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı: Koruyucu Faktörlerin Üçlü Paralel Aracılık Modeli

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusunun (FoMO) sosyal medya bağımlılığı ile ilişkisini, pozitif psikoloji alanyazınında da önemli bir yeri olan üç koruyucu faktörü—yaşam doyumu, benlik saygısı ve psikolojik dayanıklılık—aynı modelde ele alarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada, bu değişkenlerin FoMO–sosyal medya bağımlılığı ilişkisindeki paralel aracı rolleri test edilmiştir. Yöntem: Ulaşılabilirlik ilkesi doğrultusunda kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış ve çevrimiçi anket yoluyla 475 üniversite öğrencisinden (%78,9 kadın) veri toplanmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Gelişmeleri Kaçırma Korkusu Ölçeği, Kısa Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği, Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: FoMO, sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve benlik saygısı ile pozitif yönde (ters puanlama nedeniyle), yaşam doyumu ve psikolojik dayanıklılık ile ise negatif yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Paralel aracılık analizinde, benlik saygısı (B = .12, %95 BCa GA [.001, .25]) ve psikolojik dayanıklılık (B = .13, %95 BCa GA [.02, .26]) FoMO–sosyal medya bağımlılığı ilişkisinde anlamlı aracılar olarak ortaya çıkarken, yaşam doyumunun aracılık etkisi anlamlı bulunmamıştır (B = .02, 95% BCa GA [−.02, .08]). Model, sosyal medya bağımlılığındaki varyansın %31’ini açıklamaktadır. Sonuç: Bulgular, FoMO’nun sosyal medya bağımlılığının güçlü bir yordayıcısı olduğunu ve bu ilişkide benlik saygısı ile psikolojik dayanıklılığın anlamlı aracılık rolleri üstlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, sosyal medya bağımlılığını azaltmaya yönelik müdahalelerin, FoMO’yu tetikleyen süreçleri hedef alması, bireylerin dayanıklılık düzeylerini güçlendirmesi ve benlik saygısını desteklemesi önerilmektedir. Özellikle üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik olarak tasarlanacak, ekran süresinin etkin yönetimini sağlayan, alternatif sosyalleşme imkânları sunan ve dengeli sosyal medya kullanımını teşvik eden bütüncül ve sürdürülebilir stratejilerin, daha sağlıklı ve işlevsel dijital etkileşimlerin gelişimine önemli katkılar sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• sosyal medya bağımlılığı
• gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu
• yaşam doyumu
• benlik saygısı
• psikolojik dayanıklılık.

Etik Beyan

Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu (No. 68282350/2023/01; 11 Ocak 2023)

Fear of Missing Out and Social Media Addiction: A Triple Parallel Mediation Model of Protective Factors

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and social media addiction by incorporating three protective factors—life satisfaction, self-esteem, and psychological resilience—which hold a significant place in the positive psychology literature, within a single model. The study tested the parallel mediating roles of these variables in the relationship between FoMO and social media addiction. Method: In line with the principle of accessibility, a convenience sampling method was employed, and data were collected online from 475 university students (78.9% female). The data collection instruments included the Social Media Addiction Scale, the Fear of Missing Out Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Results: FoMO was positively associated with social media addiction and self-esteem (due to reverse scoring), and negatively associated with life satisfaction and psychological resilience. In the parallel mediation analysis, self-esteem (B = .12, 95% BCa CI [.001, .25]) and psychological resilience (B = .13, 95% BCa CI [.02, .26]) emerged as significant mediators in the FoMO–social media addiction relationship, whereas the mediating effect of life satisfaction was not significant (B = .02, 95% BCa CI [−.02, .08]). The model explained 31% of the variance in social media addiction. Conclusion: The results indicate that FoMO is a strong predictor of social media addiction and that self-esteem and psychological resilience play significant mediating roles in this relationship. Accordingly, interventions to reduce social media addiction may benefit from targeting processes related to FoMO, strengthening resilience, and supporting self-esteem. Particularly for university students, comprehensive and sustainable strategies designed to facilitate effective screen time management, provide alternative opportunities for socialization, and promote balanced social media use are expected to make a substantial contribution to the development of healthier and more functional digital interactions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• social media addiction
• fear of missing out
• life satisfaction
• self-esteem
• resilience

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Etik Beyan

Pamukkale University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee for Social and Human Sciences (No. 68282350/2023/01; January 11, 2023)

Teşekkür

I sincerely thank all participants who contributed by taking part in this study.

Kaynakça

1. Alabri A (2022) Fear of missing out (FoMO): The effects of the need to belong, perceived centrality, and fear of social exclusion. Hum Behav Emerg Technol, 2022:4824256.
2. Almulla MO, Alonazi WB, Abdulrahim A, Almutairi B, Alhajji M, Aldahash R et al. (2025) Resilience as a predictor of internet addictive behaviours: A cross-cultural study. BMC Psychol, 13:77.
3. An J, Xiang Z, Wan K, Yang Y, Zhu X, An J. (2025) Effects of psychological resilience on social media information-sharing behavior in older adults: mediating role of technology anxiety and perceived enjoyment. Front Psychol, 16:595688.
4. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S (2014) Social network site addiction—an overview. Curr Pharm Des, 20:4053–4061.
5. Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD (2017) The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addict Behav, 64:287–293.
6. Balta S, Emirtekin E, Kircaburun K, Griffiths MD (2020) Neuroticism, trait fear of missing out, and phubbing: The mediating role of state fear of missing out and problematic Instagram use. Int J Ment Health Addict, 18:628–639.
7. Błachnio A, Przepiorka A, Pantic I (2016) Association between Facebook addiction, self-esteem and life satisfaction: A cross-sectional study. Comput Hum Behav, 55:701–705.
8. Błachnio A, Przepiórka A, Wołońciej M, Bassam Mahmoud A, Holdoš J, Yafi E (2018) Loneliness, friendship, and Facebook intrusion: A study in Poland, Slovakia, Syria, Malaysia, and Ecuador. Stud Psychol (Bratisl), 60:183–194.

9. Buglass SL, Binder JF, Betts LR, Underwood JD (2017) Motivators of online vulnerability: The impact of social network site use and FoMO. Comput Hum Behav, 66:248–255.
10. Cao X, Gong M, Yu L, Dai B (2020) Exploring the mechanism of social media addiction: An empirical study from WeChat users. Internet Research, 30:1305–1328.
11. Chen S, Li H, Pang L, Wen D (2023) The relationship between social media use and negative emotions among Chinese medical college students: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of resilience. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 16:2755–2766.
12. Çuhadaroğlu F (1986) Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı (Uzmanlık tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
13. Dağlı A, Baysal N (2016) Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15:1250-1262.
14. Deniz M (2021) Fear of missing out (FoMO) mediate relations between social self-efficacy and life satisfaction. Psicol Reflex Crit, 34:1-9.
15. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S (1985) The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess, 49:71–75.
16. Doğan T (2015) Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3: 93–102.
17. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ (2016) Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Comput Hum Behav, 63:509–516.
18. Ergün N, Özkan Z, Griffiths MD (2025) Social media addiction and poor mental health: Examining the mediating roles of internet addiction and phubbing. Psychol Rep, 128:723–743.
19. Fang J, Wang X, Wen Z, Zhou J (2020) Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior. Addict Behav, 107:106430.
20. Fioravanti G, Casale S, Benucci SB, Prostamo A, Falone A, Ricca V et al. (2021) Fear of missing out and social networking sites use and abuse: A meta-analysis. Comput Hum Behav, 122:106839.
21. Forest AL, Wood JV (2012) When social networking is not working: Individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook. Psychol Sci, 23:295–302.
22. George D, Mallery M (2010) SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference 17.0 Update, 10th ed. Boston, Pearson.
23. Gong Z, Lv Y, Jiao X, Liu J, Sun Y, Qu Q (2022) The relationship between COVID-19-related restrictions and fear of missing out, problematic smartphone use, and mental health in college students: The moderated moderation effect of resilience and social support. Front Public Health, 10:986498.
24. Gori A, Topino E, Griffiths MD (2023) The associations between attachment, self-esteem, fear of missing out, daily time expenditure, and problematic social media use: A path analysis model. Addict Behav, 141: 107633.
25. Gökler ME, Aydın R, Ünal E, Metintaş S (2016) Sosyal ortamlarda gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu ölçeğinin Türkçe sürümünün geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 17:53–59.
26. Griffiths M (2005) A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use, 10:191–197.
27. Griffiths M (2013) Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and issues. J Addict Res Ther, 4:5.
28. Griffiths MD, Kuss DJ, Demetrovics Z (2014) Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. In: Behavioral Addictions, pp. 119–141.
29. Hayes AF (2022) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed. New York, Guilford Press.
30. Hou Y, Xiong D, Jiang T, Song L, Wang Q (2019) Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention.
31. Cyberpsychology (Brno), 13:4.
32. Hussain Z, Griffiths MD (2021) The associations between problematic social networking site use and sleep quality, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety and stress. Int J Ment Health Addict, 19:686–700.
33. Isneniah D, Wulan Lindasari S (2024) Correlational study: Self-esteem and fear of missing out (FoMO) in emerging adulthood. Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan, 18:209-217.
34. Kardefelt-Winther D (2014) A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput Hum Behav, 31:351–354.
35. Kaye LK (2021) Exploring the “socialness” of social media. Comput Hum Behav Rep, 3:100083.
36. Kim H, Schlicht R, Schardt M, Florack A (2021) The contributions of social comparison to social network site addiction. PLoS One, 16:e0257795.
37. Kircaburun K, Demetrovics Z, Tosuntaş SB (2019) Analyzing the links between problematic social media use, dark triad traits, and self-esteem. Int J Ment Health Addict, 17:1496–1507.
38. Kocabıyık OO, Bacıoğlu SD (2022) Predictive roles of psychological resilience and coping skills on social media addiction. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14:137–146.
39. Kross E, Verduyn P, Demiralp E, Park J, Lee DS, Lin N, et al. (2013) Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PLoS One, 8:e69841.
40. Kumar Swain R, Pati AK (2021) Use of social networking sites (SNSs) and its repercussions on sleep quality, psychosocial behavior, academic performance and circadian rhythm of humans – a brief review. Biol Rhythm Res, 52:1139–1178.
41. Kumpasoğlu GB, Eltan S, Merdan-Yıldız ED, Batıgün AD (2021) Mediating role of life satisfaction and death anxiety in the relationship between dark triad and social media addiction. Pers Individ Dif, 172:110606..
42. Kuss D, Griffiths M (2017) Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14:311.
43. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD (2011) Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 8:3528–3552.
44. Latikka R, Koivula A, Oksa R, Savela N, Oksanen A (2022) Loneliness and psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relationships with social media identity bubbles. Soc Sci Med, 293:114674.
45. Lee DS, Jiang T, Crocker J, Way BM (2022) Social media use and its link to physical health indicators. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 25:87–93.
46. Li J, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Yu Z, Gao X (2024) Profiles of fear of missing out and their social media use among young adults: A six-month longitudinal study. Addict Behav, 149:107899.
47. Malesev S, Cherry M (2021) Digital and social media marketing-growing market share for construction SMEs. Construct Econ Build, 21:65–82.
48. Marengo D, Fabris MA, Longobardi C, Settanni M (2022) Smartphone and social media use contributed to individual tendencies towards social media addiction in Italian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Addict Behav, 126:107204.
49. Marengo D, Longobardi C, Fabris MA, Settanni M (2018) Highly-visual social media and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The mediating role of body image concerns. Comput Hum Behav, 82:63–69.
50. Marino C, Gini G, Vieno A, Spada MM (2018) The associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 226:274–281.
51. Masten AS, Lucke CM, Nelson KM, Stallworthy IC (2021) Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 17:521–549.
52. Oberst U, Wegmann E, Stodt B, Brand M, Chamarro A (2017) Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. J Adolesc, 55:51–60.
53. Odgers CL, Jensen MR (2020) Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 61:336–348.
54. Orben A, Przybylski AK (2019) The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav, 3:173–182.
55. Pellegrino A, Stasi A, Bhatiasevi V (2022) Research trends in social media addiction and problematic social media use: A bibliometric analysis. Front Psychiatry, 13:1017506.
56. Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V (2013) Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput Hum Behav, 29:1841–1848.
57. Rosenberg M (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
58. Rosenberg M (1979) Components of Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. Conceiving the Self. New York, Basic Books.
59. Rozgonjuk D, Sindermann C, Elhai JD, Montag C (2020) Fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media’s impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat use disorders mediate that association? Addict Behav, 110:106487.
60. Salari N, Zarei J, Hosseinian-Far A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, Shohaimi S, Khaledi-Paveh B (2025) The global prevalence of social media addiction among university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord Rep, 12:223-236.
61. Servidio R, Gentile A, Boca S (2018) The mediational role of coping strategies in the relationship between self-esteem and risk of internet addiction. Eur J Psychol, 14:176–187.
62. Servidio R, Soraci P, Griffiths MD, Boca S, Demetrovics Z (2024) Fear of missing out and problematic social media use: A serial mediation model of social comparison and self-esteem. Addict Behav Rep, 19:100536.
63. Settanni M, Azucar D, Marengo D (2018) Predicting individual characteristics from digital traces on social media: A meta-analysis. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 21:217–228.
64. Shafi RMA, Nakonezny PA, Miller KA, Desai J, Almorsy AG, Ligezka AN et al. (2021) An exploratory study of clinical and physiological correlates of problematic social media use in adolescents. Psychiatry Res, 302:114020.
65. Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard JJ (2008) The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med, 15:194–200.
66. Sommantico M, Ramaglia F, Lacatena M (2023) Relationships between depression, fear of missing out and social media addiction: The mediating role of self-esteem. Healthcare, 11:1667.
67. Srivastava A (2015) The effect of Facebook use on life satisfaction and subjective happiness of college students. Int J Indian Psychol, 2:204–216.
68. Szczygieł K, Podwalski P (2020) Comorbidity of social media addiction and other mental disorders: an overview. Arch Psychiatry Psychother, 4:7–11.
69. Tandon A, Dhir A, Almugren I, AlNemer GN, Mäntymäki M (2021) Fear of missing out (FoMO) among social media users: A systematic literature review, synthesis and framework for future research. Internet Research, 31:782–821.
70. Tutgun-Ünal A, Deniz L (2015) Development of the social media addiction scale. AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 6:51–70.
71. Uram P, Skalski S (2022) Still logged in? The link between Facebook addiction, FoMO, self-esteem, life satisfaction and loneliness in social media users. Psychol Rep, 125:218–231.
72. Vogel EA, Rose JP, Roberts LR, Eckles K (2014) Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychol Pop Media Cult, 3:206–222.
73. Wang P, Wang X, Nie J, Zeng P, Liu K, Wang J, Guo J, Lei J (2019) Envy and problematic smartphone use: The mediating role of FoMO and the moderating role of student–student relationship. Pers Individ Dif, 146:136–142.
74. We Are Social (2025) Digital 2025: The Essential Guide to Global State of Digital. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2025/02/digital-2025-the-essential-guide-to-the-global-state-of-digital/. (Accessed 10.08.2025)
75. Weaver JL, Swank JM (2021) An examination of college students’ social media use, fear of missing out, and mindful attention. J Coll Couns, 24:132–145.
76. Yam FC, Yıldırım O, Köksal B (2024) The mediating and buffering effect of resilience on the relationship between loneliness and social media addiction among adolescents. Curr Psychol, 43:24080–24090.
77. Yilmaz R, Avci U, Karaoglan Yilmaz FG (2025) Exploring the role of sleep quality, obsessive–compulsive disorder, fear of missing out, and psychological resilience on problematic Instagram use. J Technol Behav Sci, 10:575-585.
78. Yuan Y (2021) Mindfulness training on the resilience of adolescents under the COVID-19 epidemic: A latent growth curve analysis. Pers Individ Dif, 172:110560.