Review of Attitudes Toward Menstruation from the Perspective of Ambivalent Sexism Theory

Öz

Menstruation is a biological process that is a natural part of reproductive health; however, it is also socially and culturally gendered. Social stigmas around menstruation often construct it as a form of “illness”, “impurity”, or “restriction”. This sociocultural construct defines which activities are considered “forbidden” or “permissible” for women during menstruation, thereby regulating their behaviors and social involvement. Furthermore, menstruation is usually seen as a “private” or “taboo” topic, and when it is discussed, it is often linked with derogatory or shameful language. Discriminatory attitudes toward women’s bodies during the menstrual process are more explicit in developing and underdeveloped countries, while in developed societies, they exist in more subtle forms. Nonetheless, these attitudes are shared by both women and men, emphasizing the universal link between menstruation and gender ideology. This article seeks to conceptualize attitudes toward menstruation through the lens of Ambivalent Sexism Theory, examine the interconnectedness of hostile and benevolent sexism within these cultural representations, and analyze women’s and men’s attitudes toward menstruation. The existing literature is reviewed within a comprehensive framework, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for future empirical studies on this topic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Menstruation
• Ambivalent Sexism
• Benevolent Sexism
• Hostile Sexism

Menstrüasyona İlişkin Tutumların Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Kuramı Perspektifinden Gözden Geçirilmesi

Öz

Menstrüasyon, üreme sağlığının doğal bir parçası olan biyolojik bir süreçtir; ancak yalnızca biyolojik değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal olarak da cinsiyetlendirilmiş bir olgudur. Toplumlarda menstrüasyona ilişkin damgalamalar, bu süreci sıklıkla bir “hastalık”, “kirlenme” ya da “kısıtlama” biçiminde inşa eder. Bu sosyal inşa, kadınlara menstrüasyon dönemlerinde hangi etkinliklerin “yasak” ya da “izinli” olduğuna dair normatif sınırlar koyarak, onların davranışlarını ve toplumsal rollerini kısıtlar. Ayrıca menstrüasyon genellikle “özel” veya “mahrem” bir mesele olarak görülür ve hakkında konuşulurken çoğunlukla aşağılayıcı veya utandırıcı bir dil kullanılır. Menstrüasyon üzerinden kadınlara yöneltilen ayrımcı tutumlar, gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülkelerde açık biçimde gözlemlenirken, gelişmiş ülkelerde ise daha örtük biçimlerde varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu tutumların hem kadınlar hem de erkekler tarafından paylaşılıyor olması, menstrüasyonun toplumsal cinsiyet rejimleriyle olan ilişkisini evrensel bir olgu hâline getirmektedir. Mevcut makale, menstrüasyona yönelik tutumların Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Kuramı perspektifinden nasıl kavramsallaştırılabileceğini ortaya koymayı, bu temsillerde düşmanca ve korumacı cinsiyetçilik boyutlarının nasıl iç içe geçtiğini tartışmayı ve nihayetinde kadınlar ile erkeklerin menstrüasyona ilişkin tutumlarını karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda alanyazındaki bulgular bütüncül bir çerçevede değerlendirilerek, gelecekteki ampirik araştırmalara kuramsal bir temel oluşturması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Menstrüasyon
• Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik
• Korumacı Cinsiyetçilik
• Düşmanca Cinsiyetçilik

Kaynakça

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