Anksiyete Bozukluklarına Tanılar Üstü Yaklaşım: Ortak Faktörler ve Bütüncül Müdahaleler

Öz

Anksiyete bozuklukları, yaygınlıkları ve bireylerin işlevselliği ile yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilme potansiyelleri nedeniyle hem klinik hem de araştırma çalışmalarında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Geleneksel tanı temelli müdahale yaklaşımları, belirli bozukluklara özgü semptomları hedef alırken; eştanı yaygınlığı ve bireysel farklılıkların yeterince gözetilmemesi gibi önemli sınırlılıklar barındırmaktadır. Bu nedenle, farklı bozukluklarda ortak biçimde ortaya çıkan bilişsel ve duygusal süreçleri hedefleyen tanılar üstü yaklaşımlar, daha bütüncül ve esnek bir müdahale olanağı sunmaktadır. Bu derleme, anksiyete bozukluklarının ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve sürdürülmesinde rol oynayan başlıca tanılar üstü mekanizmaları ele almakta; ruminasyon, anksiyete duyarlılığı, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü, davranışsal kaçınma, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, mükemmeliyetçilik, bilişsel esneklik, psikolojik esneklik, bilinçli farkındalık ve öz-şefkat süreçlerini kapsamlı bir biçimde incelemektedir. İlgili literatür bulguları doğrultusunda, incelenen tanılar üstü süreçlerin birden fazla psikopatolojiyle ilişkili olduğu, eş tanı örüntülerini açıklamada merkezi bir rol oynadığı ve müdahale hedefi haline geldiklerinde anksiyete ve eşlik eden belirtilerde anlamlı iyileşme sağlayabildikleri anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tanılar üstü yaklaşımlar
• anksiyete
• anksiyete bozuklukları

Transdiagnostic Approach to Anxiety Disorders: Common Factors and Integrative Interventions

Abstract

Anxiety disorders hold an important place in both clinical and research studies due to their prevalence and potential to negatively impact individuals' functioning and quality of life. Traditional diagnosis-based intervention approaches target symptoms specific to certain disorders; however, they have significant limitations, such as the prevalence of comorbidity and insufficient consideration of individual differences. Therefore, transdiagnostic approaches, which target cognitive and emotional processes that commonly occur across different disorders, offer a more comprehensive and flexible intervention opportunity. This review addresses the main transdiagnostic mechanisms involved in the onset, development, and maintenance of anxiety disorders, including comprehensively examining rumination, anxiety sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties, behavioral avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty, perfectionism, cognitive flexibility, psychological flexibility, mindfulness, and self-compassion processes. In line with relevant literature findings, it is understood that the examined transdiagnostic processes are associated with multiple psychopathologies, play a central role in explaining comorbidity patterns, and can provide meaningful improvement in anxiety and accompanying symptoms when targeted for intervention.

Keywords

• Transdiagnostic approaches
• anxiety
• anxiety disorders

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