Prenatal ve Erken Yaşamda Elektromanyetik Alanlara Maruziyet: Nörogelişim ve Davranış Üzerindeki Etkileri

Öz

Wi-Fi, 2,4 GHz ve 5 GHz frekanslarında çalışan yaygın bir radyo frekansı elektromanyetik alan (RF-EMF) kaynağıdır. Artan deneysel bulgular, prenatal ve erken postnatal dönemde RF-EMF maruziyetinin nörogelişim ve davranış üzerinde etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu derleme, RF-EMF maruziyetinin öğrenme, hafıza, kaygı benzeri davranışlar, motor aktivite ve keşif davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Çalışma, PubMed, Web of Science ve Scopus veri tabanlarında yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda seçilen 65 deneysel araştırmaya dayanmaktadır. Mekanistik çalışmalar, bu etkilerin artmış oksidatif stres, bozulmuş sinaptik plastisite ve nöronal sinyal yolaklarının modülasyonu ile ilişkili olduğunu ve nörojenez, dendritik diken oluşumu ve sinir devrelerinin olgunlaşmasını etkileyebileceğine işaret etmektedir. Hayvan çalışmalarında bulgular heterojendir; bazı çalışmalarda hafif bilişsel ve motor bozukluklar gözlemlenirken, diğerlerinde anlamlı davranışsal değişiklikler rapor edilmemiştir. İnsan verileri sınırlı ve tartışmalı olup, bilişsel ve davranışsal etkilere dair düşük düzeyde kanıt sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, gelişmekte olan sinir sisteminin bu maruziyetlere karşı hassasiyeti dikkat çekmektedir. Mevcut bulgular RF-EMF maruziyetinin nörobiyolojik mekanizmalar aracılığıyla nörogelişim ve davranışı etkileyebileceğini düşündürmektedir. Ancak bu etkilerin yönü ve büyüklüğü konusunda kesin sonuçlara ulaşmak için standartlaştırılmış, uzun dönemli ve çok boyutlu çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Maruziyet süresi, yoğunluğu, gelişimsel dönem ve cinsiyet gibi faktörler önemli rol oynamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nörogelişim
• davranış
• Elektromanyetik Alan
• prenatal maruziyet

Prenatal and Early-Life Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Impacts on Neurodevelopment and Behavior

Öz

Wi-Fi is a common source of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure, operating at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that RF-EMF exposure during prenatal and early postnatal periods may influence neurodevelopment and behavior. This review examines the effects of RF-EMF exposure on learning, memory, anxiety-like behaviors, motor activity, and exploratory behaviors. The study is based on 65 experimental studies identified through a literature search conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Mechanistic studies indicate that these effects are associated with increased oxidative stress, impaired synaptic plasticity, and modulation of neuronal signaling pathways, potentially affecting neurogenesis, dendritic spine formation, and the maturation of neural circuits. Findings from animal studies are heterogeneous; while some studies report mild cognitive and motor impairments, others do not observe significant behavioral changes. Human data remain limited and controversial, providing low-level evidence regarding cognitive and behavioral effects. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the developing nervous system to such exposures is noteworthy. Current evidence suggests that RF-EMF exposure may affect neurodevelopment and behavior through neurobiological mechanisms. However, further standardized, long-term, and multidimensional studies are required to reach definitive conclusions regarding the direction and magnitude of these effects. Factors such as exposure duration, intensity, developmental stage, and sex appear to play critical roles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neurol development
• behavior
• Electromagnetic Field
• prenatal exposure

Kaynakça

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