Madde Kullanım Bozukluklarında Bütüncül Psikososyal Müdahalelerde Sporun Rolü

Öz

Madde kullanım bozuklukları, biyolojik savunma mekanizmalarından sosyal işlevselliğe kadar tüm sistemleri etkileyen karmaşık bir sağlık sorunudur. Bu derleme, ruh sağlığı profesyonellerinin yürüttüğü psikososyal müdahale süreçlerinde spor ve fiziksel aktivite entegrasyonunun klinik ve sosyal değerini kanıta dayalı bulgular ışığında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatür verileri, düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin nörobiyolojik düzeyde dopaminerjik sistemi modüle ederek nüks riskini azalttığını; aynı zamanda nöroplastisiteyi tetikleyerek prefrontal korteks tabanlı yürütücü işlevleri ve öz-düzenleme becerilerini yeniden yapılandırdığını göstermektedir. Psikososyal düzeyde ise bireyin anhedoni ile baş etmesini kolaylaştırırken, sağlıklı akran ağları ve aidiyet hissi inşa ederek toplumsal damgalanmayı minimize etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, farklı bağımlılık türlerinde ne tür psikososyal ve sportif uygulamaların gerçekleştirildiği literatür taramasıyla ortaya konmuş; ayrıca ruh sağlığı uzmanlarının spor bağlamındaki etkin rol dağılımları ile disiplinler arası iş birliklerinin hangi alanlarda yapılandırılabileceği incelenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra spor temelli müdahalelerin; bilişsel davranışçı terapi, motivasyonel görüşme ve macera terapi gibi yapılandırılmış psikososyal müdahalelerle kombine edilmesinin, değişim motivasyonunu ve tedavi uyumunu anlamlı düzeyde artırdığı saptanmıştır. Bu durum, kliniğe bağlı kalmayan dinamik bir iyileşme iklimi sunmaktadır. Türkiye’deki uygulama kısıtlılıklarına karşın, sporun madde kullanım bozuklukları ile mücadele eden bireylerin ruh sağlığını geliştirmede ikincil bir uğraş olmaktan çıkarılarak, yapılandırılmış bir “psikososyal müdahale aracı” olarak konumlandırılması, multidisipliner tedavi protokollerine entegre edilmesi ve sürdürülebilir halk sağlığı politikalarıyla desteklenmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Madde Kullanım Bozukluğu
• Spor
• Psikososyal Yaklaşım
• Motivasyonel Görüşme

Role of Sports in Holistic Psychosocial Interventions for Substance Use Disorders

Öz

Substance use disorders are a complex health issue that affects all systems, from biological defense mechanisms to social functioning. This review aims to examine the clinical and social value of sports and physical activity integration in psychosocial intervention processes carried out by mental health professionals in the light of evidence-based findings. Literature data suggest that regular physical activity reduces the risk of relapse by modulating the dopaminergic system at the neurobiological level; It also shows that it restructures prefrontal cortex-based executive functions and self-regulation skills by triggering neuroplasticity. On the psychosocial level, it makes it easier for the individual to cope with anhedonia and minimizes social stigma by building healthy peer networks and a sense of belonging. In this direction, in the study, what kind of psychosocial and sports practices are carried out in different types of addiction was revealed through a literature review; In addition, the distribution of active roles of mental health professionals in the context of sports and the areas in which interdisciplinary collaborations can be structured were examined. In addition, sports-based interventions; It has been determined that combining it with structured psychosocial interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing and adventure therapy significantly increases change motivation and treatment adherence. This presents a dynamic recovery climate that is not dependent on the clinic. Despite the application limitations in Turkey, it is recommended that sports should be positioned as a structured "psychosocial intervention tool" rather than a secondary occupation in improving the mental health of individuals struggling with substance use disorders, integrated into multidisciplinary treatment protocols and supported by sustainable public health policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Substance Use Disorder
• Sport
• Psychosocial Approach
• Motivational Interviewing

Kaynakça

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