Araştırma Makalesi
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Roles of Memory, Memory Confidence and Feeling of Knowing Judgments in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 17, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.645537

Öz

The aim of the present study was to investigate roles of differential memory profiles, memory confidence and metacognitive judgments in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Thirty-three individuals participated in the study: 11 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder, 11 individuals with subclinical obsessive compulsive symptoms and 11 healthy controls. Participants’ three different memory performances namely episodic memory, visuo-spatial memory, and working memory and the memory confidence and feeling-of-knowing judgments under episodic memory task were measured. Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder showed lower performance and slower reaction times in all memory tasks than both subclinical and healthy controls. Also compared to other groups, patients with obsessive compulsive disorder had less confidence on their own memory, less confidence on their future memory performance, and low feeling-of-knowing judgments. These results indicated that reaction time, memory confidence, and metacognitive judgments provide better information about the memory impairments in obsessive compulsive disorder rather than general memory performance.

Kaynakça

  • Amir N, Cobb M, Morrison AS (2008) Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task. Behav Res Ther, 46:728–736.
  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA (1988) An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol, 56:893.
  • Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh, J (1961) Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4:561-571.
  • Cartwright-Hatton S, Wells A (1997) Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire and its correlates. J Anxiety Disord, 11:279-296.
  • Ceschi G, Van der Linden M, Dunker D, Perroud A, Brédart S (2003) Further exploration memory bias in compulsive washers. Behav Res Ther, 41:737-748.
  • Coles ME, Radomsky AS, Horng B (2006) Exploring the boundaries of memory distrust from repeated checking: Increasing external validity and examining thresholds. Behav Res Ther, 44:995-1006.
  • Constans JI, Foa EB, Franklin ME, Mathews A (1995) Memory for actual and imagined events in OC checkers. Behav Res Ther,33:665-671.
  • Dittrich WH, Johansen T, Fineberg NA, Landro NI (2011) Cognitive performance and specific deficits in OCD symptom dimensions: II. Spatial memory and impaired recognition of visuospatial object locations. German Journal of Psychiatry, 14:1-12.
  • Erol N, Savaşır I (1988) Maudsley Obsesif Kompulsif Soru Listesi. XXIV. Ulusal Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Kongresi, 19-23 Eylül 1988 Ankara, Türkiye, GATA Basımevi. Kongre Bildiri Kitabı sayfa:107-114.
  • Exner C, Kohl A, Zaudig M, Langs G, Lincoln TM, Rief W (2009). Metacognition and episodic memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 23:624-631.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A (2007) G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods, 39:175-191.
  • Fisher LP, Wells A (2008) Metacognitive therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder: A case series. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39:117-132.
  • Flament MF, Cohen D (2005) Emotional regulation and affective disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. In Emotional Development, (Eds J Nadel, D Muir):383–408. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Foa EB, Amir N, Gershuny B, Molnar C, Kozak MJ (1997) Implicit and explicit memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 11:199-129.
  • Foa EB, Ilai D, McCarthy PR, Shoyer B, Murdock T (1993) Information processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17:173-189.
  • Gibbs NA (1996) Nonclinical populations in research on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. Clin Psychol Rev, 16:729-773.
  • Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR et al. (1989) The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale: II. Validity. Arc Gen Psychiatry, 46:1012-1016.
  • Göz İ (2003) Yazılı Türkçenin Kelime Sıklığı Sözlüğü. Ankara, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Harkin B, Kessler K (2009) How checking breeds doubt: Reduced performance in a simple working memory task. Behav Res Ther, 47:504-512.
  • Harkin B, Kessler, K (2011) The role of working memory in compulsive checking and OCD: A systematic classification of 58 experimental findings. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:1004-1021.
  • Hart JT (1965) Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. J Educ Psychol, 56:208-216.
  • Henson RNA, Rugg MD, Shallice T, Dolan RJ (2000) Confidence in recognition memory for words: Dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci, 12:913-923.
  • Hermans D, Engelen U, Grouwels L ve ark. (2008) Cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Distrusting perception, attention and memory. Behav Res Ther 46: 98–113.
  • Hezel DM, McNally RJ (2016) A theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol, 121:221-232.
  • Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6:118-126.
  • Hodgson RJ, Rachman S (1977) Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behav Res Ther, 15:389-395.
  • Irak M (2005) Üstbiliş mi? Yönetici işlevler mi? Bilme hissinin nöropsikolojik testlerle ölçülen dikkat süreçlerinden yordanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 20:97-116.
  • Irak M, Tosun A (2008) Exploring the role of the meta-cognition in obsessive-compulsive and anxiety symptoms. J Anxiety Disord, 22:1316-1325.
  • Karamustafalıoğlu KO, Üçışık AM, Ulusoy M, Erkmen H (1993) Yale-Brown obsesyon-kompulsiyon derecelendirme ölçeği’nin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bursa, Savaş Ofset.
  • Kikul J, Van Allen TS, Exner C (2012) Underlying mechanisms of verbal memory deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression-the role of cognitive self-consciousness. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43:863-870.
  • MacDonald PA, Antony MM, Macleod CM, Richter MA (1997) Memory and confidence in memory judgments among individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and non-clinical controls. Behav Res Ther, 35:497-505.
  • Martin A, Wiggs CL, Altemus M, Rubenstein C, Murphy DL (1995) Working memory as assessed by subject-ordered tasks in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorderxs. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 17:786-792.
  • Medway M, Jones M (2013) Further evidence that repeated checking leads to reduced memory confidence, vividness and detail: New evidence that repeated object exposure also results in memory distrust. Behaviour Change, 30:159-179.
  • Moritz S, Ruhe C, Jelinek L, Naber D (2009) No deficits in nonverbal memory, metamemory and internal as well as external source memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav Res Ther, 47:308-315.
  • Nedeljkovic M, Kyrios M (2007) Confidence in memory and other cognitive processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 45:2899-2914.
  • Nedeljkovic M, Moulding R, Kyrios M, Doron G (2009) The relationship of cognitive confidence to OCD symptoms. J Anxiety Disord, 23:463-468.
  • Nelson OT, Gerler D, Narens L (1984) Accuracy of feeling-of-knowing judgments for predicting perceptual identification and relearning. J Exp Psychol Gen, 113:282-300.
  • Öner N, LeCompte A (1983) Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özdemir A, Poyraz CA, Baş TÖ, Erten E, Bayar R (2015) Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparison with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord, 7:29-34.
  • Penades R, Catalan R, Andres S, Salamero M, Gastó C (2005) Executive function and nonverbal memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res, 133:81-90.
  • Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C (1998) Cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder on tests of frontal-striatal function. Biol Psychiatry, 43: 348-357.
  • Purdon C, Clark DA (1999) Metacognition and obsessions. Clin Psychol Psychother, 6:102-110.
  • Radomsky AS, Dugas MJ, Alcolado GM, Lavoie SL (2014) When more is less: Doubt, repetition, memory, metamemory, and compulsive checking in OCD. Behav Res Ther, 59:30-39.
  • Radomsky AS, Gilchrist PT, Dussault D (2006) Repeated checking really does cause memory distrust. Behav Res Ther, 44:305-316.
  • Radomsky AS, Rachman S (1999) Memory bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 37:605-618.
  • Radomsky AS, Rachman S (2004) Symmetry, ordering and arranging compulsive behaviour. Behav Res Ther, 42:893-913.
  • Rampacher F, Lennertz L, Vogeley A, Schulze-Rauschenbach S, Kathmann N, Falkai P et al. (2010) Evidence for specific cognitive deficits in visual information processing in patients with OCD compared to patients with unipolar depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 34:984-991.
  • Rubenstein CS, Peynircioglu ZF, Chambless DL, Pigott TA (1993) Memory in sub-clinical obsessive-compulsive checkers. Behav Res Ther, 31:759-765.
  • Sharma S, Kumar V, Trivedi J, Dalal PK, Kumar P, Sudarshanan S et al. (2012) Working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 15:338-341.
  • Slotnick SD, Schacter DL (2004) A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories. Nat Neurosci, 7:664–672.
  • Slotnick SD, Schacter DL (2006) The nature of memory related activity in early visual areas. Neuropsychologia, 44:2874-2886.
  • Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE (1970) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Manual. Mind Garden, Inc.
  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th ed. New York, Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tallis F, Pratt P, Jamani N (1999) Obsessive compulsive disorder, checking, and non-verbal memory: a neuropsychological investigation. Behav Res Ther, 37:161-166.
  • Tata PR, Leibowitz JA, Prunty MJ, Cameron M, Pickering AD (1996) Attentionai bias in obsessional compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 34:53-60.
  • Tolin DF, Abramowitz JS, Brigidi BD, Amir N, Street GP, Foa EB (2001) Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 39:913-927.
  • Tosun A, Irak M (2008) Üstbiliş Ölçeği-30'un Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerliği, güvenirliği, kaygı ve obsesif-kompulsif belirtilerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19:67-80.
  • Tuna S, Tekcan, AI, Topçuoğlu V (2005) Memory and metamemory in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 43:15-27.
  • Tükel R, Gürvit H, Ertekin BA, Oflaz S, Ertekin E, Baran B et al. (2012) Neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry, 53:167-175.
  • Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H (1998) Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties.J Cogn Psychother, 12:163-172.
  • Van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP, Merkelbach J, Cath DC et al. (2005) Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arc Gen Psychiatry, 62:922-933.
  • van der Wee NJA, Ramsey NF, Jansma JM, Denys DA, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HM et al. (2003) Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex. Neuroimage, 20:2271-2280.
  • van der Wee NJA, Ramsey NF, van Megen HJGM, Denys D, Westenberg HG, Kahn RS (2007) Spatial working memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder improves with clinical response: A functional MRI study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17:16-23.
  • Weber F, Hauke W, Jahn I, Stengler K, Himmerich H, Zaudig M (2014) Does “thinking about thinking” interfere with memory? An experimental memory study in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 28:679-686.
  • Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S (2004) A short form of the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ 30. Behav Res Ther, 42:385-396.
  • Zucker BG (2004) Early intervention for subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), USA, University of California.

Obsesif Kompulsif Bozuklukta Bellek, Belleğe Güven ve Bilme Hissi Kararları Arasındaki İlişkiler

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 17, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.645537

Öz

Bu çalışmada obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı almış hastalarda farklı bellek performansları, belleğe duyulan güven ve bilme hissi kararları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, DSM-IV-TR tanı ölçütlerine göre obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanısı almış 11 hasta (klinik grup), 11 obsesif-kompulsif belirtiler gösteren ancak tanı almamış birey (eşik altı grup) ve 11 sağlıklı birey (sağlıklı kontrol grubu) olmak üzere toplam 33 katılımcı ile yürütülmüştür. Katılımcıların olaysal bellek, görsel uzamsal bellek ve çalışma belleği olmak üzere farklı bellek performanslarına yönelik ölçüm alınmıştır. Ayrıca olaysal bellek görevinde belleğe duyulan güven ve bilme hissi kararları da ölçülmüştür. Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanılı hastaların diğer iki grupla karşılaştırıldığında, bütün bellek performanslarının düşük olduğu, bu görevler sırasında daha yavaş oldukları, belleğe duyulan güven açısından daha olumsuz oldukları, bilme hissi kararlarının düşük ve gelecekteki bellek performanslarının başarısına ilişkin tahminlerinin de daha tutarsız ve düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular, obsesif kompulsif bozukluktaki bellek süreçlerinin incelenmesinde, belleğe duyulan güven ve belleğe ilişkin üstbilişsel değerlendirmelerin, genel bellek performansından daha fazla bilgi verici ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk tanılı hastaların diğer gruplardan ayırt etmede daha başarılı süreçler olduğuna işaret etmiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • Amir N, Cobb M, Morrison AS (2008) Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task. Behav Res Ther, 46:728–736.
  • Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA (1988) An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol, 56:893.
  • Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh, J (1961) Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4:561-571.
  • Cartwright-Hatton S, Wells A (1997) Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire and its correlates. J Anxiety Disord, 11:279-296.
  • Ceschi G, Van der Linden M, Dunker D, Perroud A, Brédart S (2003) Further exploration memory bias in compulsive washers. Behav Res Ther, 41:737-748.
  • Coles ME, Radomsky AS, Horng B (2006) Exploring the boundaries of memory distrust from repeated checking: Increasing external validity and examining thresholds. Behav Res Ther, 44:995-1006.
  • Constans JI, Foa EB, Franklin ME, Mathews A (1995) Memory for actual and imagined events in OC checkers. Behav Res Ther,33:665-671.
  • Dittrich WH, Johansen T, Fineberg NA, Landro NI (2011) Cognitive performance and specific deficits in OCD symptom dimensions: II. Spatial memory and impaired recognition of visuospatial object locations. German Journal of Psychiatry, 14:1-12.
  • Erol N, Savaşır I (1988) Maudsley Obsesif Kompulsif Soru Listesi. XXIV. Ulusal Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Kongresi, 19-23 Eylül 1988 Ankara, Türkiye, GATA Basımevi. Kongre Bildiri Kitabı sayfa:107-114.
  • Exner C, Kohl A, Zaudig M, Langs G, Lincoln TM, Rief W (2009). Metacognition and episodic memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 23:624-631.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A (2007) G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods, 39:175-191.
  • Fisher LP, Wells A (2008) Metacognitive therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder: A case series. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 39:117-132.
  • Flament MF, Cohen D (2005) Emotional regulation and affective disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. In Emotional Development, (Eds J Nadel, D Muir):383–408. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Foa EB, Amir N, Gershuny B, Molnar C, Kozak MJ (1997) Implicit and explicit memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 11:199-129.
  • Foa EB, Ilai D, McCarthy PR, Shoyer B, Murdock T (1993) Information processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17:173-189.
  • Gibbs NA (1996) Nonclinical populations in research on obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. Clin Psychol Rev, 16:729-773.
  • Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR et al. (1989) The yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale: II. Validity. Arc Gen Psychiatry, 46:1012-1016.
  • Göz İ (2003) Yazılı Türkçenin Kelime Sıklığı Sözlüğü. Ankara, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Harkin B, Kessler K (2009) How checking breeds doubt: Reduced performance in a simple working memory task. Behav Res Ther, 47:504-512.
  • Harkin B, Kessler, K (2011) The role of working memory in compulsive checking and OCD: A systematic classification of 58 experimental findings. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:1004-1021.
  • Hart JT (1965) Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. J Educ Psychol, 56:208-216.
  • Henson RNA, Rugg MD, Shallice T, Dolan RJ (2000) Confidence in recognition memory for words: Dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci, 12:913-923.
  • Hermans D, Engelen U, Grouwels L ve ark. (2008) Cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Distrusting perception, attention and memory. Behav Res Ther 46: 98–113.
  • Hezel DM, McNally RJ (2016) A theoretical review of cognitive biases and deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychol, 121:221-232.
  • Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6:118-126.
  • Hodgson RJ, Rachman S (1977) Obsessional-compulsive complaints. Behav Res Ther, 15:389-395.
  • Irak M (2005) Üstbiliş mi? Yönetici işlevler mi? Bilme hissinin nöropsikolojik testlerle ölçülen dikkat süreçlerinden yordanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 20:97-116.
  • Irak M, Tosun A (2008) Exploring the role of the meta-cognition in obsessive-compulsive and anxiety symptoms. J Anxiety Disord, 22:1316-1325.
  • Karamustafalıoğlu KO, Üçışık AM, Ulusoy M, Erkmen H (1993) Yale-Brown obsesyon-kompulsiyon derecelendirme ölçeği’nin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Bursa, Savaş Ofset.
  • Kikul J, Van Allen TS, Exner C (2012) Underlying mechanisms of verbal memory deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression-the role of cognitive self-consciousness. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43:863-870.
  • MacDonald PA, Antony MM, Macleod CM, Richter MA (1997) Memory and confidence in memory judgments among individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and non-clinical controls. Behav Res Ther, 35:497-505.
  • Martin A, Wiggs CL, Altemus M, Rubenstein C, Murphy DL (1995) Working memory as assessed by subject-ordered tasks in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorderxs. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 17:786-792.
  • Medway M, Jones M (2013) Further evidence that repeated checking leads to reduced memory confidence, vividness and detail: New evidence that repeated object exposure also results in memory distrust. Behaviour Change, 30:159-179.
  • Moritz S, Ruhe C, Jelinek L, Naber D (2009) No deficits in nonverbal memory, metamemory and internal as well as external source memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav Res Ther, 47:308-315.
  • Nedeljkovic M, Kyrios M (2007) Confidence in memory and other cognitive processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 45:2899-2914.
  • Nedeljkovic M, Moulding R, Kyrios M, Doron G (2009) The relationship of cognitive confidence to OCD symptoms. J Anxiety Disord, 23:463-468.
  • Nelson OT, Gerler D, Narens L (1984) Accuracy of feeling-of-knowing judgments for predicting perceptual identification and relearning. J Exp Psychol Gen, 113:282-300.
  • Öner N, LeCompte A (1983) Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özdemir A, Poyraz CA, Baş TÖ, Erten E, Bayar R (2015) Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparison with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord, 7:29-34.
  • Penades R, Catalan R, Andres S, Salamero M, Gastó C (2005) Executive function and nonverbal memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res, 133:81-90.
  • Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C (1998) Cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder on tests of frontal-striatal function. Biol Psychiatry, 43: 348-357.
  • Purdon C, Clark DA (1999) Metacognition and obsessions. Clin Psychol Psychother, 6:102-110.
  • Radomsky AS, Dugas MJ, Alcolado GM, Lavoie SL (2014) When more is less: Doubt, repetition, memory, metamemory, and compulsive checking in OCD. Behav Res Ther, 59:30-39.
  • Radomsky AS, Gilchrist PT, Dussault D (2006) Repeated checking really does cause memory distrust. Behav Res Ther, 44:305-316.
  • Radomsky AS, Rachman S (1999) Memory bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 37:605-618.
  • Radomsky AS, Rachman S (2004) Symmetry, ordering and arranging compulsive behaviour. Behav Res Ther, 42:893-913.
  • Rampacher F, Lennertz L, Vogeley A, Schulze-Rauschenbach S, Kathmann N, Falkai P et al. (2010) Evidence for specific cognitive deficits in visual information processing in patients with OCD compared to patients with unipolar depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 34:984-991.
  • Rubenstein CS, Peynircioglu ZF, Chambless DL, Pigott TA (1993) Memory in sub-clinical obsessive-compulsive checkers. Behav Res Ther, 31:759-765.
  • Sharma S, Kumar V, Trivedi J, Dalal PK, Kumar P, Sudarshanan S et al. (2012) Working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 15:338-341.
  • Slotnick SD, Schacter DL (2004) A sensory signature that distinguishes true from false memories. Nat Neurosci, 7:664–672.
  • Slotnick SD, Schacter DL (2006) The nature of memory related activity in early visual areas. Neuropsychologia, 44:2874-2886.
  • Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE (1970) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Manual. Mind Garden, Inc.
  • Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics, 5th ed. New York, Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tallis F, Pratt P, Jamani N (1999) Obsessive compulsive disorder, checking, and non-verbal memory: a neuropsychological investigation. Behav Res Ther, 37:161-166.
  • Tata PR, Leibowitz JA, Prunty MJ, Cameron M, Pickering AD (1996) Attentionai bias in obsessional compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 34:53-60.
  • Tolin DF, Abramowitz JS, Brigidi BD, Amir N, Street GP, Foa EB (2001) Memory and memory confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 39:913-927.
  • Tosun A, Irak M (2008) Üstbiliş Ölçeği-30'un Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerliği, güvenirliği, kaygı ve obsesif-kompulsif belirtilerle ilişkisi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19:67-80.
  • Tuna S, Tekcan, AI, Topçuoğlu V (2005) Memory and metamemory in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 43:15-27.
  • Tükel R, Gürvit H, Ertekin BA, Oflaz S, Ertekin E, Baran B et al. (2012) Neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry, 53:167-175.
  • Ulusoy M, Sahin NH, Erkmen H (1998) Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties.J Cogn Psychother, 12:163-172.
  • Van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP, Merkelbach J, Cath DC et al. (2005) Disorder-specific neuroanatomical correlates of attentional bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and hypochondriasis. Arc Gen Psychiatry, 62:922-933.
  • van der Wee NJA, Ramsey NF, Jansma JM, Denys DA, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HM et al. (2003) Spatial working memory deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with excessive engagement of the medial frontal cortex. Neuroimage, 20:2271-2280.
  • van der Wee NJA, Ramsey NF, van Megen HJGM, Denys D, Westenberg HG, Kahn RS (2007) Spatial working memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder improves with clinical response: A functional MRI study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17:16-23.
  • Weber F, Hauke W, Jahn I, Stengler K, Himmerich H, Zaudig M (2014) Does “thinking about thinking” interfere with memory? An experimental memory study in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 28:679-686.
  • Wells A, Cartwright-Hatton S (2004) A short form of the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ 30. Behav Res Ther, 42:385-396.
  • Zucker BG (2004) Early intervention for subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), USA, University of California.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Sıla Derin 0000-0001-9446-4751

Metehan Irak 0000-0003-2067-9033

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 11 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

AMA Derin S, Irak M. Obsesif Kompulsif Bozuklukta Bellek, Belleğe Güven ve Bilme Hissi Kararları Arasındaki İlişkiler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2020;12:1-17. doi:10.18863/pgy.645537

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.