Medya Karakterleriyle Kurulan Parasosyal Etkileşim

Yıl 2020, , 494 - 506, 28.12.2020

Gözde Aytulun Ayda Büyükşahin Sunal

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.688117

Cited By: 6

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, medya karakterleriyle kurulan parasosyal etkileşimin doğasını anlamak, öncülleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve parasosyal etkileşimle ilgili daha önce gerçekleştirilmiş önemli araştırmaları gözden geçirmektir. Bu doğrultuda parasosyal etkileşimin öncülleri ve ilişkili olduğu değişkenler hakkında bilgi sahibi olunması ve bu değişkenlerin sosyal yaşama olası etkilerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Daha önce gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar dikkate alındığında daha çok dizilerde yer alan karakterle kurulan ilişkilere odaklanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada da ağırlıklı olarak dizi karakterleriyle kurulan etkileşime odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak, parasosyal etkileşim kavramının doğasına ve öncüllerine değinilmiş, daha sonra bu etkileşimin kişilerarası ilişkilerle benzerliklerinden söz edilmiştir. Son olarak da bu konuyla ilgili yapılmış, parasosyal etkileşimin özellikle yaş, cinsiyet, yalnızlık, sosyal kaygı gibi değişkenler açısından incelendiği araştırmalara ve bazı önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parasosyal etkileşim, DİZİLER

Parasocial Interaction with Media Characters

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to understand the nature of the parasocial interaction with media characters, to have knowledge about the causes and to review important previous researches on parasocial interaction. In this way, it is aimed to have information about the premises of the parasocial interaction and the variables it is associated with and to determine the possible effects of these variables on social life. Considering the previous studies, it is seen that the focus is on the relationships with the character in the series. For this reason, this study focuses mainly on the interaction with characters of series. In the study, firstly, the nature and premises of the concept of parasocial interaction are mentioned, and then the similarities of this interaction with interpersonal relations are mentioned. Finally, some researches and some suggestions were made about this subject, in which parasocial interaction was examined especially in terms of age, gender, loneliness and social anxiety.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parasocial interaction, television series, media characters

Kaynakça

• Alperstein NM (1991) Imaginary social relationships with celebrities appearing in television commercials. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35:43-58.
• Arda S (2006) Predictors of parasocial interaction with the favorite and the least desirable characters portrayed in Tv serials (Uzmanlık Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara. Arnett JJ (1995) Adolescents’ use of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24:519–534.
• Arslan Ö (2013) TV dizilerinde yer alan karakterler ile kurulan parasosyal etkileşim: Bağlanma biçemleri ve yalnızlık açısından bir inceleme (Uzmanlık Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Ashe DD, McCutcheon LE (2001) Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6:124–133.
• Auter PJ (1992) TV that talks back: An experimental validation of a parasocial interaction scale. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36:173-181.
• Auter PJ, Palmgreen P (2000) Development and validation of a parasocial interaction measure: The Audience Persona Interaction Scale. Communication Research Reports, 17:79–89.
• Aytulun G (2015) Ergenlerde parasosyal etkileşim: İnternette gerçek benlik, kendilik algısı ve sosyal kaygı arasındaki ilişkiler (Uzmanlık Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Batıgün AD ,Sunal AB (2017) TV dizilerinde yer alan karakterlerle kurulan parasosyal etkileşim: Evlilik doyumu, psikolojik belirtiler ve bazı sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından değerlendirme. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 32:52-62.
• Bérail P, Guillon M, Bungener C (2019) The relations between YouTube addiction, social anxiety and parasocial relationships with YouTubers: A moderated-mediation model based on a cognitive-behavioral framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 99:190-204.
• Berger C, Calabrese R (1975) Some explanations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1:99-112.
• Blumler JG, Katz E (1974) The uses of mass communication: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research, 3rd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
• Branch SE, Wilson KM, Agnew CR (2013) Committed to Oprah, Homer, or House: Using the investment model to understand parasocial relationships. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2:96–109.
• Burnett A, Beto RR (2000) Reading romance novels: An application of parasocial relationship theory. North Dakota Journal of Speech & Theatre, 13:28–39.
• Byrne D, Nelson D (1965) Attraction as a linear function of proportion of positive reinforcements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1:659-663.
• Chen CP (2016) Forming digital self and parasocial relationships on YouTube. Journal of Consumer Culture, 16:232-254.
• Chory-Assad RM, Yanen A (2005) Hopelessness and loneliness as predictors of older adults’ involvement with favorite television performers. Journal of Broadcasting&Electronic Media, 49:182-201.
• Christensen PN, Murray BS, Means-Christensen A (2003) Social anxiety and interpersonal perception: A social relations model analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 4:1355-1371.
• Chung S, Cho H (2017) Fostering parasocial relationships with celebrities on social media: Implications for celebrity endorsement. Psychology & Marketing, 34:481–495.
• Cohen J (1997) Parasocial relations and romantic attraction: Gender and dating status differences. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 41:516-528.
• Cohen J (1999) Favorite characters of teenage viewers of Israeli serials. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43:327-345.
• Cohen J (2003) Parasocial break-ups: Measuring individual differences in responses to the dissolution of parasocial relationships. Mass Communication & Society, 6:191-202.
• Cohen J (2004) Parasocial break-up from favorite television characters: The role of attachment styles and relationship intensity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21:187-202.
• Cole T, Leets L (1999) Attachment styles and intimate television viewing: Insecurely forming relationships in a parasocial way. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16:495- 511.
• Cramer P (2001) Identification and its relation to identity development. Journal of Personality, 69:667–688.
• Daniel ES, Jackson ECC, Westerman DK (2018) The influence of social media influencers: Understanding online vaping communities and parasocial interaction through the lens of taylor’s six-segment strategy wheel, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 18:96-109.
• Davila-Rosado PN (2006) Surviving reality: Survivor and parasocial interaction (Uzmanlık Tezi). Florida University, Orlando-Florida.
• Derrick JL, Gabriel S, Tippin B (2008) Parasocial relationships and self- discrepancies: Faux relationships have benefits for low self-esteem individuals. Personal Relationships,15:261- 280.
• Derrick JL, Gabriel S, Hugenberg K (2009) Social surrogacy: How favored television programs provide the experience of belonging. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45:352-362.
• Dhanda RK (2011) Loneliness and parasocial interaction with media characters (Uzmanlık Tezi). California University, Davis.
• Dibble JL (2011) Parasocial interaction as more than friendship: Evidence for parasocial interactions with disliked media figures. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods and Applications, 23:122-132.
• Dittmar H, Howard S (2004) Thin-Ideal internalization and social comparison tendency as moderators of media models’ impact on women’s body-focused anxiety. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 23:768-791.
• Eyal K, Rubin AM (2003) Viewer agression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47:77-98.
• Eyal K, Cohen J (2006) When good friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50:502-523.
• Finn S, Gorr MB (1988) Social isolation and social support as correlates of television viewing motivations. Communication Research, 15:135–158.
• Giles DC (2002) Parasocial interaction: A review of the literature and a model for future research. Media Psychology, 4:279-305.
• Giles, DC, Maltby J (2004) The role of media figures in adolescent development: Relations between autonomy, attachment, and interest in celebrities. Personality and Individual Differences, 36:813-822.
• Gleich U (1997) Parasocial interaction with people on the screen. In New Horizons in Media Psychology: Research Co-operation and Projects in Europe, 2nd ed. (Eds P Winterhoff-Spurk, THA Van Der Voort):35-55. Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag.
• Grant AE, Gutherie KK, Ball-Rokeach SJ (1991) Television shopping: A media dependency perspective. Communication Research, 18:773-798.
• Greene AL, Adams-Price C (1990) Adolescents' secondary figures. Sex Roles, 23:335-347.
• Greenwood DN, Long CR (2009) Psychological predictors of media involvement: Solitude experiences and the need to belong. Communication Research, 36:637 - 654.
• Greenwood DN, Long CR (2011) Attachment, belongingness needs, and relationship status predict imagined intimacy with media figures. Communication Research, 38:278–297.
• Groesz LM, Levine MP, Murnen SK (2002) The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31:1–16.
• Gudelunas D (2006) Shopping with friends: Audience perspectives on television shopping. Popular Communication, 4:229–252. Harper JF, Marshall E (1991) Adolescents' problems and their relationship to self-esteem. Adolescence, 26:799-808.
• Hartmann T, Goldhoorn C (2011) Horton and Wohl Revisited: Exploring viewers’ experience of parasocial interaction. Journal of Communication, 61:1104 – 1121.
• Heilman E (1998) The struggle for self: Power and identity in adolescent girls. Youth and Society, 30:182-208.
• Hinerman, S. (1992) I’ll be here with you: Fans, fantasy and the figure of Elvis. In The adoring audience: Fan culture and popular media, 2nd ed. (Eds LA Lewis): 107-134. London, Routledge.
• Hoffner C (1996) Children’s wishful identification and parasocial interaction with favorite television characters. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40:389-403.
• Horton D, Wohl RR (1956) Mass communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry, 19:215–229.
• Howlberg R (1984) Local television news audience and the parasocial interaction. Journal of Broadcasting, 28:423-429.
• Jin SA, Park N (2009) Parasocial interaction with my avatar. Effects of interdependent self-construal and the mediating role of self-presence in an avatar-based console game, Wii. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 12:723-727.
• Kim J, Rubin AM (1997) The variable influence of audience activitiy on media effects. Communication Research, 24:107-135.
• Kim J, Song H (2016) Celebrity’s self-disclosure on Twitter and parasocial relationships: A mediating role of social presence. Computers in Human Behavior, 62:570-577.
• Kirkcaldy BD, Eysenck M, Furnham AF, Siefen G (1998) Gender, anxiety and self- image. Personality and Individual Differences, 24:677-684.
• Larsen RW (1995) Secrets in the bedroom: Adolescents’ private use of media. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24:535–550.
• Lather J (2011) How do we react when our favorite characters are taken away? An examination of a temporary parasocial breakup. Mass Communication and Society, 14:196-215.
• Levy MR (1979) Watching TV news as parasocial interaction. Journal of Broadcasting, 23:69-79.
• Lewis ML, Weber R (2008) “They May Be Pixels, But They’re My Pixels: Developing a metric of character attachment in role-playing video games. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11:515-518.
• Madison TP, Porter LV (2016) Cognitive and imagery attributes of parasocial relationships. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 35:359-379.
• McCarthy CJ, Lambert RG, Brack G (1997) Structural model of coping, appraisals, and emotions after relationship breakup. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76:53-64.
• McCroskey JC, McCain TA (1974) The measurement of interpersonal attraction. Speech Monographs, 41:261-266.
• Nabi RL, Stitt CR, Halford J, Finnerty KL (2006) Emotional and cognitive predictors of enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective. Media Psychology, 8:421–447.
• Nordlund JA (1978) Media Interaction. Communication Research, 5:150-175.
• Norton PJ, Hope DA (2001) Kernels of truth or distorted perceptions: Self and observer ratings of social anxiety and performance. Behavior Therapy, 32:765-786.
• Perse EM, Rubin RR (1989) Attribution in social and parasocial relationships. Communication Research, 16:59–77.
• Perse EM, Rubin AM (1990) Chronic loneliness and television use. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34:37-53.
• Perse EM (1990) Media involvement and local news effect. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34:17-36.
• Rosaen SF, Dibble JL (2008) Investigating the relationships among child’s age, parasocial interactions and the social realism of favorite televsion characters. Communication Research Reports, 25:145-154.
• RTÜK (2012) Televizyon İzleme Eğilimleri Araştırması. https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/rtuk-kamuoyu arastirmalari/3890/5232/televizyon-izleme-egilimleri-arastirmasi-3-2013.html (6 Şubat 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Rubin AM (1983) Television Uses and Gratifications: The interactions of viewing patterns and motivations. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 27:37-51.
• Rubin AM, Rubin RB (1985) Interface of personal and mediated communication: A reserch agenda. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 2:36-53.
• Rubin AM, Perse EM, Powell RA (1985) Loneliness, parasocial Interaction, and local television news viewing. Human Communication Research, 12:155-180.
• Rubin RB, McHugh MP (1987) Development of parasocial relationships. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31:279-292.
• Rubin AM, Perse EM (1987a) Audience activity and soap opera involvement. Human Communication Research, 14:246-268.
• Rubin AM, Perse EM (1987b) Audience Activity and Television News Gratifications. Communication Research, 14:58-81.
• Rubin AM, Step MM (2000) Impact of motivation, attraction, and parasocial interaction of talk radio listening. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44:635–654.
• Rubin AM, Haridakis PM, Eyal K (2003) Viewer aggression and attraction to television talk shows. Media Psychology, 5:331–362.
• Schiappa E, Allen M, Gregg PB (2007) Parasocial Relationships and Television: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects. In Mass media effects research: Advances through meta-analysis, 2nd ed. (Eds RW Preiss, BM Gayle, N Burrell, M Allen, J. Bryant):301-314. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Schmid H, Klimmt C (2011) A magically nice guy: Parasocial relationships with Harry Potter across different cultures. The International Communication Gazette, 73:252-269.
• Schramm H, Hartmann T (2008) The PSI-Process Scales. A new measure to assess the intensity and breadth of parasocial processes. Communications- The European Journal of Communication Research, 33:385-401.
• Sheffner-Rogers CL, Rogers EM, Singhal A (1998) Parasocial interaction with the television soap operas “Simplemente Maria” and “Oshin”. Keio Communication Review, 20:1-18.
• Sood S, Rogers EM (2000) Dimensions of parasocial interaction by letter- writers to a popular entertainment-education soap opera in India. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44:386-414.
• Sözen AI (2014) Parasosyal etkileşim, terör yönetimi ve futbol fanatizmi (Uzmanlık Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Statista Research Department (2016) Self reported weekly time spent watching TV/video content worlwide in 2015, by gender. https://www.statista.com/statistics/468659/time-spent-viewing-tv-video-gender/ (8 Şubat 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Statista Research Department (2019) TV consumption in the UK: Daily viewing time per individual 2010-2017, by gender. https://www.statista.com/statistics/269943/daily-televizyon-viewing-time-in-the-uk-by-gender/ (6 Şubat 2020’de ulaşıldı).
• Steinberg L, Silverberg SB (1986) The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57:841-851.
• Theran SA, Newberg EM, Gleason TR (2010) Adolescent girls’ parasocial interactions with media figures. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 171:270-277.
• Tian Q, Hoffner CA (2010) Parasocial interaction with liked, neutral, and disliked characters on a popular TV series. Mass Communication & Society, 13: 250–269.
• Tsao J (1996) Compensatory media use: An exploration of two paradigms. Communication Studies, 47:89-109.
• Turner JR (1993) Interpersonal and psychological predictors of parasocial interaction with different television performers. Communication Quarterly, 41:443-453.
• Vonderohe BM (2016) Twitter’s role in the disclosure of parasocial relationships. UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research, 19:1-15.
• Wang Q, Fink EL, Cai DA (2008) Loneliness, gender, and parasocial interaction: A uses and gratifications approach. Communication Quarterly, 56:87-109.
• Weaver JB (2003) Individual differences in television viewing motives. Personality and Individiual Differences, 35:1427-1437.