Mindfulness: A Current Review

Yıl 2020, , 534 - 561, 28.12.2020

İpek Aktepe Özlem Tolan

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.692250

Cited By: 18

Öz

The concept of mindfulness, defined by Kabat-Zinn, refers to a mechanism where the experiences are always at the center of attention. This concept, which dates back almost 2500 years, attracted the attention of several researchers in recent years. It was suggested that mindfulness could contribute to the treatment of psychopathologies and various intervention methods were developed. On the other hand, there are also studies on the action mechanisms of these intervention methods in the literature. The present literature review aimed to describe the concept of mindfulness, to investigate the correlations between mindfulness and psychopathologies and transdiagnostic variables, and to provide a general framework on awareness skills and techniques designed to develop these skills.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mindfulness, psychopathology, psychotherapy

Bilinçli Farkındalık: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme

Öz

Kabat-Zinn (1990) tarafından tanımlanan bilinçli farkındalık kavramı, yaşantıların an be an dikkat odağı içerisinde gerçekleştiği bir mekanizmayı ifade eder. Yaklaşık 2500 yıllık bir kökene sahip olan bu kavram son yıllarda birçok araştırmacının dikkatini çekmeyi başarmıştır. Bilinçli farkındalığın psikopatolojilerin tedavisine katkı sunabileceği öne sürülmüş ve buna bağlı olarak çeşitli müdahale yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Diğer bir yandan farkındalığın etki mekanizmasında etkili olduğu belirtilen olası tanılararası değişkenlerde alanyazında yer almıştır. Bu doğrultuda, bu derlemedeki öncelikli hedef bilinçli farkındalık kavramını tanımlamak, psikopatolojiler ve tanılararası değişkenler ile ilişkilerini incelemek ve farkındalık becerileri ve bunları geliştirmek amacıyla düzenlenen teknikler hakkında genel bir çerçeve sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilinçli farkındalık, psikopatoloji, psikoterapi

Kaynakça

• Allen NB, Chamber R, Knight W (2006) Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: A review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40:285-294.
• Astin JA (1997) Stress reduction through mindfulness meditation. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 66: 97-106.
• Ameli R (2016). 25 farkındalık dersi – şimdi sağlıklı yaşama zamanı (Çeviri Z Atalay, K Ögel). Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık
• Atalay Z (2019) Mindfulness (Bilinçli Farkındalık), İstanbul, İnkılap Yayınevi
• Baer RA (2003) Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10: 125-143.
• Baer RA (2007) Mindfulness, assessment, and transdiagnostic processes. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 238-242.
• Baer RA, Smith, GT, Allen KB (2004) Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment, 11: 191-206.
• Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L (2006) Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13: 27-45.
• Bajaj B, Robins RW, Pande N (2016) Mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between mindfulness, anxiety, and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 96: 127-131.
• Bakhshani NM, Amirani A, Amirifard H, Shahrakipoor M (2016) The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on perceived pain intensity and quality of life in patients with chronic headache. Global journal of health science, 8: 142.
• Barnhofer T, Crane C, Hargus E, Amarasinghe M, Winder R, Williams JMG et al. (2009) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: A preliminary study. Behaviour research and therapy, 47: 366-373.
• Bayram E (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal görünüş kaygı düzeyleri ile bilinçli farkındalık düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin spor ve farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Erzurum, Atatürk Üniversitesi.
• Beck A (2018) Bilişsel davranışçı terapi: temelleri ve ötesi (Çeviri Ed. M Şahin). Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık Biegel GM, Brown KW, Shapiro SL, Schubert CM (2009) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 77: 855.
• Bishop SR, Lau M, Shapiro S, Carlson L, Anderson ND, Carmody J, Devins G et al. (2004) Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230-241.
• Bodhi B (2011) What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(01), 19-39.
• Borders A, Earleywine M, Jajodia A (2010) Could mindfulness decrease anger, hostility, and aggression by decreasing rumination? Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 36: 28-44.
• Brewer JA, Davis JH, Goldstein J (2013) Why is it so hard to pay attention, or is it? Mindfulness, the factors of awakening and reward-based learning. Mindfulness, 4:75-80.
• Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD (2007) Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological inquiry, 18: 211-237.
• Brown KW, Ryan RM (2003) The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84:822.
• Brown KW, Ryan RM, Creswell JD (2007) Addressing fundamental questions about mindfulness. Psychological Inquiry, 18: 272-281.
• Budak AMÜ, Kocabaş EÖ (2019) Diyalektik Davranış Terapisi ve Beceri Eğitimi: Kullanım Alanları ve Koruyucu Ruh Sağlığındaki Önemi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11:192-204.
• Buhr K, Dugas MJ (2009) The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47: 215-223.
• Burke CA (2010) Mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents: A preliminary review of current research in an emergent field. Journal of child and family studies, 19: 133-144.
• Carmody J, Baer RA, LB Lykins E, Olendzki N (2009) An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program. Journal of clinical psychology, 65: 613-626
• Cenkseven ÖF, Utkan Ç (2018) Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Algılanan Stres İlişkisinde Ruminasyon ve Olumsuz Duygu Düzenlemenin Aracı Rolü. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 14: 1004-1019.
• Chiesa A, Serretti A (2009) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for stress management in healthy people: a review and meta-analysis. The journal of alternative and complementary medicine, 15: 593-600.
• Dannahy L, Hayward M, Strauss C, Turton W, Harding E, Chadwick P et al. (2011) Group person-based cognitive therapy for distressing voices: pilot data from nine groups. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42: 111-116.
• Davis D M, Hayes JA (2011) What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48: 198.
• Demir V (2014) Bilinçli farkındalık temelli hazırlanan eğitim programının bireylerin depresyon ve stres düzeyleri üzerine etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Arel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
• Demir V, Gündoğan NA (2018) Bilinçli Farkındalık Temelli Bilişsel Terapi Programının Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüklerini Azaltmadaki Etkisi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 19:46-66.
• Dönmez Ş (2018) Çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığının bilinçli farkındalık ve yaşam doyumu ile ilişkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi
• Durusoy G (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal kaygı, bilinçli farkındalık ve üst bilişlerin değerlendirilmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Arel Üniversitesi.
• Dymond S, Barnes D (1997) Behavior-analytic approaches to self-awareness. The Psychological Record, 47: 181-200.
• Falkenström F (2010) Studying mindfulness in experienced meditators: A quasi-experimental approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 48: 305-310.
• Gentes EL, Ruscio AM (2011)A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical psychology review, 31: 923-933.
• Germer C (2009) The mindful path to self-compassion: Freeing yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. Guilford Press.
• Gethin R (2011) On some definitions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12: 263-279.
• Godsey J (2013) The role of mindfulness based interventions in the treatment of obesity and eating disorders: An integrative review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21: 430-439.
• Gross JJ (2002) Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39: 281-291.
• Gündoğan AN (2019) Bilinçli farkındalık temelli bilişsel terapi programının obsesif kompulsif belirtilere etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi.
• Güner U (2019) Ortaöğretim kurumları öğrencilerinin cep telefonu bağımlılığının yordayıcısı olarak bilinçli farkındalık (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Harris R (2016) ACT’i kolay öğrenmek: İlkeler ve ötesi için hızlı bir başlangıç (Çeviri HT Karatepe, KF Yavuz). İstanbul, Litera Yayıncılık.
• Hayes SC (2004) Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior therapy, 35: 639-665.
• Hayes AM, Feldman G (2004) Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: science and practice, 11: 255-262.
• Hayes SC, Wilson KG (1994). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Altering the verbal support for experiential avoidance. The Behavior Analyst, 17: 289-303.
• Hepworth NS (2010) A mindful eating group as an adjunct to individual treatment for eating disorders: A pilot study. Eating Disorders, 19: 6-16.
• Hill CL, Updegraff JA (2012) Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation. Emotion, 12: 81.
• Hofmann SG, Gómez AF (2017) Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression. Psychiatric clinics, 40: 739-749.
• Ingram RE (1990) Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: review and a conceptual model. Psychological bulletin, 107: 156.
• Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ (2007) Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective,& Behavioral Neuroscience, 7: 109-119.
• Jimenez SS, Niles BL, Park CL (2010) A mindfulness model of affect regulation and depressive symptoms: Positive emotions, mood regulation expectancies, and self-acceptance as regulatory mechanisms. Personality and individual differences, 49: 645-650.
• Kabat-Zinn J (1982) An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General hospital psychiatry, 4: 33-47.
• Kabat-Zinn J (1990) Full catastrophe living: The program of the stress reduction clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. New York, Delta.
• Kabat‐Zinn J (2003) Mindfulness‐based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 10: 144-156.
• Kabat-Zinn J (2005) Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. New York: Hyperion.
• Kabat-Zinn J (2012) Mindfulness for beginners: Reclaiming the present moment and your life. Boulder, Sounds True.
• Kabat-Zinn J, Hanh TN (2009) Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, Bantam Press
• Kang C, Whittingham K (2010) Mindfulness: A dialogue between Buddhism and clinical psychology. Mindfulness, 1: 161-173.
• Khoury B, Lecomte T, Gaudiano BA, Paquin K (2013) Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia research, 150: 176-184.
• Kısmetoğlu G (2019) 15-18 yaş arası ergenlerde duygu düzenleme ve bilinçli farkındalık becerilerinin kaygı düzeyleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Gelişim Üniversitesi.
• Kim MK, Lee KS, Kim B, Choi TK, Lee SH (2016) Impact of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Intolerance of Uncertainty in Patients with Panic Disorder. Psychiatry Investigation, 13: 196.
• Kocovski NL, Segal ZV, Battista SR (2009) Mindfulness and psychopathology: Problem formulation. In Clinical handbook of mindfulness (Eds F Didonna):85-98. New York, Springer.
• Kocovski NL, Segal ZV, Battista SR. (2009) Mindfulness and Psychopathology: Problem Formulation. In: Didonna F. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer, New York, NY
• Koole SL (2009) The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and emotion, 23: 4-41.
• Kornfield J (2009) A path with heart: A guide through the perils and promises of spiritual life. New York, Bantam.
• Kraemer KM, O’Bryan EM, McLeish AC (2016) Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and health anxiety. Mindfulness, 7: 859-865.
• Kristeller JL, Wolever RQ (2010) Mindfulness-based eating awareness training for treating binge eating disorder: the conceptual foundation. Eating disorders, 19: 49-61.
• Labelle LE, Campbell TS, Carlson LE (2010) Mindfulness-based stress reduction in oncology: Evaluating mindfulness and rumination as mediators of change in depressive symptoms. Mindfulness, 1: 28-40.
• Langer ÁI, Cangas AJ, Salcedo E, Fuentes B (2012) Applying mindfulness therapy in a group of psychotic individuals: a controlled study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40: 105-109.
• Leary MR & MacDonald G. (2003). Individual differences in self-esteem: A review and theoretical integration. In Handbook of self and identity (Eds MR Leary, JP Tangney):401–418. The Guilford Press.
• Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, New AS, Leweke F (2011) Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet, 377: 74-84.
• LePera N (2011) Relationships between boredom proneness, mindfulness, anxiety, depression, and substance use. The New School Psychology Bulletin, 8: 15-25.
• Levey J, Levey M (2018). Roots and Shoots of Mindfulness. Subtle Energies Magazine, 28:3
• Liehr P, Diaz N (2010) A pilot study examining the effect of mindfulness on depression and anxiety for minority children. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 24: 69–71.
• Linehan MM (1993) Dialectical behavior therapy for treatment of borderline personality disorder: implications for the treatment of substance abuse. NIDA research monograph, 137: 201-201.
• Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, Brown MZ, Gallop RJ, Heard HL, Lindenboim, N et al (2006) Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Archives of general psychiatry, 63: 757-766.
• Lutz J, Herwig U, Opialla S, Hittmeyer A, Jäncke L, Rufer M, Brühl AB et al. (2013) Mindfulness and emotion regulation an fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9: 776-785.
• Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ (2008) Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in cognitive sciences, 12: 163-169.
• Mahoney AE, McEvoy PM (2012) A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41: 212-222.
• Majeed MH, Sudak DM (2017) Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic Pain-One therapeutic approach for the opioid epidemic. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 23: 409-414.
• Mandal SP, Arya YK, Pandey R (2012) Mental health and mindfulness: Mediational role of positive and negative affect. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 19:150-159.
• Mansell W, Harvey A, Watkins ER, Shafran R (2008) Cognitive behavioral processes across psychological disorders: A review of the utility and validity of the transdiagnostic approach. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1:181-191.
• Marcus M, Yasamy MT, van Ommeren MV, Chisholm D, Saxena S (2012) Depression: A global public health concern. World Federation for Mental Health
• Marlatt GA, Kristeller JL (1999) Mindfulness and meditation. Integrating spirituality into treatment: Resources for practitioners (Eds WR Miller): 67-84. American Psychological Association.
• Masuda A, Wendell JW (2010) Mindfulness mediates the relation between disordered eating- related cognitions and psychological distress. Eating Behaviors, 11: 293-296.
• Matchim Y, Armer JM, Stewart BR (2011) Mindfulness-based stress reduction among breast cancer survivors: a literature review and discussion. In Oncology nursing forum, 38:61-71.
• Mithen S (1994) From domain specific to generalized intelligence: a cognitive interpretation of the Middle/Upper Palaeolithic transition. The ancient mind: Elements of cognitive archaeology, 29-39.
• Moniz R, Slutzky H (2015) A Brief Introduction to Mindfulness: Origins, Science, the Brain, and Practice. The Mindful Librarian: Connecting the Practice of Mindfulness to Librarianship (Eds R Moniz, JE Eshleman, J Henry, H Slutzky, L Moniz): 1-24. Elsevier
• Mruk CJ (2006) Defining Self-Esteem: An Often Overlooked Issue with Crucial Implications. In Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (Eds MH Kernis) :10–15. Psychology Press.
• Ninivaggi FJ (2019) Learned Mindfulness: Physician Engagement and MD Wellness. Academic Press. Nolen-Hoeksema S (2000) The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of abnormal psychology, 109: 504.
• Norouzi E, Gerber M, Masrour FF, Vaezmosavi M, Pühse U, Brand S (2019)Implementation of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression and to improve psychological well-being among :retired Iranian football players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,47: 101636.
• Ögel K (2012) Farkındalık (ayrımsama) ve kabullenme temelli terapiler. Ankara: HYB Basım Yayın
• Özdoğan H (2018) Yetişkinlerin bilinçli farkındalık düzeylerinin iyimserlik ve yaşam doyumlarına etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Samsun, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Özyeşil Z, Arslan C, Kesici Ş, Deniz ME (2011) Bilinçli farkındalık ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36:160.
• Pepping CA, O’Donovan A, Davis PJ (2013) The positive effects of mindfulness on self-esteem. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8: 376-386.
• Pollak SM, Pedulla T, Siegel RD (2019) Mindfulness farkındalık temelli psikoterapi becerileri (Çeviri Ed. B Uzun). İstanbul, APAMER Psikoloji Yayınları
• Rae F, Williams JMG (2010) The relationship between mindfulness and uncontrollability of ruminative thinking. Mindfulness, 1: 199-203.
• Raingruber R (2007) The effectiveness of Tai Chi, Yoga, Meditation, and Reiki healing sessions in promoting health and enhancing problem solving abilities of registered nurses. Issues Ment Health Nurs, 28:1141-1155.
• Randal C, Pratt D, Bucci S (2015) Mindfulness and self-esteem: a systematic review. Mindfulness, 6: 1366-1378.
• Rasmussen MK, Pidgeon AM (2011) The direct and indirect benefits of dispositional mindfulness on self-esteem and social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24: 227-233.
• Ree MJ, Craigie MA (2007) Outcomes Following Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therpay in a Heterogeneous Sample of Adult Outpatients. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24: 70-86
• Rosenberg M (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey, Princeton university press.
• Schmidt S. (2011). Mindfulness in east and west–is it the same? In Neuroscience, consciousness and spirituality (pp. 23-38). Springer, Dordrecht.
• Schneider MN, Zavos HM, McAdams TA, Kovas Y, Sadeghi S, Gregory AM et al. (2019) Mindfulness and associations with symptoms of insomnia, anxiety and depression in early adulthood: a twin and sibling study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 118 :18-29.
• Serpa JG, Taylor SL, Tillisch K (2014) Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduces anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in veterans. Medical care, 52: 19-24.
• Shapiro DH (1992) A preliminary study of long term meditators: Goals, effects, religious orientation, cognitions. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 24: 23-39.
• Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B (2006) Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of clinical psychology, 62: 373-386.
• Siegel RD, Germer CK, Olendzki A (2009) Mindfulness: What is it? Where did it come from? In Clinical handbook of mindfulness (Eds F. Didonna): 17-35. New York, Springer.
• Simkin DR, Black NB (2014) Meditation and mindfulness in clinical practice. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 23: 487-534.
• Slyter M (2012) Treating eating disorders with the Buddhist tradition of mindfulness. Ideasand Research You Can Use: VISTAS, 32: 1-2.
• Soler J, Valdepérez A, Feliu-Soler A, Pascual JC, Portella MJ, Martín-Blanco A, Pérez V et al. (2012) Effects of the dialectical behavioral therapy-mindfulness module on attention in patients with borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50: 150-157.
• Sowislo JF, Orth U (2013) Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological bulletin, 139: 213.
• Şahin A (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinde bilinçli farkındalık ile yaşam doyumu ve iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiler. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8: 151-176.
• Şehidoğlu Z (2014) 15-17 yaş grubu ergenlerde bilinçli farkındalık düzeyi ile problemli internet kullanımı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Üsküdar Üniversitesi.
• Teasdale, JD, Segal Z, Williams JMG (1995) How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and therapy, 33: 25-39.
• Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA et al (2000) Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 68: 615.
• Thase ME, Reynolds CF, Frank E, Simons AD (1994) Response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in chronic depression. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice & Research. 3: 204-214
• Thera N (2008) The power of mindfulness. Wheel Publication,121: 1-75.
• Thompson BL, Waltz JA (2008) Mindfulness, self-esteem, and unconditional self- acceptance. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 26: 119-126.
• Trapnell PD, Campbell JD (1999) Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76: 284.
• Tsang SC, Mok ES, Lam SC, Lee JK (2012) The benefit of mindfulness-based stress reduction to patients with terminal cancer. J Clin Nurs, 21:2690-2696.
• Tull MT, Gratz KL (2012) The impact of borderline personality disorder on residential substance abuse treatment dropout among men. Drug and alcohol dependence, 121: 97-102.
• Tuncer N (2017) Bir Grup Üniversite Öğrencisinin Sosyal Anksiyete Düzeylerine Göre Bilinçli Farkındalık Ve Yaşam Doyumu Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Işık Üniversitesi.
• Türk Dil Kurumu (2011).Türkçe sözlük. Ankara.
• Winnebeck E, Fissler M, Gärtner M, Chadwick P, Barnhofer T (2017) Brief training in mindfulness meditation reduces symptoms in patients with a chronic or recurrent lifetime history of depression: A randomized controlled study. Behaviour research and therapy, 99:124-130.
• Witek-Janusek L, Albuquerque K, Chroniak KR, Chroniak C, Durazo R, Mathews HL (2008) Effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on immune function, quality of life and coping in women newly diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Brain Behav Immun, 22:969-981.
• Yavuz B (2019) Öğretmen adaylarında psikolojik dayanıklılık ve bilinçli farkındalık arasındaki ilişki: manevi iyi oluşun rolü (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Yılmam B (2019) Bilinçli farkındalık ve öz-duyarlılığın öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Yiğit MA (2018) Ruminatif düşünme ve bilinçli farkındalığın depresif duygudurum ile ilişkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Maltepe Üniversitesi.
• Yüksel CG (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinde bilinçli farkındalığın duygusal şemalar ve psikolojik esneklik üzerindeki etkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul, Beykent Üniversitesi.
• Zoogman S, Goldberg SB, Hoyt WT, Miller L (2015) Mindfulness interventions with youth: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 6: 290-302.