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Epidemic Anxiety Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Yıl 2020, , 382 - 397, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.808280

Öz

The COVID-19 Pandemic has many effects not only in biological but also social and economic aspects. For this reason, there is a need for the Epidemic Anxiety Scale to be considered from a wider perspective. This study aimed to perform the validity and reliability study of the Epidemic Anxiety scale in a large sample. The sample of the study consists of 6435 people from all over Turkey. “Coronavirus-19 Phobia (CP19-S) scale were used. The internal consistency coefficient (α) of the scale was obtained as .90. Test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be .73. The analysis made revealed that the scale consists of four factors. The first factor "Epidemic" alone accounts for 24% of the variance, the second factor "Economic" 17.7% of the variance, the third factor "Quarantine" accounts for 13.9% of the variance, and the fourth factor "Social Life" accounts for 9.3% of the variance. These four factors, consisting of a total of 18 items, together explained 65% of the total variance. The results of study has shown that Epidemic Anxiety Scale is a valid and reliable scale.

Kaynakça

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9.
  • Arden, M. A., & Chilcot, J. (2020). Health psychology and the coronavirus (COVID‐19) global pandemic: A call for research. In British Journal of Health Psychology (Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 231–232). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12414
  • Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108.
  • Asmundson, G. J. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Richter, A. A., & Whedon, M. (2010). Health anxiety: current perspectives and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(4), 306–312.
  • Aydemir, Ö., Kirpinar, I., Sati, T., Uykur, B., & Cengisiz, C. (2013). Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği’nin Türkçe için Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, 50(4). http://noropsikiyatriarsivi.com/sayilar/420/buyuk/325-331.pdf
  • Banerjee, D., & Rai, M. (2020). Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 525–527.
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demi̇r, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Supplement 1), 216–225.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 001–214.
  • Colorado, E. E. (2017). A Mixed-Method Study of Aid Workers in Sierra Leone during the 2014-2015 Ebola Epidemic: Exploring Psychological Distress, Trauma, Resilience, and Coping [The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. http://search.proquest.com/openview/76601e40af4e1270db986e2ce8a22563/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  • Deale, A. (2007). Psychopathology and treatment of severe health anxiety. Psychiatry, 6(6), 240–246.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14–18.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic [Review of Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic]. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(4), 300–302.
  • Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Measuring anxiety related to COVID-19: A Turkish validation study of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Death Studies, 1–7.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic Effects of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PloS One, 15(4), e0231924.
  • Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., Khudaykulov, A., & Others. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 6(1), 61–74.
  • Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B., Li, L.-J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K.-Y., Chen, R.-C., Tang, C.-L., Wang, T., Chen, P.-Y., Xiang, J., … China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720.
  • Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181–188.
  • Hui, D. S., Azhar, E. I., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten, C., & Others. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 91, 264–266.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kim, C. W., & Song, H. R. (2017). Structural relationships among public’s risk characteristics, trust, risk perception and preventive behavioral intention: The case of MERS in Korea. Crisisnomy, 13, 85–95.
  • Kircaburun, K., Ünübol, H., Sayar, G. H., Stavropoulos, V., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Measurement, prevalence, and psychological risk factors associated with addictive food consumption: Development of a new food addiction scale and evidence from a national largescale sample. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00052
  • Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., Nizam, A., & Rosenberg, E. S. (2013). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Cengage Learning.
  • Kozloff, N., Mulsant, B. H., Stergiopoulos, V., & Voineskos, A. N. (2020). The COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for People With Schizophrenia and Related Disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(4), 752–757.
  • Ladi̇kli̇, N., Bahadir, E., Yumuşak, F. N., Akkuzu, H., Karaman, G., & Türkkan, Z. (2020). Kovid-19 korkusu ölçeğinin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. International Journal of Social Science, 3(2), 71–80.
  • Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113112.
  • Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921.
  • Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z.-H., Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1732.
  • Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mayr, V., Dobrescu, A. I., Chapman, A., Persad, E., Klerings, I., Wagner, G., Siebert, U., Christof, C., Zachariah, C., & Others. (2020). Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 4. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013574/abstract
  • Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153–161.
  • Rachman, S. (2012). Health anxiety disorders: a cognitive construal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7-8), 502–512.
  • Reiser, S. J., McMillan, K. A., Wright, K. D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences and health anxiety in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(3), 407–413.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480.
  • Serdar, A. Y., Ünübol, H., Sevtap, E., Oguz, O., & Sayar, G. H. (2017). Evaluation of the relationship between caregiver burden, coping styles and levels of anxiety and depression in caregivers of old age patients. Family Practice and Palliative Care, 2(3), 38–44.
  • Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley&Sons. Inc. , New York, 509.
  • Tang, W., Hu, T., Hu, B., Jin, C., Wang, G., Xie, C., Chen, S., & Xu, J. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 1–7.
  • Tarhan, N., & Nurmedov, S. (2019). Bağımlılık, sanal veya gerçek bağımlılıkla başa çıkma. Timaş Publishing: İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Tavşancil, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara. https://www.nobelyayin.com/kitap_bilgileri/dosyalar/tutum_olclmesi_jen_171512.pdf
  • Tavşancıl, E., & Esra Aslan, A. (2001). Sözel, yazılı ve diğer materyaller için içerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. Epsilon.
  • Turkey: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr
  • Tutgun-Ünal, A. (2020). Sosyal medya: Etkileri-bağımlılığı-ölçülmesi. 1. Baskı, Der Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Deniz, L. (2015). Development of the social media addiction scale. AJIT-E, 6(21), 51.
  • Ünübol, H., & Hızlı Sayar, G. (2019). Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 1971–1982.
  • Ünübol, H., Koç, A. Ş., Sayar, G. H., & Stavropoulos, V. (2020). Measurement, profiles, prevalence, and psychological risk factors of problematic gaming among the Turkish community: a large-scale national study. International Journal of. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11469-020-00254-8.pdf
  • Ünübol, H., & Sayar, G. H. (2020). Substance use and its risk factors in Turkey: a nationally representative sample study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1–23.
  • Wang, C., Cheng, Z., Yue, X.-G., & McAleer, M. (2020). Risk Management of COVID-19 by Universities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(2), 36.
  • WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Mental Health Atlas 2017. World Health Organization.
  • Yıldırım, M., Geçer, E., & Akgül, Ö. (2020). The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–9.
  • Yılmaz, Ö., & Dirik, G. (2018). Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi (SBA)’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Nesne-Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(13), 337–366.
  • Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., & Tan, W. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733.
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.
  • Zorlu, F., & Ünübol, H. (2018). The Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory: validity and reliability in a Turkey sample. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. https://www.anadolupsikiyatri.net/?mno=300390

Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2020, , 382 - 397, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.808280

Öz

COVID-19 Pandemisinin sadece biyolojik değil sosyal, ekonomik açıdan da birçok etkisi vardır. Bu sebeple daha geniş bir perspektiften ele alınacak bir Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeğine ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Salgın Hastalık Kaygı ölçeğinin geniş bir örneklemde geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışmasını yapmayı amaçlamıştır. Araştırma örneklemi Türkiye'den 6435 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Ölçüt geçerliliği için “Koronavirus-19 Fobisi (CP19-S)” ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı (α) ,90 olarak elde edilmiştir. Test-Tekrar Test güvenilirlik katsayısı ,73 olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan analizler ölçeğin dört faktörden oluştuğunu ortaya koymuştur. Birinci faktör "Salgın" tek başına varyansın %24'ünü, ikinci faktör "Ekonomik" varyansın %17,7'sini, üçüncü faktör "Karantina" varyansın %13,9'unu ve dördüncü faktör "Sosyal Yaşam" varyansın %9,3'ünü açıklamaktadır. Toplam 18 maddeden oluşan bu dört faktör birlikte toplam varyansın %65’ini açıklamıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışma bulguları Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9.
  • Arden, M. A., & Chilcot, J. (2020). Health psychology and the coronavirus (COVID‐19) global pandemic: A call for research. In British Journal of Health Psychology (Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 231–232). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12414
  • Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108.
  • Asmundson, G. J. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Richter, A. A., & Whedon, M. (2010). Health anxiety: current perspectives and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(4), 306–312.
  • Aydemir, Ö., Kirpinar, I., Sati, T., Uykur, B., & Cengisiz, C. (2013). Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği’nin Türkçe için Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, 50(4). http://noropsikiyatriarsivi.com/sayilar/420/buyuk/325-331.pdf
  • Banerjee, D., & Rai, M. (2020). Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 525–527.
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demi̇r, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Supplement 1), 216–225.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Atıf İndeksi, 001–214.
  • Colorado, E. E. (2017). A Mixed-Method Study of Aid Workers in Sierra Leone during the 2014-2015 Ebola Epidemic: Exploring Psychological Distress, Trauma, Resilience, and Coping [The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. http://search.proquest.com/openview/76601e40af4e1270db986e2ce8a22563/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
  • Deale, A. (2007). Psychopathology and treatment of severe health anxiety. Psychiatry, 6(6), 240–246.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 14–18.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic [Review of Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic]. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(4), 300–302.
  • Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Measuring anxiety related to COVID-19: A Turkish validation study of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Death Studies, 1–7.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic Effects of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PloS One, 15(4), e0231924.
  • Godinic, D., Obrenovic, B., Khudaykulov, A., & Others. (2020). Effects of Economic Uncertainty on Mental Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic Context: Social Identity Disturbance, Job Uncertainty and Psychological Well-Being Model. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 6(1), 61–74.
  • Guan, W.-J., Ni, Z.-Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-H., Ou, C.-Q., He, J.-X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-L., Hui, D. S. C., Du, B., Li, L.-J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K.-Y., Chen, R.-C., Tang, C.-L., Wang, T., Chen, P.-Y., Xiang, J., … China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720.
  • Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181–188.
  • Hui, D. S., Azhar, E. I., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten, C., & Others. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 91, 264–266.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 5). Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ankara, Turkey.
  • Kim, C. W., & Song, H. R. (2017). Structural relationships among public’s risk characteristics, trust, risk perception and preventive behavioral intention: The case of MERS in Korea. Crisisnomy, 13, 85–95.
  • Kircaburun, K., Ünübol, H., Sayar, G. H., Stavropoulos, V., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Measurement, prevalence, and psychological risk factors associated with addictive food consumption: Development of a new food addiction scale and evidence from a national largescale sample. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00052
  • Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., Nizam, A., & Rosenberg, E. S. (2013). Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. Cengage Learning.
  • Kozloff, N., Mulsant, B. H., Stergiopoulos, V., & Voineskos, A. N. (2020). The COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for People With Schizophrenia and Related Disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(4), 752–757.
  • Ladi̇kli̇, N., Bahadir, E., Yumuşak, F. N., Akkuzu, H., Karaman, G., & Türkkan, Z. (2020). Kovid-19 korkusu ölçeğinin Türkçe güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. International Journal of Social Science, 3(2), 71–80.
  • Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113112.
  • Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921.
  • Li, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z.-H., Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y.-T. (2020). Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1732.
  • Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mayr, V., Dobrescu, A. I., Chapman, A., Persad, E., Klerings, I., Wagner, G., Siebert, U., Christof, C., Zachariah, C., & Others. (2020). Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 4. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013574/abstract
  • Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153–161.
  • Rachman, S. (2012). Health anxiety disorders: a cognitive construal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7-8), 502–512.
  • Reiser, S. J., McMillan, K. A., Wright, K. D., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences and health anxiety in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(3), 407–413.
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480.
  • Serdar, A. Y., Ünübol, H., Sevtap, E., Oguz, O., & Sayar, G. H. (2017). Evaluation of the relationship between caregiver burden, coping styles and levels of anxiety and depression in caregivers of old age patients. Family Practice and Palliative Care, 2(3), 38–44.
  • Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley&Sons. Inc. , New York, 509.
  • Tang, W., Hu, T., Hu, B., Jin, C., Wang, G., Xie, C., Chen, S., & Xu, J. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 1–7.
  • Tarhan, N., & Nurmedov, S. (2019). Bağımlılık, sanal veya gerçek bağımlılıkla başa çıkma. Timaş Publishing: İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Tavşancil, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara. https://www.nobelyayin.com/kitap_bilgileri/dosyalar/tutum_olclmesi_jen_171512.pdf
  • Tavşancıl, E., & Esra Aslan, A. (2001). Sözel, yazılı ve diğer materyaller için içerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. Epsilon.
  • Turkey: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr
  • Tutgun-Ünal, A. (2020). Sosyal medya: Etkileri-bağımlılığı-ölçülmesi. 1. Baskı, Der Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Deniz, L. (2015). Development of the social media addiction scale. AJIT-E, 6(21), 51.
  • Ünübol, H., & Hızlı Sayar, G. (2019). Psychological factors associated with smoking and quitting: addiction map of Turkey study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 1971–1982.
  • Ünübol, H., Koç, A. Ş., Sayar, G. H., & Stavropoulos, V. (2020). Measurement, profiles, prevalence, and psychological risk factors of problematic gaming among the Turkish community: a large-scale national study. International Journal of. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11469-020-00254-8.pdf
  • Ünübol, H., & Sayar, G. H. (2020). Substance use and its risk factors in Turkey: a nationally representative sample study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1–23.
  • Wang, C., Cheng, Z., Yue, X.-G., & McAleer, M. (2020). Risk Management of COVID-19 by Universities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(2), 36.
  • WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Mental Health Atlas 2017. World Health Organization.
  • Yıldırım, M., Geçer, E., & Akgül, Ö. (2020). The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–9.
  • Yılmaz, Ö., & Dirik, G. (2018). Sağlık Bilişleri Anketi (SBA)’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Nesne-Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(13), 337–366.
  • Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., & Tan, W. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733.
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.
  • Zorlu, F., & Ünübol, H. (2018). The Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory: validity and reliability in a Turkey sample. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. https://www.anadolupsikiyatri.net/?mno=300390
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Gökben Hızlı 0000-0002-2514-5682

Hüseyin Ünübol 0000-0003-4404-6062

Aylin Tutgun-ünal 0000-0003-2430-6322

Nevzat Tarhan 0000-0002-6810-7096

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 7 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

AMA Hızlı G, Ünübol H, Tutgun-ünal A, Tarhan N. Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2020;12:382-397. doi:10.18863/pgy.808280

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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.