BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Psychiatric Aspects of Medically Unexplained Symptoms

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 479 - 506, 01.12.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130530

Öz

The patients with medically unexplained symptoms for their physical symp-toms are generally prevalent in the primary care consultation. Such patient, frequently consume primary and secondary healthcare services and it is a situa-tion that disappointed medical stuff and also patients are uncomfortable for medical services. Physical symptoms commonly are regarded as products of emotional and social problems between different cultural groups and over the world. Generally, depression and anxiety and other psychiatric conditions accompany to patient group with medically unexplained symptoms. The aim of this review article is to investigate the relationship between medically unex-plained symptoms and psychiatric symptoms.

Kaynakça

  • Ralph DR, Charles CE. Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Neurologist 2004; 10:18-30.
  • Carson AL, Brigitte R, Stone J. Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? a prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68:207-210.
  • Katon W, Sullivan M, Walker E. Medical symptoms without identified pathology: relationship to psychiatry disorders, childhood and adult trauma and personality traits. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 917-925.
  • Hahn SR, Thomson KS, Wills TA. The difficult doctor-patient relationship: somatization, personality and psychopathology. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47:647-657. Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Bush T, Lipscomb P, Russo J. Frustrating patients: physician and patient perspectives among distressed high users of medical services. J Gen Intern Med 1991; 6:241-246.
  • Walker EA, Katon WJ, Keegan D. Predictors of physician frustration in the care of patients with rheumatological complaints. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19:315-323. Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: the concept and its clinical application. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1358-1368.
  • Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM, Paris J. Somatoform disorders: personality and the social matrix of somatic distress. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103:125-136.
  • Kirmayer LJ, Taillefer S. Somatoform disorders. In Adult Psychopathology, 2nd edition (Eds. M Hersen, S Turer):333-383. New York, Wiley, 1994.
  • Özen ME, Serhadlı ANZ, Türkcan AS, Ülker GE. Depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarında somatizasyon. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2010; 23:60-65.
  • Wilkie A, Wessely S. Patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Br J Hosp Med 1994; 51:421-427.
  • Amerikan Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 19 Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. Ruhsal ve Davranışsal Bozukluklar Sınıflandırılması. Ankara, Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği Yayını, 1993.
  • Jablensky A. A comment on the mind-body problem in psychiatry. In Somatoform Disorders: A World-wide Perspective (Eds Y One, A Janca, M Asai, N Sartorius):3 Tokyo. Springer-Verlag, 1999.
  • Katon W, Walker EA. Medically unexplained symptoms in primary care. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:15-21.
  • Ford CV, Folks DG. Conversion disorders: an overview. Psychosomatics 1985; 26:371- 383.
  • Sharpe M, Carson A. "Unexplained" somatic symptoms, functional syndromes, and somatization: do we need a paradigm shift? Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:926-930.
  • Kellner R. Somatization: theories and research. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990; 178:150-160. Katon W, Ries RK, Kleinman A. A prospective DSM-III study of 100 consecutive somatization patients. Compr Psychiatry 1984; 25:305-314.
  • Bridges KW, Goldberg DP, Evans B, Sharpe T. Determinants of somatization in primary care. J Psychosom Res 1991; 29:563-569.
  • Kirmayer RJ, Robbins JM. Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, cooccurrence and sociodemographic characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:6476
  • Kellner R. Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42:821-833.
  • Escobar JI, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Bravo M. Somatic symptoms after a natural disaster: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 965-967.
  • Richardson RD, Engel CC. Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Neurologist 2004; 10:18-30.
  • Tschudi-Madsen H, Kjeldsberg M, Natvig B, Ihlebaek C, Dalen I, Straand J et al. Multiple symptoms and medically unexplained symptoms: closely related concepts in general practitioners' evaluations. A linked doctor-patient study. J Psychosom Res 2013; 74:186-190.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Linzer M, Hahn SR, deGruy FV 3rd et al. Physical symptoms in primary care: predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Arch Fam Med 1994; 3:774-779.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, de Gruy FV, Hahn SR, Linzer M. Multisomatoform disorder: an alternative to undifferentiated somatoform disorder for the somatizing patient in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:352-358.
  • Kroenke K, Mangelsdorff AD. Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome. Am J Med 1989; 86:262-266.
  • Hamilton J, Campos R, Creed F. Anxiety, depression and the management of medically unexplained symptoms in medical clinics. J R Coll Physicians 1996; 30:18
  • Carson AJ, Ringbauer B, Stone J, Sharpe M. Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? a prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68:207-210.
  • Reid S, Wessely S, Crayford T, Hotopf M. Medically unexplained symptoms in frequent attenders of secondary health care: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2001; 322:1Bridges KW, Goldberg DP. Somatic presentation of DSM III psychiatric disorders in primary care. J Psychosom Res 1985; 29:563-569.
  • Feder A, Olfson M, Gameroff M, Fuentes M, Shea S, Lantıgua RA. Medically unexplained symptoms in an urban general medicine practice. Psychosomatics 2001; 42:261-268.
  • Schappert SM. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1989 summary. Vital Healt Stat 1992; 13:1-80.
  • Smith GR, Monson RA, Ray DC. Patients with multiple unexplained symptoms, their characteristics, functional health and health care utilization. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:69-72.
  • Kroenke K, Arrington ME, Mangelsdorf AD. The prevalence of symptoms in medical outpatients and the adequacy of therapy. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:1685- 1689.
  • Allan T. Somatizasyonda biyolojik etkenler.Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Dergisi 1999; 1:18-26.
  • Kellner R. Psychosomatic Syndromes and Somatic Symptoms. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press,1991.
  • Ford CV. The somatizing disorders. Psychosomatics 1986; 27:327-337.
  • Rogers MP, Weinshenker N, Warshaw MG. Prevalence of somatoform disorders in a large sample of patients with anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1996; 37:17-22.
  • Koptagel-İlal G. Somatizasyonu nasıl anlamalıyız?-psikodinamik değerlendirmeTürkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Dergisi1999; 1:27-33.
  • Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S.Childhood risk factors for adults with medically unexplained symptoms: results from a national birth cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1796-1800.
  • Hotopf M, Wilson-Jones C, Mayou R. Childhood predictors of adult medically unexplained hospitalizations. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176:273-280.
  • Taylor RE, Mann AH, White NJ. Attachment style in patients with unexplained physical complaints. Psychol Med 2000; 30:931-941.
  • Ruso J, Katon W, Sullivan M. Severity of somatization and its relationship to psychiatric disorders and personality. Psychosomatics 1994; 35:546-556.
  • Güleç YM, Hocaoğlu Ç,Gökçe M, Sayar K. Kalple ilişkili olmayan göğüs ağrısında aleksitimi, öfke ve bedensel duyumları büyütme. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007; 8:14Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: medicine's unsolved problem. Psychosomatics 1987; 28:294-295.
  • Fisch RZ. Masked depression: its interrelations, and conversion. Int J Psychiatry Med 1987; 17:367-369.
  • Escobar JI, Interian A, Díaz-Martínez A, Gara M. Idiopathic physical symptoms: a common manifestation of psychiatric disorders in primary care. CNS Spectr 2006; 11:201-210.
  • Sharpe M, Bass C. Pathophysiological mechanism in somatization. Int Rev Psychiatry 1992; 4: 81-97.
  • Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: a borderland between medicine and psychiatry. CMAJ 1986; 135:609-614.
  • Smith RC. A clinical approach to the somatizing patient. J Fam Pract 1985; 4:29430
  • Oxman TE, Rosenberg SD, Schnurr PP, Tucher GJ. Linguistic dimensions of affect and thought in somatization disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:1150-1155.
  • Özen Ş, Özçetin A, Özkan M, Özbulut Ö, Başak İ. Bedenselleştiren hastalarda eksen 2 bozuklukları, kişilik özelikleri ve aleksitimi. Türkiye'de Psikiyatri 1999; 2:114-122. Kooiman CG. The status of alexithymia as a risk factor in medically unexplained physical symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 1998; 39:152-159.
  • Taylor GJ. Recent development in alexithymia theory and research. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 45:134-142.
  • Blanchard EB, Arena JG, Pallmeyer TP. Psychometric properties of a scale to measure alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom 1981; 35:64-71.
  • Özen ME, Türkcan AS, Belene A, Yeşilbursa D, Yurt E. somatizasyonda kültürel ve sosyolojik faktörler. Yeni Symposium 2009; 47:187-193.
  • Lane RD, Sechrest L, Riedel R. Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 39:377-385.
  • Deary IJ, Scott S, Wilson JA. Neuroticism, alexithymia and medically unexplained symptoms. Pers Individ Diff 1997; 22:551-564.
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Tıbben Açıklanamayan Belirtilerin Psikiyatrik Yönü

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 479 - 506, 01.12.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130530

Öz

Bedensel belirtileri için tıbbi açıklama bulunamayan hastalar genel tıp uygu-lamasında oldukça yaygındırlar. Bu hastalar, tüm sağlık hizmeti basmaklarını sıkça kullanırlar. Bu durum kendilerine sağlık hizmeti sunan hekimlerinde hayal kırıklığı yarattığı gibi hastalar da aldıkları tıbbi bakımdan pek memnun olmazlar. Tüm dünyada ve farklı kültürel gruplar arasında bedensel belirtiler toplumsal sorunların ve duygusal sıkıntının en yaygın bireysel ifadeleridir. Tıbben açıklanamayan belirtilere hasta grubunda depresyon ve anksiyete başta olmak üzere diğer psikiyatrik durumlar eşlik etmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında tıbben açıklanamayan belirtilere ve psikiyatrik belirtiler arasındaki ilişki incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Ralph DR, Charles CE. Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Neurologist 2004; 10:18-30.
  • Carson AL, Brigitte R, Stone J. Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? a prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68:207-210.
  • Katon W, Sullivan M, Walker E. Medical symptoms without identified pathology: relationship to psychiatry disorders, childhood and adult trauma and personality traits. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 917-925.
  • Hahn SR, Thomson KS, Wills TA. The difficult doctor-patient relationship: somatization, personality and psychopathology. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47:647-657. Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M, Bush T, Lipscomb P, Russo J. Frustrating patients: physician and patient perspectives among distressed high users of medical services. J Gen Intern Med 1991; 6:241-246.
  • Walker EA, Katon WJ, Keegan D. Predictors of physician frustration in the care of patients with rheumatological complaints. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997; 19:315-323. Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: the concept and its clinical application. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1358-1368.
  • Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM, Paris J. Somatoform disorders: personality and the social matrix of somatic distress. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103:125-136.
  • Kirmayer LJ, Taillefer S. Somatoform disorders. In Adult Psychopathology, 2nd edition (Eds. M Hersen, S Turer):333-383. New York, Wiley, 1994.
  • Özen ME, Serhadlı ANZ, Türkcan AS, Ülker GE. Depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarında somatizasyon. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2010; 23:60-65.
  • Wilkie A, Wessely S. Patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Br J Hosp Med 1994; 51:421-427.
  • Amerikan Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press, 19 Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. Ruhsal ve Davranışsal Bozukluklar Sınıflandırılması. Ankara, Türkiye Sinir ve Ruh Sağlığı Derneği Yayını, 1993.
  • Jablensky A. A comment on the mind-body problem in psychiatry. In Somatoform Disorders: A World-wide Perspective (Eds Y One, A Janca, M Asai, N Sartorius):3 Tokyo. Springer-Verlag, 1999.
  • Katon W, Walker EA. Medically unexplained symptoms in primary care. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:15-21.
  • Ford CV, Folks DG. Conversion disorders: an overview. Psychosomatics 1985; 26:371- 383.
  • Sharpe M, Carson A. "Unexplained" somatic symptoms, functional syndromes, and somatization: do we need a paradigm shift? Ann Intern Med 2001; 134:926-930.
  • Kellner R. Somatization: theories and research. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990; 178:150-160. Katon W, Ries RK, Kleinman A. A prospective DSM-III study of 100 consecutive somatization patients. Compr Psychiatry 1984; 25:305-314.
  • Bridges KW, Goldberg DP, Evans B, Sharpe T. Determinants of somatization in primary care. J Psychosom Res 1991; 29:563-569.
  • Kirmayer RJ, Robbins JM. Three forms of somatization in primary care: prevalence, cooccurrence and sociodemographic characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis 1991; 179:6476
  • Kellner R. Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42:821-833.
  • Escobar JI, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Bravo M. Somatic symptoms after a natural disaster: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 965-967.
  • Richardson RD, Engel CC. Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Neurologist 2004; 10:18-30.
  • Tschudi-Madsen H, Kjeldsberg M, Natvig B, Ihlebaek C, Dalen I, Straand J et al. Multiple symptoms and medically unexplained symptoms: closely related concepts in general practitioners' evaluations. A linked doctor-patient study. J Psychosom Res 2013; 74:186-190.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Linzer M, Hahn SR, deGruy FV 3rd et al. Physical symptoms in primary care: predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Arch Fam Med 1994; 3:774-779.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, de Gruy FV, Hahn SR, Linzer M. Multisomatoform disorder: an alternative to undifferentiated somatoform disorder for the somatizing patient in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:352-358.
  • Kroenke K, Mangelsdorff AD. Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome. Am J Med 1989; 86:262-266.
  • Hamilton J, Campos R, Creed F. Anxiety, depression and the management of medically unexplained symptoms in medical clinics. J R Coll Physicians 1996; 30:18
  • Carson AJ, Ringbauer B, Stone J, Sharpe M. Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? a prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 68:207-210.
  • Reid S, Wessely S, Crayford T, Hotopf M. Medically unexplained symptoms in frequent attenders of secondary health care: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2001; 322:1Bridges KW, Goldberg DP. Somatic presentation of DSM III psychiatric disorders in primary care. J Psychosom Res 1985; 29:563-569.
  • Feder A, Olfson M, Gameroff M, Fuentes M, Shea S, Lantıgua RA. Medically unexplained symptoms in an urban general medicine practice. Psychosomatics 2001; 42:261-268.
  • Schappert SM. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1989 summary. Vital Healt Stat 1992; 13:1-80.
  • Smith GR, Monson RA, Ray DC. Patients with multiple unexplained symptoms, their characteristics, functional health and health care utilization. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:69-72.
  • Kroenke K, Arrington ME, Mangelsdorf AD. The prevalence of symptoms in medical outpatients and the adequacy of therapy. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:1685- 1689.
  • Allan T. Somatizasyonda biyolojik etkenler.Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Dergisi 1999; 1:18-26.
  • Kellner R. Psychosomatic Syndromes and Somatic Symptoms. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Press,1991.
  • Ford CV. The somatizing disorders. Psychosomatics 1986; 27:327-337.
  • Rogers MP, Weinshenker N, Warshaw MG. Prevalence of somatoform disorders in a large sample of patients with anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1996; 37:17-22.
  • Koptagel-İlal G. Somatizasyonu nasıl anlamalıyız?-psikodinamik değerlendirmeTürkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Dergisi1999; 1:27-33.
  • Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S.Childhood risk factors for adults with medically unexplained symptoms: results from a national birth cohort study. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1796-1800.
  • Hotopf M, Wilson-Jones C, Mayou R. Childhood predictors of adult medically unexplained hospitalizations. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 176:273-280.
  • Taylor RE, Mann AH, White NJ. Attachment style in patients with unexplained physical complaints. Psychol Med 2000; 30:931-941.
  • Ruso J, Katon W, Sullivan M. Severity of somatization and its relationship to psychiatric disorders and personality. Psychosomatics 1994; 35:546-556.
  • Güleç YM, Hocaoğlu Ç,Gökçe M, Sayar K. Kalple ilişkili olmayan göğüs ağrısında aleksitimi, öfke ve bedensel duyumları büyütme. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007; 8:14Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: medicine's unsolved problem. Psychosomatics 1987; 28:294-295.
  • Fisch RZ. Masked depression: its interrelations, and conversion. Int J Psychiatry Med 1987; 17:367-369.
  • Escobar JI, Interian A, Díaz-Martínez A, Gara M. Idiopathic physical symptoms: a common manifestation of psychiatric disorders in primary care. CNS Spectr 2006; 11:201-210.
  • Sharpe M, Bass C. Pathophysiological mechanism in somatization. Int Rev Psychiatry 1992; 4: 81-97.
  • Lipowski ZJ. Somatization: a borderland between medicine and psychiatry. CMAJ 1986; 135:609-614.
  • Smith RC. A clinical approach to the somatizing patient. J Fam Pract 1985; 4:29430
  • Oxman TE, Rosenberg SD, Schnurr PP, Tucher GJ. Linguistic dimensions of affect and thought in somatization disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142:1150-1155.
  • Özen Ş, Özçetin A, Özkan M, Özbulut Ö, Başak İ. Bedenselleştiren hastalarda eksen 2 bozuklukları, kişilik özelikleri ve aleksitimi. Türkiye'de Psikiyatri 1999; 2:114-122. Kooiman CG. The status of alexithymia as a risk factor in medically unexplained physical symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 1998; 39:152-159.
  • Taylor GJ. Recent development in alexithymia theory and research. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 45:134-142.
  • Blanchard EB, Arena JG, Pallmeyer TP. Psychometric properties of a scale to measure alexithymia. Psychother Psychosom 1981; 35:64-71.
  • Özen ME, Türkcan AS, Belene A, Yeşilbursa D, Yurt E. somatizasyonda kültürel ve sosyolojik faktörler. Yeni Symposium 2009; 47:187-193.
  • Lane RD, Sechrest L, Riedel R. Sociodemographic correlates of alexithymia. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 39:377-385.
  • Deary IJ, Scott S, Wilson JA. Neuroticism, alexithymia and medically unexplained symptoms. Pers Individ Diff 1997; 22:551-564.
  • Ak İ, Sayar K, Kandemir G, Yazıcı M, Özkorumak E. Tıbben açıklanamayan belirtileri olan hastalarda aleksitimi. 38. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresinde Poster Sunumu s. Marmaris, 22-27 Ekim 2002.
  • Ak İ, Sayar K, Kandemir G, Özkorumak E, Yazıcı M.Tıbben açıklanamayan belirtileri olan hastalarda bedensel duyumları büyütme, hipokondriyak ilgi ve aleksitimi: major Depresyon hastalarıyla bir karşılaştırma. 38. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresinde Poster Sunumu s. 103. Marmaris, 22-27 Ekim 2002. van Boven K, Lucassen P, van Ravesteijn H, olde Hartman T, Bor H, van WeelBaumgarten E, van Weel C. Do unexplained symptoms predict anxiety or depression? ten-year data from a practice-based research network. Br J Gen Pract 2011; 61:3163
  • Koinman CG, Bolk JH, Brand R. Is alexithymia a risk factor for unexplained physical symptoms in general medical outpatients? Psychosom Med 2000; 62:768-778.
  • Lundh LG, Simonsson-Sarnecki M. Alexithymia, emotion, and somatic complaints. J Pers 2001; 69:483-510.
  • Öztek Z. Halk Sağlığı Sözlüğü. Ankara, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı Projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, 1997.
  • Burton C, Weller D, Marsden W, Worth A, Sharpe M. A primary care symptoms clinic for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: pilot randomised trial.BMJ 2012; 9:509-513.
  • Reid S, Crayford A, Patel S, Wessely S, Hotopf M. Frequent attenders in secondary care: a 3-year follow-up study of patients with medically unexplained symptoms. Psychol Med 2003; 33:519-524.
  • Peker DS. Bedensel belirtilerin klinik değerlendiriminde önemli bir ayrıntı: Psikobiyolojik ve psikososyal faktörler Türk Aile Hekimliği Dergisi 2008; 12:31-38. Pilowsky I. Abnormal illness behaviour. New York, Wiley, 1997.
  • Güleç YM, Hocaoğlu Ç, Durmuş İ. Kalple ilişkili olmayan göğüs ağrısı olan hastalarda psikiyatrik eştanı. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007; 10:7-13.
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  • Sullivan MD, LaCroix AZ, Spertus JA, Hecht J. Five-year prospective study of the effects of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86:1135-1138.
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  • Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: one or many? Lancet 1999; 354: 936-939.
  • Nimnuan C, Hotopf M, Wessely S. Medically unexplained symptoms: an epidemiological study in seven specialities. J Psychosom Res 2001; 51:361-367.
  • Buchwald D, Garrity D. Comprasion of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple chemical sensitivities Arch Intern Med 1994;154:204920
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  • Sharpe M, Bass C, Mayou R. An overview of the treatment of functional somatic symptoms. In Treatment of Functional Somatic Symptoms (Eds R Mayou, C Bass, M Sharpe):65-78. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • O'Malley PG, Jackson JL, Santoro J, Tomkins G, Balden E, Kroenke K. Antidepressant therapy for unexplained symptoms and symptom syndromes. J Fam Pract 1999; 48:980-990.
  • Mayou R. European concepts. In Somatoform Disorders: a World-wide Perspective. (Eds Y Ono, A Janca, M Asai, N Sartorius):26-37. Tokyo, Springer-Verlag, 1999.
  • Sumathipala A. What is the evidence for the efficacy of treatments for somatoform disorders? a critical review of previous intervention studies. Psychosom Med 2007; 69:889-900.
  • Kroenke K, Swindle R. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for somatization and symptom syndromes: a critical review of controlled clinical trials. Psychother Psychosom 2000; 69:205-215.
  • López-García-Franco A, del-Cura-González MI, Caballero-Martinez L. Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention in patients with medically unexplained symptoms: cluster randomized trial. BMC Fam Pract 2012; 13:35.
  • Zonneveld LN, van 't Spijker A, Passchier J, van Busschbach JJ, Duivenvoorden HJ. The effectiveness of a training for patients with unexplained physical symptoms: protocol of a cognitive behavioral group training and randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9:251.
  • Zonneveld LN, van Rood YR, Timman R, Kooiman CG, Van't Spijker A, Busschbach JJ. Effective group training for patients with unexplained physical symptoms: a randomized controlled trial with a non-randomized one-year follow-up. PLoS One 2012; 7:262-271. van Ravesteijn H, Grutters J, Olde Hartman T, Lucassen P, Bor H, van Weel C et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: a cost-effectiveness study. J Psychosom Res 2013;74:197-205. Gökhan Kandemir, Uzm. Dr., Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri A.D, Rize; İsmail Ak, Prof. Dr., Karadeniz Teknik Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri A.D, Trabzon. Yazışma Adresi/Correspondence: Gökhan Kandemir, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri A.D, Rize, Turkey. E-mail: gokhankandemir@hotmail.com Yazarlar bu makale ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirmemişlerdir. The authors reported no conflict of interest related to this article. Çevrimiçi adresi / Available online at: www.cappsy.org/archives/vol5/no4/ Çevrimiçi yayım / Published online 30 Aralık/December 30, 2013; doi:10.5455/cap.20130530
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gökhan Kandemir Bu kişi benim

İsmail Ak Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kandemir G, Ak İ. Tıbben Açıklanamayan Belirtilerin Psikiyatrik Yönü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2013;5(4):479-506. doi:10.5455/cap.20130530

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