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Recognition of Face and Emotional Facial Expressions in Autism

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 15 - 29, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130502

Öz

Autism is a genetically transferred neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe and permanent deficits in many interpersonal relation areas like communication, social interaction and emotional responsiveness. Patients with autism have deficits in face recognition, eye contact and recognition of emotional expression. Both recognition of face and expression of facial emotion carried on face processing. Structural and functional impairment in fusiform gyrus, amygdala, superior temporal sulcus and other brain regions lead to deficits in recognition of face and facial emotion. Therefore studies suggest that face processing deficits resulted in problems in areas of social interaction and emotion in autism. Studies revealed that children with autism had problems in recognition of facial expression and used mouth region more than eye region. It was also shown that autistic patients interpreted ambiguous expressions as negative emotion. In autism, deficits related in various stages of face processing like detection of gaze, face identity, recognition of emotional expression were determined, so far. Social interaction impairments in autistic spectrum disorders originated from face processing deficits during the periods of infancy, childhood and adolescence. Recognition of face and expression of facial emotion could be affected either automatically by orienting towards faces after birth, or by "learning" processes in developmental periods such as identity and emotion processing. This article aimed to review neurobiological basis of face processing and recognition of emotional facial expressions during normal development and in autism. Keywords:

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • Lauritsen MB, Ewald H. The genetics of autism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103: 411-4
  • Altunel Ö, Demirdöğen G, Dural U, Kuşçu MK. Şizofrenide duygu algılama ve tanıma süreçleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2008; 11:3-11.
  • Volkmar FR, Chawarska K, Klin A. Autism spectrum disorders in infants and toddlers: an introduction. In Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment (Eds. K Chawarska, A Klin, FR Volkmar):1 New York, Guilford Press, 2008.
  • Dakin S, Frith U. Vagaries of visual perception in autism. Neuron 2005; 48:497-507. Nomi JS, Scherfeld D, Friederichs S, Schäfer R, Franz M, Wittsack HJ et al. On the neural networks of empathy: a principal component analysis of an fMRI study. Behav Brain Funct 2008; 4:41-54.
  • Hernandez N, Metzger A, Magné R, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Roux S, Barthelemy C et al. Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1004-1012.
  • Kobayashi H, Kohshima S. Unique morphology of the human eye and its adaptive meaning: Comparative studies on external morphology of the primate eye. J Hum Evol 2001; 40:419-443.
  • Kuusikko S, Haapsamo H, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Hurtig T, Mattila ML, Ebeling H et al. Emotion recognition in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:938-945.
  • Bal E, Harden E, Lamb D, Van Hecke V, Denver JW, Porges SW et al. Emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: relations to eye gaze and autonomic state. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 40:358–370.
  • De Haan M. Neurocognitive mechanisms for the development of face processing. In Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (Eds CA Nelson, M Luciana):509-520. London, MIT Press, 2008.
  • Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J Neurosci 1997; 17:4302-4311.
  • Pierce K, Müler RA, Ambrose J, Allen G, Courchesne E. Face processing occurs outside the fusiform “face area” in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain 2001; 124:2059-2073.
  • Gauthier I, Skudlarski P, Gore JC , Anderson AW. Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:191-197.
  • Oram MW, Perrett DI. Integration of form and motion in the anterior superior temporal polysensory area (STPa) of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol 1996; 76:109-129.
  • Johnson MH, Griffin R, Csibra G, Halit H, Farroni T, deHaan M et al. The emergence of the social brain network: evidence from typical and atypical development. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 17:599-619.
  • Salah AA. İnsan ve bilgisayarda yüz tanıma. Kognitif III. Uluslararası Kognitif Nörobilim Sempozyumu , 17-21 Mayıs 2006. Marmaris, Türkiye, 2006.
  • Kelly DJ, Quinn PC, Slater AM , Lee K, Gibson A, Smith M et al. Three-montholds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces. Dev Sci 2005; 8:31-36.
  • Pascalis O, de Haan M, Nelson CA. Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life? Science 2002; 296:1321-1323.
  • Golarai G, Grill-Spector K, Reiss AL. Autism and the development of face processing. Clin Neurosci Res 2006; 6:143-160.
  • Joseph RM, Ehrman K, McNally R, Keehn B. Affective response to eye contact and face recognition ability in children with ASD. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008; 14:9479
  • Pelphrey KA, Sasson NJ, Reznick JS, Paul G, Goldman BD, Piven J. Visual scanning of faces in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2002; 32:249-261.
  • Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F Cohen D. Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:895-908.
  • Dawson G, Webb SJ, Wijsman E, Schellenberg G, Estes A, Munson J et al. Neurocognitive and electrophysiological evidence of altered face processing in parents of children with autism: implications for a model of abnormal development of social brain circuitry in autism. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 17:679-697.
  • Senju A, Tojo Y, Dairoku H, Hasegawa T. Reflexive orienting in response to eye gaze and an arrow in children with and without autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:445-458.
  • Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK, Weijnen FG, van Engeland H. Timing of social gaze behavior in children with a pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 1998; 28:199-210.
  • Behrmann M, Avidan G, Leonard GL, Kimchi R, Luna B, Humphreys K et al. Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing. Neuropsychologia 2007; 44:110-129.
  • Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen DJ. Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:809-816. van der Geest JN, Kemner C, Verbaten MN, Engeland H. Gaze behaviour of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: a fixation time study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43:669-778.
  • Schultz RT, Gauthier I, Klin A Fulbright RK, Anderson AW, Volkmar F et al. Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:3313
  • Waiter GD, Williams JH, Murray AD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Whiten A. A voxelbased investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuroimage 2004; 22:619-625.
  • Schultz RT. Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:125-141.
  • Grelotti DJ, Klin AJ, Gauthier I, Skudlarski P, Cohen DJ, Gore JC et al. fMRI activation of the fusiform gyrus and amygdala to cartoon characters but not to faces in a boy with autism. Neuropsychologia 2005; 43:373-385.
  • Boddaert N, Chabane N, Gervais H, Good CD, Bourgeois M, Plumet MH et al. Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: a voxel-based morphometry MRI study. Neuroimage 2004; 23:364-369.
  • O’Connor K, Hamm JP, Kirk IJ. The neurophysiological correlates of face processing in adults and children with Asperger’s syndrome. Brain Cogn 2005; 59:82-95.
  • McPartland J, Dawson G, Webb SJ, Panagiotides H, Carver LJ. Event-related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:1235-1245.
  • Blair RJR. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro-cognitive substrates. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 2003; 358:561-572.
  • Ekman, P. Basic emotions. In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (Eds T Dagleish, M Power):45-60. Chichester, Wiley, 1999.
  • Dailey MN, Cottrell GW, Padgett C, Adolphs R. EMPATH: a neural network that categorizes facial expressions. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14:1158-1173.
  • Neth D, Martinez AM. A computational shape-based model of anger and sadness justifies a configural representation of faces. Vision Res 2010; 50:1693-1711.
  • Philippi CL, Mehta S, Grabowski T, Adolphs R, Rudrauf D. Damage to association fiber tracts ımpairs recognition of the facial expression of emotion. J Neurosci 2009; 29:14789-14799.
  • Anderson AK, Phelps EA. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 2001; 411:305-309.
  • Kawashima R, Sugiura M, Kato T, Nakamura A, Hatano K, Ito K et al. The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring. A PET study. Brain 1999; 122: 779-7
  • Pasley BN, Mayes LC, Schultz RT. Subcortical discrimination of unperceived objects during binocular rivalry. Neuron 2004; 42:163-172.
  • Vuilleumier P, Richardson MP, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:1271-1278.
  • Grelotti DJ, Gauthier I, Schultz RT. Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: what autism teaches us about face processing. Dev Psychobiol 2002; 40:213-225
  • Kahana-Kalman R, Walker-Andrews AS. The role of person familiarity in young infants’ perception of emotional expressions. Child Dev 2001;72: 352-369.
  • Batty M, Taylor MJ. The development of emotional face processing during childhood. Dev Sci 2006; 9:207-220.
  • Castelli F. Understanding emotions from standardized facial expressions in autism and normal development. Autism 2005; 9:428-449.
  • Begeer S, Rieffe C, Terwogt MM, Stockmann L. Attention to facial emotion expressions in children with autism. Autism 2006; 10:37-51.
  • Wright B, Clarke N, Jordan J, Young AW, Clarke P, Miles J et al. Emotion recognition in faces and the use of visual context in young people with highfunctioning autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2008; 12:607-626.
  • Boraston Z, Blakemore SJ, Chilvers R, Skuse D. Impaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:1471-1480. Critchley HD, Daly EM, Bullmore ET, Williams SC, Van Amelsvoort T, Robertson DM et al. The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain 2000; 123:2203-2212.
  • Bölte S, Feineis-Matthews S, Poustka F. Brief report: Emotional processing in highfunctioning autism-physiological reactivity and affective report. J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 38:776-781.
  • Kirchner JC, Hatri A, Heekeren HR, Dziobek I. Autistic symptomatology, face processing abilities, and eye fixation patterns. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:1581 de Jong MC, van Engeland H, Kemner C. Attentional effects of gaze shifts are ınfluenced by emotion and spatial frequency, but not in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:443-454.
  • Adolphs R, Spezio ML, Parlier M, Piven J. Distinct face processing strategies in parents of autistic children. Curr Biol 2008; 18:1090-1093.
  • Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Tager-Flusberg H. Abnormal activation of the social brain during face perception in autism. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:441-449.
  • Amaral DG, Bauman MD, Schumann CM. The amygdala and autism: implications from non-human primate studies. Genes Brain Behav 2003; 2:295-302.
  • Özbaran B, Köse SG, Erermiş S. Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 2009; 19:323-332.
  • Maestro S, Muratori F, Cavallaro MC, Pei F, Stern D, Golse B et al. Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41:1239-1245. Muhammed Tayyip Kadak, Uzm. Dr., Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Van; Türkay Demir, Prof. Dr., İstanbul Üniv. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak., İstanbul; Burak Doğangün, Doç. Dr., İstanbul Üniv. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak., İstanbul . Yazışma Adresi/Correspondence: Muhammed Tayyip Kadak, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Van, Turkey. E-mail: tayyibkadak@gmail.com Yazarlar bu makale ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirmemişlerdir. The authors reported no conflict of interest related to this article. Çevrimiçi adresi / Available online at: www.cappsy.org/archives/vol5/no1/ Çevrimiçi yayım / Published online 29 Ekim/October 29, 2012; doi:10.5455/cap.20130502

Otizmde Yüz ve Duyguların Yüz İfadelerini Tanıma

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 15 - 29, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130502

Öz

Otizm, sosyal etkileşim, iletişim ve duygusal karşılıklılık gibi kişilerarası ilişkileri içeren birçok alanda ciddi ve süreğen bozuklukların görüldüğü, genetik temelli nörogelişimsel bir bozukluktur. Otistik bireylerde yüz tanıma, göz göze ilişki kurma, yüzdeki duyguları okuma ve kişilerarası ilişkilerde kusurlar mevcuttur. Yüz tanıma işlemi sırasında yalnızca yüz tanıma işlevi yerine getirilmez, ayrıca yüzdeki duygusal ifadeyi tanıma da gerçekleştirilir. Otizmde fusiform girus, amigdala, üst temporal sulkus ve diğer beyin bölgelerindeki yapısal ve işlevsel sorunların yüz tanıma ve yüzlerden duyguları tanıma gibi becerilerde bozukluklara yol açarak sosyal etkileşim ve duygusal kusurlara neden olduğu belirtilmektedir. Çalışmalarda otistik bireylerin gözlere bakmaktan çok ağız bölgesine baktıkları, yüz ifadelerini tanımakta zorlandıkları bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca otistiklerin muğlak ifadeleri daha çok olumsuz duygu olarak yorumladıkları gösterilmiştir. Otizmde yüz işlemenin birçok aşamasında (bakış yönünü algılama, yüz kimliğini ve duygusal ifadeleri tanıma) kusurlar bulunmaktadır. Otistik spektrum bozukluklarında görülen sosyal iletişim sorunları bebeklik, çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde yüz işleme işlevindeki kusurlardan kaynaklanabilir. Otizmde yüz tanıma ve duyguları yüz ifadelerinden tanıma becerileri hem doğuştan itibaren var olabilecek (yüze otomatik yönelim) hem de gelişim dönemlerinde öğrenme süreçlerinde (kimlik ve duygu işleme) meydana gelen sorunlardan etkilendiği düşünülmektedir. Bu gözden geçirme yazısında normal gelişim ve otizmde yüz tanıma ve duyguların yüz ifadelerini tanıma becerileri ve nörobiyolojik temelleri incelenecektir.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • Lauritsen MB, Ewald H. The genetics of autism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103: 411-4
  • Altunel Ö, Demirdöğen G, Dural U, Kuşçu MK. Şizofrenide duygu algılama ve tanıma süreçleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2008; 11:3-11.
  • Volkmar FR, Chawarska K, Klin A. Autism spectrum disorders in infants and toddlers: an introduction. In Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Toddlers: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment (Eds. K Chawarska, A Klin, FR Volkmar):1 New York, Guilford Press, 2008.
  • Dakin S, Frith U. Vagaries of visual perception in autism. Neuron 2005; 48:497-507. Nomi JS, Scherfeld D, Friederichs S, Schäfer R, Franz M, Wittsack HJ et al. On the neural networks of empathy: a principal component analysis of an fMRI study. Behav Brain Funct 2008; 4:41-54.
  • Hernandez N, Metzger A, Magné R, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Roux S, Barthelemy C et al. Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:1004-1012.
  • Kobayashi H, Kohshima S. Unique morphology of the human eye and its adaptive meaning: Comparative studies on external morphology of the primate eye. J Hum Evol 2001; 40:419-443.
  • Kuusikko S, Haapsamo H, Jansson-Verkasalo E, Hurtig T, Mattila ML, Ebeling H et al. Emotion recognition in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:938-945.
  • Bal E, Harden E, Lamb D, Van Hecke V, Denver JW, Porges SW et al. Emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: relations to eye gaze and autonomic state. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 40:358–370.
  • De Haan M. Neurocognitive mechanisms for the development of face processing. In Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (Eds CA Nelson, M Luciana):509-520. London, MIT Press, 2008.
  • Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J Neurosci 1997; 17:4302-4311.
  • Pierce K, Müler RA, Ambrose J, Allen G, Courchesne E. Face processing occurs outside the fusiform “face area” in autism: evidence from functional MRI. Brain 2001; 124:2059-2073.
  • Gauthier I, Skudlarski P, Gore JC , Anderson AW. Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:191-197.
  • Oram MW, Perrett DI. Integration of form and motion in the anterior superior temporal polysensory area (STPa) of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol 1996; 76:109-129.
  • Johnson MH, Griffin R, Csibra G, Halit H, Farroni T, deHaan M et al. The emergence of the social brain network: evidence from typical and atypical development. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 17:599-619.
  • Salah AA. İnsan ve bilgisayarda yüz tanıma. Kognitif III. Uluslararası Kognitif Nörobilim Sempozyumu , 17-21 Mayıs 2006. Marmaris, Türkiye, 2006.
  • Kelly DJ, Quinn PC, Slater AM , Lee K, Gibson A, Smith M et al. Three-montholds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces. Dev Sci 2005; 8:31-36.
  • Pascalis O, de Haan M, Nelson CA. Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life? Science 2002; 296:1321-1323.
  • Golarai G, Grill-Spector K, Reiss AL. Autism and the development of face processing. Clin Neurosci Res 2006; 6:143-160.
  • Joseph RM, Ehrman K, McNally R, Keehn B. Affective response to eye contact and face recognition ability in children with ASD. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2008; 14:9479
  • Pelphrey KA, Sasson NJ, Reznick JS, Paul G, Goldman BD, Piven J. Visual scanning of faces in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2002; 32:249-261.
  • Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F Cohen D. Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:895-908.
  • Dawson G, Webb SJ, Wijsman E, Schellenberg G, Estes A, Munson J et al. Neurocognitive and electrophysiological evidence of altered face processing in parents of children with autism: implications for a model of abnormal development of social brain circuitry in autism. Dev Psychopathol 2005; 17:679-697.
  • Senju A, Tojo Y, Dairoku H, Hasegawa T. Reflexive orienting in response to eye gaze and an arrow in children with and without autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:445-458.
  • Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK, Weijnen FG, van Engeland H. Timing of social gaze behavior in children with a pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 1998; 28:199-210.
  • Behrmann M, Avidan G, Leonard GL, Kimchi R, Luna B, Humphreys K et al. Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing. Neuropsychologia 2007; 44:110-129.
  • Klin A, Jones W, Schultz R, Volkmar F, Cohen DJ. Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:809-816. van der Geest JN, Kemner C, Verbaten MN, Engeland H. Gaze behaviour of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: a fixation time study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43:669-778.
  • Schultz RT, Gauthier I, Klin A Fulbright RK, Anderson AW, Volkmar F et al. Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:3313
  • Waiter GD, Williams JH, Murray AD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Whiten A. A voxelbased investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuroimage 2004; 22:619-625.
  • Schultz RT. Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:125-141.
  • Grelotti DJ, Klin AJ, Gauthier I, Skudlarski P, Cohen DJ, Gore JC et al. fMRI activation of the fusiform gyrus and amygdala to cartoon characters but not to faces in a boy with autism. Neuropsychologia 2005; 43:373-385.
  • Boddaert N, Chabane N, Gervais H, Good CD, Bourgeois M, Plumet MH et al. Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: a voxel-based morphometry MRI study. Neuroimage 2004; 23:364-369.
  • O’Connor K, Hamm JP, Kirk IJ. The neurophysiological correlates of face processing in adults and children with Asperger’s syndrome. Brain Cogn 2005; 59:82-95.
  • McPartland J, Dawson G, Webb SJ, Panagiotides H, Carver LJ. Event-related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:1235-1245.
  • Blair RJR. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro-cognitive substrates. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 2003; 358:561-572.
  • Ekman, P. Basic emotions. In Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (Eds T Dagleish, M Power):45-60. Chichester, Wiley, 1999.
  • Dailey MN, Cottrell GW, Padgett C, Adolphs R. EMPATH: a neural network that categorizes facial expressions. J Cogn Neurosci 2002; 14:1158-1173.
  • Neth D, Martinez AM. A computational shape-based model of anger and sadness justifies a configural representation of faces. Vision Res 2010; 50:1693-1711.
  • Philippi CL, Mehta S, Grabowski T, Adolphs R, Rudrauf D. Damage to association fiber tracts ımpairs recognition of the facial expression of emotion. J Neurosci 2009; 29:14789-14799.
  • Anderson AK, Phelps EA. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 2001; 411:305-309.
  • Kawashima R, Sugiura M, Kato T, Nakamura A, Hatano K, Ito K et al. The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring. A PET study. Brain 1999; 122: 779-7
  • Pasley BN, Mayes LC, Schultz RT. Subcortical discrimination of unperceived objects during binocular rivalry. Neuron 2004; 42:163-172.
  • Vuilleumier P, Richardson MP, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:1271-1278.
  • Grelotti DJ, Gauthier I, Schultz RT. Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: what autism teaches us about face processing. Dev Psychobiol 2002; 40:213-225
  • Kahana-Kalman R, Walker-Andrews AS. The role of person familiarity in young infants’ perception of emotional expressions. Child Dev 2001;72: 352-369.
  • Batty M, Taylor MJ. The development of emotional face processing during childhood. Dev Sci 2006; 9:207-220.
  • Castelli F. Understanding emotions from standardized facial expressions in autism and normal development. Autism 2005; 9:428-449.
  • Begeer S, Rieffe C, Terwogt MM, Stockmann L. Attention to facial emotion expressions in children with autism. Autism 2006; 10:37-51.
  • Wright B, Clarke N, Jordan J, Young AW, Clarke P, Miles J et al. Emotion recognition in faces and the use of visual context in young people with highfunctioning autism spectrum disorders. Autism 2008; 12:607-626.
  • Boraston Z, Blakemore SJ, Chilvers R, Skuse D. Impaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:1471-1480. Critchley HD, Daly EM, Bullmore ET, Williams SC, Van Amelsvoort T, Robertson DM et al. The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions. Brain 2000; 123:2203-2212.
  • Bölte S, Feineis-Matthews S, Poustka F. Brief report: Emotional processing in highfunctioning autism-physiological reactivity and affective report. J Autism Dev Disord 2008; 38:776-781.
  • Kirchner JC, Hatri A, Heekeren HR, Dziobek I. Autistic symptomatology, face processing abilities, and eye fixation patterns. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:1581 de Jong MC, van Engeland H, Kemner C. Attentional effects of gaze shifts are ınfluenced by emotion and spatial frequency, but not in autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:443-454.
  • Adolphs R, Spezio ML, Parlier M, Piven J. Distinct face processing strategies in parents of autistic children. Curr Biol 2008; 18:1090-1093.
  • Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Tager-Flusberg H. Abnormal activation of the social brain during face perception in autism. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:441-449.
  • Amaral DG, Bauman MD, Schumann CM. The amygdala and autism: implications from non-human primate studies. Genes Brain Behav 2003; 2:295-302.
  • Özbaran B, Köse SG, Erermiş S. Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 2009; 19:323-332.
  • Maestro S, Muratori F, Cavallaro MC, Pei F, Stern D, Golse B et al. Attentional skills during the first 6 months of age in autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41:1239-1245. Muhammed Tayyip Kadak, Uzm. Dr., Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Van; Türkay Demir, Prof. Dr., İstanbul Üniv. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak., İstanbul; Burak Doğangün, Doç. Dr., İstanbul Üniv. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fak., İstanbul . Yazışma Adresi/Correspondence: Muhammed Tayyip Kadak, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Van, Turkey. E-mail: tayyibkadak@gmail.com Yazarlar bu makale ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bildirmemişlerdir. The authors reported no conflict of interest related to this article. Çevrimiçi adresi / Available online at: www.cappsy.org/archives/vol5/no1/ Çevrimiçi yayım / Published online 29 Ekim/October 29, 2012; doi:10.5455/cap.20130502
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Muhammed Tayyib Kadak Bu kişi benim

Türkay Demir Bu kişi benim

Burak Doğangün Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kadak MT, Demir T, Doğangün B. Otizmde Yüz ve Duyguların Yüz İfadelerini Tanıma. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Mart 2013;5(1):15-29. doi:10.5455/cap.20130502

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.