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Beden Dismorfik Bozukluğu

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 547 - 565, 01.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120432

Öz

Beden dismorfik bozukluğu, bir kişinin gerçekte olmayan var olduğunu sandığı bir bedensel kusur ile aşırı uğraşması ya da bir beden kusuru varsa bile bunu aşırı abartması durumudur. Yaygın bir hastalık olması ve bir yüzyıldan fazla zamandır literatürde tanımlanmış olmasına rağmen, yeterince tanınmamış bir bozukluktur. Kronik seyirli, tedaviye dirençli olması ve sanrısal yoğunluğa varabilen şiddeti kişide ciddi yeti yıkımına yol açabilir. Yaşam kalitesini düşürmesi ve özkıyım girişimleri nedeniyle, bu bozukluğun uygun tanı ve tedavisi önem taşımaktadır. Bu yazıda beden dismorfik bozukluğunun tanı, etyoloji, klinik özellikleri ve tedavisi kısaca gözden geçirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Sungur M.Z. Beden dismorfik bozukluğu. Psikiyatri Dünyası 1999; 1:19-22.
  • Aslan H. Beden dismorfik bozukluğu: bir gözden geçirme. Düşünen Adam 2000; 13:33-41.
  • Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1997; 32:24-29.
  • Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brahler E. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med 2006; 36:877- 885.
  • Bjornsson AS, Didie ER, Philips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010; 12:221-232.
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder. In Somatoform and Factitious Disorders (Ed KA Phillips):67-94. Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001.
  • Grant JE, Suck WK, Crow SJ. Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:517-522.
  • Biby EL. The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and depression, self- esteem, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychol 1998;
  • Taqui AM, Shaikh M, Gowani SA, Shadid F, Khan A, Tayyeb SM et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: gender differences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:20.
  • Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Compr Psychiatry 1998; 39:265-270.
  • Phillips KA, Dufresne RG, Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:436- 441.
  • Hollander E, Aronowitz BR. Comorbid social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorders: managing the complicated patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:27-31.
  • Aşkın R. Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu. In Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı, 2nd ed.(Eds E Köroğlu, C Güleç):390-392. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 2007.
  • Aşkın R. Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu: 9 olgu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 1994; 1:45-51.
  • Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169:196-201.
  • Çelik S, Fidan E, Evren C, Can Y, Danışmant BS, Çavaş S et al. Beden dismorfik bozukluğu ve madde bağımlılığı: bir olgu sunumu. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nö- rolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2011; 24:75-79.
  • Phillips KA. Menard W, Fay C. Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 ındividuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2005; 46:317-325.
  • Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W, Pagano ME, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults. Psychiatry Res 2006; 141:305-314.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C. Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2006; 47:77-87.
  • Çalıkuşu C, Tükel R, Karalı N. Beden dismorfık bozukluğunda klinik özellikler: 13 olgunun değerlendirilmesi. 33. Ulusal Psikiyatrik Kongresi, 1-4 Ekim 1997 Antalya, Türkiye. Bildiri Metin Kitabı sayfa:29-34.
  • Castle DJ, Rossell SL. An update on body dysmorphic disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19:74.78.
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Eckert ED. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa: prevalence, clinical features and delusionality of body image. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32:291-300.
  • Grant JE, Phillips KA. Is anorexia nervosa a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder? Probably not, but read on. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12:123-126.
  • Munro A, Stewart M. Body dysmorphic disorder and the DSM-IV: the demise of dysmorphobia. Can J Psychiatry 1991; 36: 91-96.
  • Phillips KA, Taub SL. Skin picking as a symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31:279-288.
  • Munro A. Paranoid(delusional) disorders: DSM-III-R and beyond. Compr Psychiatry 1987; 28: 35-39.
  • Munro A. Monosymtomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1988;
  • Göksan B. Ergenlerde beden imajı ve beden dismorfik bozukluğu (Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, 2007.
  • Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI. Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:302-308.
  • Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 1993; 23:359-364.
  • Feusner, J.D. Neziroglu, F. Wilhelm, S. Mancusi, L. Saxena, S. What causes BDD: research findings and a proposed model. Psychiatr Ann 2010; 40:349- 355
  • Neziroglu F, Khemlani-Patel S, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Rates of abuse in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Body Image 2006; 3:189- 193.
  • Veale D. Body dysmorphic disorder: review. Postgrad Med J 2004; 80:67-71.
  • Veale D, Ennis M, Lambrou C. Possible association of body dysmorphic disorder with an occupation or education in art and design. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1788
  • Bernstein IH, Lin TD, McClellan P. Cross- vs. within-racial judgments of attractiveness. Percept Psychophys 1982; 32:495-503.
  • Deckersbach T, Savage C, Phillips K, Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Rauch SL et al. Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6:673-681.
  • Feusner JD, Townsend J, Bystritsky A, Bookheimer S. Visual information processing of faces in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:1417-1425.
  • Feusner JD, Moody T, Hembacher E, Townsend J, McKinley M, Moller H et al. Abnormalities of visual processing and fronto-striatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67:197-205.
  • Rauch SL, Phillips KA, Segal E, Makris N, Shin LM, Whalen PJ et al. A preliminary morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain volumes in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2003; 122:13-19.
  • Atmaca M, Bingol I, Aydin A, Yildirim H, Okur I, Yildirim MA et al. Brain morphology of patients with body dysmorphic disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 123:258-263.
  • Feusner JD, Townsend J, Bystritsky A, McKinley M, Moller H, Bookheimer S. Regional brain volumes and symptom severity in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 172:161-167.
  • Bienvenu O, Samuels J, Riddle M, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BAet al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:287-293.
  • Phillips KA, Gunderson CG, Mallya G, McElroy SL, Carter W. A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:568-575.
  • Phillips KA, Kaye WH. The relationship of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 2007; 12:347-358.
  • Barr L, Goodman W, Price L. Acute exacerbation of body dysmorphic disorder during tryptophan depletion. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1406-1407.
  • Hanes K. Serotonin, psilocybin, and body dysmorphic disorder: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16:188-189.
  • Craven J, Rodin G. Cyproheptadine dependence associated with an atypical somatoform disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32:143-145.
  • Hollander E, Wong C. Introduction: obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(Suppl 4):3-6.
  • Phillips KA. McElroy SL. Hudson JI. Pope Jr HG. Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both? J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:41-52.
  • Cohen L, Hollander E. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. In Stein DJ, editor. Obsessive-compulsive disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc;1997.
  • Frare F, Perugi G, Ruffolo G, Toni C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:292
  • Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, McNally RJ, Tuschen-Caffer B, Baer L, Jenike MA. Interpretive biases for ambiguous information in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:435-443.
  • Eisen JL, Phillips KA, Coles ME, Rasmussen SA. Insight in obsessive compulsive and body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2004; 45:10-15.
  • Gunstad J, Phillips KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2003; 44:270-276.
  • Phillips KA. McElroy SL. Keck PE Jr. Hudson JI. Pope HG Jr. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994; 30:179-186.
  • Aşkın R, Çilli AS. Ayaktan psikiyatrik hastalarda vücut dismorfik bozukluğu: tanı, yaşam boyu başka ruhsal hastalık varlığı, demografik ve klinik özellikler. Türk Psiki- yatri Dergisi 2002; 13:197-203.
  • Grant JE, Menard W, Pagano ME, Fay C, Phillips KA. Substance use disorders in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:309-316.
  • Simeon D. Hollander E. Stein DJ. Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1207-1209.
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder and depression: theoretical considerations and treatment strategies. Psychiatr Q 1999; 70:313-331.
  • Brawman-Mintzer O. Lydiard RB. Phillips KA. Anxiety disorders and body dysmorphic disorder:a comorbidity study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1665- 1667.
  • Soriano JL. O’Sullivan RL. Baer L. Phillips KA. McNally RJ. Jenike MA. Trichotillomania and self-esteem: a survey of 62 female hair pullers. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:77-82
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. London, British Psychological Society & Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006.
  • Phillips KA, Najar F. An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:715-720.
  • Phillips KA, Siniscalchi JM, McElroy SL. Depression, anxiety, anger, and somatic symptoms in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Q 2004; 75:309- 320.
  • Phillips KA, Kelly MM. Suicidality in a placebo-controlled fluoxetine study of body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:26-28.
  • Phillips KA, Rasmussen SA. Change in psychosocial functioning and quality of life of patients with body dysmorphic disorder treated with fluoxetine: a placebo-controlled study. Psychosomatics 2004; 45:438-444.
  • Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL. Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:165-171.
  • Perugi G, Giannotti D, Di Vaio S, Frare F, Saettoni M, Cassano GB. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11:247-254.
  • Phillips KA. An open-label study of escitalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:177-179.
  • Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:1033-1039.
  • Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Rasmussen SA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:381-388.
  • Heimann SW. SSRI for body dysmorphic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:868.
  • Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, Winchel R, Klumker A, Klein DF. Treatment of body- dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:768-770.
  • Albertini RS, Phillips KA. Thirty-three cases of body dysmorphic disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:453-459.
  • Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Dwight MM, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Delusionality and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:87-91.
  • Phillips KA. Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide. New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Phillips KA. The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Phillips KA. Pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2010; 40:325-332.
  • Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Siniscalchi JM, Khan A, Robinson M. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:721-727.
  • Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:263-269.
  • Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Willson R et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 1996; 34:717-729.
  • Khemlani-Patel S, Neziroglu F, Mancusi LM. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a comparative investigation. Int J Cogn Ther. 2011; 4:363-380.
  • Geremia G, Neziroglu F. Cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother 2001; 8:243-251.
  • Williams J, Hadjistavropoulos T, Sharpe D. A meta-analysis of psychological and pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:99-111.
  • Veale D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2010; 40:333-340.
  • Phillips KA. Menard W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1280-1282.
  • Didie ER. Tortolani CC. Pope CG. Menard W. Fay C. Phillips KA. Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder Child Abuse Negl 2006; 30:1105- 1115.
  • Neziroğlu F. Khemlani-Patel S. A review of cognitive and behavioral treatment for body dysmrphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:464-471.
  • Perihan Çam Ray, Dr., Çukurova Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Psikiyatrisi Anabilim Dalı, Adana; Mehmet Emin
  • Demirkol, Dr, Çukurova Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Adana; Lut Tamam, Prof. Dr. , Çukuro
  • va Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Adana.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 547 - 565, 01.12.2012
https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120432

Öz

Body dysmorphic disorder is a type of mental illness, wherein the affected person is concerned with body image, manifested as excessive concern about and preoccupation with a perceived defect of their physical features. Although it is a common disease and has been defined in the literature over a century, it is not a well known disease. Chronic, treatment resistant and sometimes delusional nature could result in severe functional impairment. The diagnosis and appropriate therapy of disorder are crucial because of increased suicidality and reduction in life quality. In this article the symptoms, etiology, clinical features and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder are briefly reviewed. Keywords: Body dysmorphic disorder, diagnosis, treatment

Kaynakça

  • Sungur M.Z. Beden dismorfik bozukluğu. Psikiyatri Dünyası 1999; 1:19-22.
  • Aslan H. Beden dismorfik bozukluğu: bir gözden geçirme. Düşünen Adam 2000; 13:33-41.
  • Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1997; 32:24-29.
  • Rief W, Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, Borkenhagen A, Brahler E. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychol Med 2006; 36:877- 885.
  • Bjornsson AS, Didie ER, Philips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010; 12:221-232.
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder. In Somatoform and Factitious Disorders (Ed KA Phillips):67-94. Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001.
  • Grant JE, Suck WK, Crow SJ. Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatric inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:517-522.
  • Biby EL. The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and depression, self- esteem, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychol 1998;
  • Taqui AM, Shaikh M, Gowani SA, Shadid F, Khan A, Tayyeb SM et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: gender differences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8:20.
  • Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Compr Psychiatry 1998; 39:265-270.
  • Phillips KA, Dufresne RG, Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42:436- 441.
  • Hollander E, Aronowitz BR. Comorbid social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorders: managing the complicated patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:27-31.
  • Aşkın R. Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu. In Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı, 2nd ed.(Eds E Köroğlu, C Güleç):390-392. Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 2007.
  • Aşkın R. Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu: 9 olgu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 1994; 1:45-51.
  • Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169:196-201.
  • Çelik S, Fidan E, Evren C, Can Y, Danışmant BS, Çavaş S et al. Beden dismorfik bozukluğu ve madde bağımlılığı: bir olgu sunumu. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nö- rolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2011; 24:75-79.
  • Phillips KA. Menard W, Fay C. Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 ındividuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2005; 46:317-325.
  • Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W, Pagano ME, Fay C, Weisberg RB. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults. Psychiatry Res 2006; 141:305-314.
  • Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C. Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2006; 47:77-87.
  • Çalıkuşu C, Tükel R, Karalı N. Beden dismorfık bozukluğunda klinik özellikler: 13 olgunun değerlendirilmesi. 33. Ulusal Psikiyatrik Kongresi, 1-4 Ekim 1997 Antalya, Türkiye. Bildiri Metin Kitabı sayfa:29-34.
  • Castle DJ, Rossell SL. An update on body dysmorphic disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006; 19:74.78.
  • Grant JE, Kim SW, Eckert ED. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anorexia nervosa: prevalence, clinical features and delusionality of body image. Int J Eat Disord 2002; 32:291-300.
  • Grant JE, Phillips KA. Is anorexia nervosa a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder? Probably not, but read on. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2004; 12:123-126.
  • Munro A, Stewart M. Body dysmorphic disorder and the DSM-IV: the demise of dysmorphobia. Can J Psychiatry 1991; 36: 91-96.
  • Phillips KA, Taub SL. Skin picking as a symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31:279-288.
  • Munro A. Paranoid(delusional) disorders: DSM-III-R and beyond. Compr Psychiatry 1987; 28: 35-39.
  • Munro A. Monosymtomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1988;
  • Göksan B. Ergenlerde beden imajı ve beden dismorfik bozukluğu (Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, 2007.
  • Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI. Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:302-308.
  • Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 1993; 23:359-364.
  • Feusner, J.D. Neziroglu, F. Wilhelm, S. Mancusi, L. Saxena, S. What causes BDD: research findings and a proposed model. Psychiatr Ann 2010; 40:349- 355
  • Neziroglu F, Khemlani-Patel S, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Rates of abuse in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Body Image 2006; 3:189- 193.
  • Veale D. Body dysmorphic disorder: review. Postgrad Med J 2004; 80:67-71.
  • Veale D, Ennis M, Lambrou C. Possible association of body dysmorphic disorder with an occupation or education in art and design. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1788
  • Bernstein IH, Lin TD, McClellan P. Cross- vs. within-racial judgments of attractiveness. Percept Psychophys 1982; 32:495-503.
  • Deckersbach T, Savage C, Phillips K, Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Rauch SL et al. Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000; 6:673-681.
  • Feusner JD, Townsend J, Bystritsky A, Bookheimer S. Visual information processing of faces in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64:1417-1425.
  • Feusner JD, Moody T, Hembacher E, Townsend J, McKinley M, Moller H et al. Abnormalities of visual processing and fronto-striatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010; 67:197-205.
  • Rauch SL, Phillips KA, Segal E, Makris N, Shin LM, Whalen PJ et al. A preliminary morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study of regional brain volumes in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2003; 122:13-19.
  • Atmaca M, Bingol I, Aydin A, Yildirim H, Okur I, Yildirim MA et al. Brain morphology of patients with body dysmorphic disorder. J Affect Disord 2010; 123:258-263.
  • Feusner JD, Townsend J, Bystritsky A, McKinley M, Moller H, Bookheimer S. Regional brain volumes and symptom severity in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 172:161-167.
  • Bienvenu O, Samuels J, Riddle M, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BAet al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:287-293.
  • Phillips KA, Gunderson CG, Mallya G, McElroy SL, Carter W. A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:568-575.
  • Phillips KA, Kaye WH. The relationship of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 2007; 12:347-358.
  • Barr L, Goodman W, Price L. Acute exacerbation of body dysmorphic disorder during tryptophan depletion. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1406-1407.
  • Hanes K. Serotonin, psilocybin, and body dysmorphic disorder: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16:188-189.
  • Craven J, Rodin G. Cyproheptadine dependence associated with an atypical somatoform disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1987; 32:143-145.
  • Hollander E, Wong C. Introduction: obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56(Suppl 4):3-6.
  • Phillips KA. McElroy SL. Hudson JI. Pope Jr HG. Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, a form of affective spectrum disorder, or both? J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56:41-52.
  • Cohen L, Hollander E. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. In Stein DJ, editor. Obsessive-compulsive disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc;1997.
  • Frare F, Perugi G, Ruffolo G, Toni C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:292
  • Buhlmann U, Wilhelm S, McNally RJ, Tuschen-Caffer B, Baer L, Jenike MA. Interpretive biases for ambiguous information in body dysmorphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:435-443.
  • Eisen JL, Phillips KA, Coles ME, Rasmussen SA. Insight in obsessive compulsive and body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2004; 45:10-15.
  • Gunstad J, Phillips KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2003; 44:270-276.
  • Phillips KA. McElroy SL. Keck PE Jr. Hudson JI. Pope HG Jr. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994; 30:179-186.
  • Aşkın R, Çilli AS. Ayaktan psikiyatrik hastalarda vücut dismorfik bozukluğu: tanı, yaşam boyu başka ruhsal hastalık varlığı, demografik ve klinik özellikler. Türk Psiki- yatri Dergisi 2002; 13:197-203.
  • Grant JE, Menard W, Pagano ME, Fay C, Phillips KA. Substance use disorders in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:309-316.
  • Simeon D. Hollander E. Stein DJ. Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1207-1209.
  • Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder and depression: theoretical considerations and treatment strategies. Psychiatr Q 1999; 70:313-331.
  • Brawman-Mintzer O. Lydiard RB. Phillips KA. Anxiety disorders and body dysmorphic disorder:a comorbidity study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1665- 1667.
  • Soriano JL. O’Sullivan RL. Baer L. Phillips KA. McNally RJ. Jenike MA. Trichotillomania and self-esteem: a survey of 62 female hair pullers. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:77-82
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. London, British Psychological Society & Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006.
  • Phillips KA, Najar F. An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:715-720.
  • Phillips KA, Siniscalchi JM, McElroy SL. Depression, anxiety, anger, and somatic symptoms in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Q 2004; 75:309- 320.
  • Phillips KA, Kelly MM. Suicidality in a placebo-controlled fluoxetine study of body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:26-28.
  • Phillips KA, Rasmussen SA. Change in psychosocial functioning and quality of life of patients with body dysmorphic disorder treated with fluoxetine: a placebo-controlled study. Psychosomatics 2004; 45:438-444.
  • Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL. Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59:165-171.
  • Perugi G, Giannotti D, Di Vaio S, Frare F, Saettoni M, Cassano GB. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11:247-254.
  • Phillips KA. An open-label study of escitalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:177-179.
  • Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:1033-1039.
  • Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Rasmussen SA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:381-388.
  • Heimann SW. SSRI for body dysmorphic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:868.
  • Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, Winchel R, Klumker A, Klein DF. Treatment of body- dysmorphic disorder with serotonin reuptake blockers. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146:768-770.
  • Albertini RS, Phillips KA. Thirty-three cases of body dysmorphic disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:453-459.
  • Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Dwight MM, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Delusionality and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:87-91.
  • Phillips KA. Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide. New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Phillips KA. The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York, Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Phillips KA. Pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2010; 40:325-332.
  • Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Siniscalchi JM, Khan A, Robinson M. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:721-727.
  • Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995; 63:263-269.
  • Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Willson R et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 1996; 34:717-729.
  • Khemlani-Patel S, Neziroglu F, Mancusi LM. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a comparative investigation. Int J Cogn Ther. 2011; 4:363-380.
  • Geremia G, Neziroglu F. Cognitive therapy in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother 2001; 8:243-251.
  • Williams J, Hadjistavropoulos T, Sharpe D. A meta-analysis of psychological and pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44:99-111.
  • Veale D. Cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Ann 2010; 40:333-340.
  • Phillips KA. Menard W. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1280-1282.
  • Didie ER. Tortolani CC. Pope CG. Menard W. Fay C. Phillips KA. Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder Child Abuse Negl 2006; 30:1105- 1115.
  • Neziroğlu F. Khemlani-Patel S. A review of cognitive and behavioral treatment for body dysmrphic disorder. CNS Spectr 2002; 7:464-471.
  • Perihan Çam Ray, Dr., Çukurova Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Psikiyatrisi Anabilim Dalı, Adana; Mehmet Emin
  • Demirkol, Dr, Çukurova Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Adana; Lut Tamam, Prof. Dr. , Çukuro
  • va Üniv. Tıp Fakültesi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Adana.
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Perihan Çam Ray Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Emin Demirkol Bu kişi benim

Lut Tamam Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Ray PÇ, Demirkol ME, Tamam L. Beden Dismorfik Bozukluğu. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2012;4(4):547-565. doi:10.5455/cap.20120432

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