Attachment and Related Variables

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 553 - 570, 01.09.2011

Ümit Morsünbül Figen Çok

https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20110324

Öz

Attachment which is defined as strong emotional bond people develop for significant others have been investigated by researchers for long years. Attachment theory proposes that attachment patterns developed in the first stages of life are carried onto next stages of life with internal working models. Additionally it is also proposed that attachment patterns are important to determine individual's social-emotional competence. This study aims to review how attachment patterns differ according to life stages, continuity/discontiniuty of attachment patterns developed in the first stages of life and evaluate the relations between attachment patterns and social-emotional competence. The basic features of social relations model, relationship between attachment patterns and identity development, and risk taking behavior in adolescence have also been investigated in this review.

Anahtar Kelimeler

attachment, social relations model, identity development

Bağlanma ve İlişkili Değişkenler

Öz

İnsanların kendileri için önemli gördükleri kişilere karşı geliştirdikleri güçlü duygusal bağlar olarak tanımlanan bağlanma, uzun yıllardır araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmektedir. Bağlanma kuramı, yaşamın ilk yıllarında oluştu-rulan bağlanma örüntülerinin içsel çalışan modeller aracılığıyla yaşamın daha sonraki dönemlerine pek fazla değişime uğramadan aktarıldığını ileri sürer. Bununla beraber bağlanma örüntülerinin bireylerin sosyal-duygusal yeterliliklerini belirlemede önemli bir yere sahip olduğu düşülmektedir. Bu çalışmada bağlanma örüntülerinin yaşam dönemlerine göre nasıl farklılaştığı, yaşamın ilk yıllarında oluşturulan bağlanma örüntülerinin sürekliliği ve bağlanma örüntüleri ile sosyal-duygusal yeterlilikler arasındaki ilişkiler gözden geçirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca son yıllarda bağlanma çalışmalarında sıklıkla kullanılan sosyal ilişkiler modelinin temel nitelikleri, ergenlik döneminde bağlanma örüntüleri ile kimlik gelişimi arasındaki ilişkiler ve ergenlik döneminde bağlanma örüntüleri ile risk alma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bağlanma, sosyal ilişkiler modeli, kimlik gelişimi

Kaynakça

• Bowlby J. Attachment and Loss, Vol. II. Separation, Anxiety and Anger. New York, Basic Books, 1973.
• Buist KL, Decovic M, Meeus WH, van Aken AG. Attachment in adolescence: A social relations model analysis. J Adolesc Res 2004; 19:826-850.
• Bretherton I. The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. In Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental and Clinical Perspectives (Eds. S Goldberg, R Muir, J Kerr):45-84. Hillsdale, NJ, The Analytic Press, 2000.
• Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ, Psychology Press, 1979.
• Ainsworth MD. Attachment beyond infancy. Am Psychol 1989; 44: 709-716.
• Hazan C, Shaver PR. Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol 1990; 59:270-280.
• Cassidy JN, Berlin LJ. Insecure/ambivalent patterns of attachment: Theory and research. Child Dev 1994; 65:971-991.
• Allen JP, Land D. Attachment in adolescence. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Application (Eds. J Cassidy, PR Shaver):319-335. New York, Guilford Press, 1999.
• Raja SN, McGee R, Stanton WR. Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 1991; 21:471-485.
• Furman W, Buhrmester D. Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Dev 1992; 63:103-115.
• Nickerson A, Nagle R. Parent and peer attachment in late childhood and early adolescence. J Early Adolesc 2005; 25:223-249.
• Larson R, Richards M, Moneta G, Holmbeck G, Duckett E. Changes in adolescent’s daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18: Disengagement and transformation. Dev Psychol 1996; 32:744-754.
• Laible D. Attachment with parents and peers in late adolescence: Links with emotional competence and social behavior. Pers Individ Dif 2007; 43:1185-1197.
• Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 1985; 50(1-2):66-104.
• Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52:511-524.
• Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adolescents. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991; 61:226-244.
• Cook WL. Interdependence and the interpersonal sense of control: An analysis of family system. J Pers Soc Psychol 1993; 64:587-601.
• Cook WL. A structural equation model of dyadic relationships within the family system. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62:500-509.
• Cook WL. Understanding attachment security in family context. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000; 78:285-294.
• Zimmermann P, Becker-Stoll F. Stability of attachment representations during adolescence: The influence of ego-identity status. J Adolesc 2002; 25:107-124.
• Scharfe E, Bartholomew K. Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns. Pers Relatsh 1994; 1:23-43.
• Kirkpatrick LA, Hazan C. Attachments styles and close relationships: A four-year prospective study. Pers Relatsh 1994; 1:123-142.
• Baldwin MW, Fehr B. On the instability of attachment style ratings. Pers Relatsh 1995; 2:247-261.
• Davilla J, Burge D, Hammen C. Why does attachment style change? J Pers Soc Psychol 1997; 73:826-838.
• Hamilton CE. Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from through adolescence. Child Dev 2000; 71:690-694.
• Lamb ME, Thompson RA, Gardner W, Charnov EL. Infant-Mother Attachment: The Origins and Developmental Significance of Individual Differences in Strange Situation Behavior. Hillsdale,NJ, Routledge, 1985.
• George C, Solomon J. Attachment and caregiving: The caregiving behavioral system. In Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Application (Eds. J Cassidy, PR Shaver):649-670. New York, Guilford Press, 1999.
• Shaver PR, Mikulincer M. Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attach Hum Dev 2002; 4:133-161.
• Rice K. Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review. J Youth Adolesc 1990; 19:511-538.
• Kobak R, Cole H, Ferenz-Gillies R, Fleming W, Gamble W. Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem solving: A control theory analysis. Child Dev 1993; 64: 231-245.
• Verschueren K, Marcoen A. Representation of self and socioemotional competence in kindergartners: Differential and combined effects of attachment to mother and to father. Child Dev 1999; 70:183-201.
• Engels RCME, Finkenauer C, Meeus W, Dekovic M,. Parental attachment and adolescent’s emotional adjustment: The associations with social skills and relatioanal competence. J Couns Psychol 2001; 48:428-439.
• Erikson EH. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York, W.W. Norton, 1968.
• Hendry LB, Mayer P, Kloep M. Belonging or opposing? A grounded theory approach to young peoples’ cultural identity in majority/minority societal context. Identity (Mahwah, N J) 2007; 7:181-204.
• Patterson S, Sochting I, Marcia J. The inner space and beyond: Women and identity. In Adolescent Identity Formation (Eds. GR Adams, RM Montemayor):9-24. Newbury Park, CA, Sage, 1992.
• Schwartz SJ, Pantin H. Identity development in adolescence and emerging adulthood: The interface of self, context and culture. In Advances in Psychology Research Vol.45 (Ed. AM Columbus):1-40. New York, Nova Science Publishers, 2006.
• Matos M, Barbosa S, Almedia HM, Costa MC. Parental attachment in Portuguese late adolescents. J Adolesc 1999; 22:805-818.
• Benson MJ, Haris PB, Rogers CS. Identity consequences of attachment to mothers and fathers among late adolescents. J Res Adolesc 1992; 2:187-204.
• Marcia J. Identity and intervention. J Adolesc 1989; 12: 401-410.
• Marcia J. The empirical study of ego identity. In Identity and Development: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Ed. HA Bosma, LG Tobi, HD Grotevant, DJ de Levita):67-80 . Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1994.
• Kroger J. Separation-individuation and ego identity status in New Zealand university students. J Youth Adolesc 1985; 14:133-147.
• Grotevant HD, Cooper C. Patterns of interaction in family relationships and the development of identity exploration in adolescence. Child Dev 1985; 56:415-428.
• Schultheiss DE, Blustein DL. Contributions of family relationships factors to the identity formation process. J Couns Dev 1994; 73:159-166.
• Reich WA, Seigel H. Attachment, ego identity development and exploratory interset in university students. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2002; 5:125-134.
• Morsünbül Ü, Tümen B. Ergenlik döneminde kimlik ve bağlanma ilişkileri: Kimlik statüleri ve bağlanma stilleri üzerinden bir inceleme. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi 2008; 15:25-31.
• Morsünbül Ü. Attachment and risk taking: Are they interrelated? International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 2009; 4:234-238.
• Jack MS. Personal fable: a potential explanation for risk taking behavior in adolescent. J Pediatr Nurs 1986; 4:334-338.
• Gonzalez J, Field T, Yando R, Gonzalez K, Lasko D, Bendell D. Adolescents' perceptions of their risk-taking behavior. Adolescence 1994; 29:701-709.
• Howard MS, Medway FJ. Adolescents’ attachment and coping with stres. Psychol Sch 2004; 41:391-402.
• Bartholomew K. Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. J Pers Soc Relat 1991; 61:147-178.
• France A. Towards a sociological understanding of youth and their risk-taking. J Youth Stud 2000; 3:317-331.
• Cooper ML, Colins NL, Shaver PR. Attachment styles emotional regulation and adjustment in adolescence. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998; 74:1380-1397.
• Görgün S, Tiryaki A, Topbaş M. Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanma ve anne babaya bağlanma biçimleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2010; 11:305-312.
• Kağıtçıbaşı Ç. Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implication for self and family. J Cross Cult Psychol 2005; 36:403-422.
• Kağıtçıbaşı Ç. Benlik, Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi: Kültürel Psikoloji. İstanbul, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2010.
• Morsünbül Ü. Ergenlikte kimlik gelişimini açıklayan yaklaşımlar/modeller: Ergen ruh sağlığı açısından sonuçları. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi 2010; 17:45-51.
• Griffin DW, Bartholomew K. The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In Advances in Personal Relationships Vol.5: Attachment Process in Adult Relationships (Eds. K Bartholomew, DP Perlman):17-52. London, Jessica Kingsley, 1994.
• Sümer N, Güngör D. Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 1999; 14: 71-106.