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The Burden of Schizophrenia on Caregivers

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 251 - 277, 01.06.2011

Öz

Caregivers' burden in schizophrenia is a complex concept often with negative connotations. The concept refers to the impact of having a schizophrenia patient in the family including emotional, psychological, physical, economic distress and feelings of shame, embarrassment, guilt, and self-blame expe-rienced by the caregivers. There are objective and subjective aspects of care-givers' burden. The objective burden refers to observed and verifiable impact of the diseased person in the family such as the patients disturbing behaviors, economic difficulties, and loss of income, restricted social activities, distressed household atmosphere, and undesirable influences on physical and mental health of the family members. The subjective burden refers to the extent of emotional distress caused by the objective burden. The data in the pertinent literature suggest an association between caregivers' burden and sex, ethnicity, culture, caregivers' health and quality of life, social support, and the symptomatology as presented by the patient. In order to promote mental health of schizophrenia patients along with their caregivers, the mental health workers should strive to find the means of supporting, informing, and cooperating with the family members. Psychosocial interventions designed for families and psychosocial rehabilitations programs designed for schizophrenia patients are effective means of easing caregivers' burden.

Kaynakça

  • Yıldız M. Şizofrenili hastaların ayaktan tedavisinde ruhsal ve toplumsal girişimler neden gereklidir ve nasıl uygulanabilir? In Neden Nasıl Şizofreni?, 1. Baskı.(Ed S Candansayar): 237–268. Ankara, Peday Yayınları, 2005.
  • Chien WT, Chan SW, Morrissey J. The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16:1151-1161.
  • Awad AG, Voruganti LNP. The burden schizophrenia on caregivers: A review. Pharmacoeconomics 2008; 26:149-162.
  • Baskak B, Atbaşoğlu C, Saka MC. Şizofreni etiyolojisinde psikososyal etmenlerin rolü: Antipsikiyatriden gen çevre etkileşimine. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2009; 46 (Özel Sayı):1-9.
  • Öztürk O, Uluşahin A. Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları, 11. Baskı. Ankara, Tuna Matba- acılık, 2008.
  • Schene AH. Objective and subjective dimensions of family burden. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1990; 25:289-297.
  • Schene AH, van Wijngaarden B, Koeter MWJ. Family caregiving in schizophrenia: domains and distress. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24:609-618.
  • Jungbauer J, Angermeyer MC. Living with a schizophrenic patient: A comparative study of burden as it affects parents and spouses. Psychiatry 2002; 65:110-123.
  • Oral N. Şizofrenide psikososyal beceri eğitimi. In Neden Nasıl Şizofreni? 1. Baskı. (Ed S Candansayar): 269-280. Ankara, Peday Yayınları, 2005.
  • Szmukler G. From family ‘burden’ to caregiving. Psychiatr Bull 1996; 20: 449-451.
  • Pitschel-Walz G, Leucht S, Bauml J, Kissling W, Engel RR. The effect of family interventions on relapse and rehospitalization in schizophrenia: A metaanalysis. Schizophr Bull 2001; 27:73-92.
  • Gutiérrez-Maldonado J, Caqueo-Urízar A, Kavanagh DJ. Burden of care and general health in families of patients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 899-904.
  • Rose LE, Mallinson RK, Gerson LD. Mastery, burden, and areas of concern among family caregivers of mentally ill persons. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2006; 20:41-51.
  • Li J, Lambert CE, Lambert VA. Predictors of family caregivers’ burden and quality of life when providing care for a family member with schizophrenia in the People’s Republic of China. Nurs Health Sci 2007; 9:192-198.
  • Hanzawa S, Tanaka G, Inadomi H, Urata M, Ohta Y. Burden and coping strategies in mothers of patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 62:256-263.
  • Magliano L, Fadden G, Madianos M, de Almeida JM, Held T, Guarneri M et al. Burden on the families of patients with schizophrenia: Results of the BIOMED I study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998; 33:405-412.
  • Hoffmann RL, Mitchell AM. Caregiver burden: Historical development. Nurs Forum 1998; 33:5-11.
  • Reine G, Lancon C, Simeoni MC, Duplan S, Auquier P. Caregiver burden in relatives of persons with schizophrenia: An overview of measure instruments. Encephale 2003; 29:137-147.
  • Sales E. Family burden and quality of life. Qual Life Res 2003; 12(Suppl 1):33-41.
  • Karancı N. Caregivers of Turkish schizophrenic patients: Casual attributions, burdens, and attitudes to help from the health professionals. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1995; 30:261-268.
  • Caqueo-Urízar A, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. Burden of care in families of patients with schizophrenia. Qual Life Res 2006; 15:719-724.
  • Nasr T, Kausar R. Psychoeducation and the family burden in schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8:1-6.
  • Gülseren L, Çam B, Karakoç B, Yiğit T, Danacı AE, Çubukçuoğlu Z ve ark. Şizofre- nide ailenin yükünü etkileyen etmenler. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 2010; 21:203-212.
  • Srivastava S. Perception of burden by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2005; 47:148-152.
  • Hjarthag F, Helldin L, Karilampi U, Norlander T. Illness-related components for the family burden of relatives to patients with psychotic illness. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45:275-283.
  • Chou KR. Caregiver burden: A concept analysis. J Pediatr Nurs 2000; 15:398-407.
  • Lim YM, Ahn Y. Burden of family caregivers with schizophrenic patients in Korea. Appl Nurs Res 2003; 16:110-117.
  • Ankri1 J, Andrieu S, Beaufils B,Grand A, Henrard JC. Beyond the global score of the Zarit Burden Interview: Useful dimensions for clinicians. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:254-260.
  • Aydın A, Eker SS, Cangür Ş, Sarandöl A, Kırlı S. Şizofreni hastalarında bakım veren külfet düzeyinin sosyodemografik değişkenler ve hastalığın özellikleri ile ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2009; 46(Özel Sayı):10-14.
  • Gibbons JS, Horn SH, Powell JM, Gibbons JL. Schizophrenic patients and their families: A survey in a psychiatric service based on a DGH unit. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144:70-77.
  • Raj L, Kulhara P, Avasthi A. Social burden of positive and negative schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1991; 37:242-250.
  • Gopinath PS, Chaturvedi SK. Distressing behaviour of schizophrenics at home. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86:185-188.
  • Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 26:71-80.
  • Magliano L, Marasco C, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, Guarneri M, Maj M. The impact of professional and social network support on the burden of families of patients with schizophrenia in Italy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 106:291-298.
  • Roick C, Heider D, Bebbington PE, Angermeyer MC, Azorın JM, Brugha TS et al. Burden on caregivers of people with schizophrenia: Comparison between Germany and Britain. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:333-338.
  • Fengler AP, Goodrich N. Wives of elderly disabled men: The hidden patients. Gerontologist 1979; 19:175-183.
  • Barusch AS, Spaid WM. Gender differences in caregiving: Why do wives report greater burden? Gerontologist 1989; 29:667-676.
  • Bogren LY. Expressed emotion, family burden, and quality of life in parents with schizophrenic children. Nord J Psychiatry 1997; 51:229-233.
  • Caqueo-Urizar A, Gutierrez-Moldonado J, Miranda-Castillo C. Quality of life in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A literature review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7:84.
  • Kim KS, Kim BJ, Kim KH, Choe M, Myungsun Y, Yang-Sook H et al. Subjective and objective caregiver burden in Parkinson’s disease. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2007; 37:242- 248.
  • Nordtug B, Krokstad S, Holen A. Personality features, caring burden and mental health of cohabitants of partners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or dementia. Aging Ment Health 2010; doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.519319.
  • Yüksel G, Varlıbaş F, Karlıkaya G, Şıpka1 Y, Tireli H. Parkinson hastalığında bakıcı yükü. Parkinson Hastalığı ve Hareket Bozuklukları Dergisi 2007; 10(1-2):26-34.
  • Dunn J. Impact of mobility impairment on the burden of caregiving in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2010; 10:433-440.
  • Hirano A, Suzuki Y, Kuzuya M, Onishi J, Hasegawa J, Ban N et al. Association between the caregiver’s burden and physical activity in community-dwelling caregivers of dementia patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.04.011.
  • Carod-Artal FJ, Ferreira Coral L, Trizotto DS, Menezes Moreira C. Burden and perceived health status among caregivers of stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 28:472-480.
  • Akkuş Y. Multiple sclerosis patient caregivers: The relationship between their psychological and social needs and burden levels. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 33:326-333.
  • Weintraub D, Comella CL, Horn S. Parkinson’s disease-part 1: Pathophysiology, symptoms, burden, diagnosis and assessment. Am J Manag Care 2008; 14:40-48.
  • Bartolo M, De Luca D, Serrao M, Sinforiani E, Zucchella C, Sandrini G. Caregivers burden and needs in community neurorehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42:818- 822.
  • Buhse M. Assessment of caregiver burden in families of persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Nurs 2008; 40:25-31.
  • Rigby H, Gubitz G, Phillips S. A systematic review of caregiver burden following stroke. Int J Stroke 2009; 4:285-292.
  • Özlü A, Yıldız M, Aker T. Zarit Bakıcı Yük Ölçeğinin şizofreni hasta yakınlarında geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2009; 46(Özel Sayı):38-42.
  • Zarit SH, Zarit JM. The Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist and The Burden Interview. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Gerontology Center Press, 1990.
  • Arslantaş H, Adana F, Dereboy İF, Altınyazar V, İnal S, Ildırlı S ve ark. Algılanan Aile Yük Ölçeği’nin Türkçe sürümünün geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2011; doi:10.4274/npa.y5617.
  • Levene JE, Lancee WJ, Seeman MV. The perceived family burden scale: measurement and validation. Schizophr Res 1996; 15:151-157.
  • Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 26:71-80.
  • Lowyck B, De Hert M, Peeters E, Wampers M, Gilis P, Peuskens J. A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:395-401.
  • Doğan O, Doğan S, Tel H, Çoker F, Polatöz Ö, Başeğmez FD. Şizofrenide psikososyal yaklaşımlar: Aileler. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2002; 3:133-139.
  • Magliano L, Fadden G, Economou M, Held T, Xavier M, Guarneri M et al. Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: 1-year follow-up data from the BIOMED I study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2000; 35:109-115.
  • Gülseren L, Turgut S, Yaprak S, Kültür S. Şizofreni tanısı konmuş bir grup hastanın aileleriyle sosyometrik psikodramatik grup terapisi süreci. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 1999; 10:325-331.
  • Karancı N. Şizofren Hasta Ailelerinin Sağlık Personelinden Beklentileri. Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Şelale Matbaacılık, 1997.
  • Koukıa E, Madıanos MG. Is psychosocial rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients preventing family burden? A comparative study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2005; 12:415-422.

Şizofreninin Bakım Verenlere Yükü

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 251 - 277, 01.06.2011

Öz

Şizofrenide bakım yükü sıklıkla olumsuz yorumlanan karmaşık bir kavramdır. Bu kavram daha çok bakım verendeki sonuçları ve etkileri açısından tanım-lanmaktadır. Bakım verendeki duygusal, psikolojik, fiziksel ve ekonomik etkisi yanında suçlanma, utanma, suçluluk hissi ve kendini suçlama gibi üzüntü verici kavramları da içermektedir. Bakım yükü kavramının açıklanmasında objektif (nesnel) ve subjektif (öznel) yük kavramlarından söz edilmektedir. Objektif yük, hastanın rahatsız edici davranışları ya da hastalığın yol açtığı ekonomik zorluklar, gelir kaybı, günlük yaşamdaki ve sosyal etkinliklerdeki kısıtlanmalar, ev ortamındaki gerginlik, aile üyelerinin beden ve ruh sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri gibi aile yükünün gözlemlenebilir ve doğrulanabi-lir yönünü ifade eder. Subjektif yük ise bu zorlukların aile üyelerini ne ölçüde rahatsız ettiği ya da hastanın rahatsızlık veren davranışlarıyla ilişkili duygusal sıkıntı ya da hastayla ilgili olarak yaşanan sıkıntı düzeyi olarak tanımlanmak-tadır. Bakım yükünün artmasında/azalmasında cinsiyetin, etnik kökenin ve kültürün, bakım verenin sağlık durumunun ve yaşam kalitesinin, sosyal desteğin, şizofreni hastalığının negatif ve pozitif belirtilerinin etkili olduğu bildirilmektedir. Hastaların ve bakım verenlerin ruh sağlıklarını korumak için bakım verenlere sağlanan desteği genişletme, bilgi sağlama ve tedavi planının içeriğine onları da katma zorunluluğu sağlık çalışanlarının ilgi alanı olmalıdır. Hastalar için daha iyi tedavi sonuçlarına ulaşmak amacıyla ailelere yönelik olarak psikososyal girişimlerin; hastalara yönelik olarak da rehabilitasyon programlarının uygulanması bakımdaki yükü kolaylaştırmada önemli temel elementlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Yıldız M. Şizofrenili hastaların ayaktan tedavisinde ruhsal ve toplumsal girişimler neden gereklidir ve nasıl uygulanabilir? In Neden Nasıl Şizofreni?, 1. Baskı.(Ed S Candansayar): 237–268. Ankara, Peday Yayınları, 2005.
  • Chien WT, Chan SW, Morrissey J. The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16:1151-1161.
  • Awad AG, Voruganti LNP. The burden schizophrenia on caregivers: A review. Pharmacoeconomics 2008; 26:149-162.
  • Baskak B, Atbaşoğlu C, Saka MC. Şizofreni etiyolojisinde psikososyal etmenlerin rolü: Antipsikiyatriden gen çevre etkileşimine. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2009; 46 (Özel Sayı):1-9.
  • Öztürk O, Uluşahin A. Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları, 11. Baskı. Ankara, Tuna Matba- acılık, 2008.
  • Schene AH. Objective and subjective dimensions of family burden. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1990; 25:289-297.
  • Schene AH, van Wijngaarden B, Koeter MWJ. Family caregiving in schizophrenia: domains and distress. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24:609-618.
  • Jungbauer J, Angermeyer MC. Living with a schizophrenic patient: A comparative study of burden as it affects parents and spouses. Psychiatry 2002; 65:110-123.
  • Oral N. Şizofrenide psikososyal beceri eğitimi. In Neden Nasıl Şizofreni? 1. Baskı. (Ed S Candansayar): 269-280. Ankara, Peday Yayınları, 2005.
  • Szmukler G. From family ‘burden’ to caregiving. Psychiatr Bull 1996; 20: 449-451.
  • Pitschel-Walz G, Leucht S, Bauml J, Kissling W, Engel RR. The effect of family interventions on relapse and rehospitalization in schizophrenia: A metaanalysis. Schizophr Bull 2001; 27:73-92.
  • Gutiérrez-Maldonado J, Caqueo-Urízar A, Kavanagh DJ. Burden of care and general health in families of patients with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005; 40: 899-904.
  • Rose LE, Mallinson RK, Gerson LD. Mastery, burden, and areas of concern among family caregivers of mentally ill persons. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2006; 20:41-51.
  • Li J, Lambert CE, Lambert VA. Predictors of family caregivers’ burden and quality of life when providing care for a family member with schizophrenia in the People’s Republic of China. Nurs Health Sci 2007; 9:192-198.
  • Hanzawa S, Tanaka G, Inadomi H, Urata M, Ohta Y. Burden and coping strategies in mothers of patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 62:256-263.
  • Magliano L, Fadden G, Madianos M, de Almeida JM, Held T, Guarneri M et al. Burden on the families of patients with schizophrenia: Results of the BIOMED I study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998; 33:405-412.
  • Hoffmann RL, Mitchell AM. Caregiver burden: Historical development. Nurs Forum 1998; 33:5-11.
  • Reine G, Lancon C, Simeoni MC, Duplan S, Auquier P. Caregiver burden in relatives of persons with schizophrenia: An overview of measure instruments. Encephale 2003; 29:137-147.
  • Sales E. Family burden and quality of life. Qual Life Res 2003; 12(Suppl 1):33-41.
  • Karancı N. Caregivers of Turkish schizophrenic patients: Casual attributions, burdens, and attitudes to help from the health professionals. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1995; 30:261-268.
  • Caqueo-Urízar A, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. Burden of care in families of patients with schizophrenia. Qual Life Res 2006; 15:719-724.
  • Nasr T, Kausar R. Psychoeducation and the family burden in schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8:1-6.
  • Gülseren L, Çam B, Karakoç B, Yiğit T, Danacı AE, Çubukçuoğlu Z ve ark. Şizofre- nide ailenin yükünü etkileyen etmenler. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 2010; 21:203-212.
  • Srivastava S. Perception of burden by caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2005; 47:148-152.
  • Hjarthag F, Helldin L, Karilampi U, Norlander T. Illness-related components for the family burden of relatives to patients with psychotic illness. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2010; 45:275-283.
  • Chou KR. Caregiver burden: A concept analysis. J Pediatr Nurs 2000; 15:398-407.
  • Lim YM, Ahn Y. Burden of family caregivers with schizophrenic patients in Korea. Appl Nurs Res 2003; 16:110-117.
  • Ankri1 J, Andrieu S, Beaufils B,Grand A, Henrard JC. Beyond the global score of the Zarit Burden Interview: Useful dimensions for clinicians. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005; 20:254-260.
  • Aydın A, Eker SS, Cangür Ş, Sarandöl A, Kırlı S. Şizofreni hastalarında bakım veren külfet düzeyinin sosyodemografik değişkenler ve hastalığın özellikleri ile ilişkisi. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2009; 46(Özel Sayı):10-14.
  • Gibbons JS, Horn SH, Powell JM, Gibbons JL. Schizophrenic patients and their families: A survey in a psychiatric service based on a DGH unit. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144:70-77.
  • Raj L, Kulhara P, Avasthi A. Social burden of positive and negative schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1991; 37:242-250.
  • Gopinath PS, Chaturvedi SK. Distressing behaviour of schizophrenics at home. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 86:185-188.
  • Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 26:71-80.
  • Magliano L, Marasco C, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, Guarneri M, Maj M. The impact of professional and social network support on the burden of families of patients with schizophrenia in Italy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 106:291-298.
  • Roick C, Heider D, Bebbington PE, Angermeyer MC, Azorın JM, Brugha TS et al. Burden on caregivers of people with schizophrenia: Comparison between Germany and Britain. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190:333-338.
  • Fengler AP, Goodrich N. Wives of elderly disabled men: The hidden patients. Gerontologist 1979; 19:175-183.
  • Barusch AS, Spaid WM. Gender differences in caregiving: Why do wives report greater burden? Gerontologist 1989; 29:667-676.
  • Bogren LY. Expressed emotion, family burden, and quality of life in parents with schizophrenic children. Nord J Psychiatry 1997; 51:229-233.
  • Caqueo-Urizar A, Gutierrez-Moldonado J, Miranda-Castillo C. Quality of life in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A literature review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009; 7:84.
  • Kim KS, Kim BJ, Kim KH, Choe M, Myungsun Y, Yang-Sook H et al. Subjective and objective caregiver burden in Parkinson’s disease. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2007; 37:242- 248.
  • Nordtug B, Krokstad S, Holen A. Personality features, caring burden and mental health of cohabitants of partners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or dementia. Aging Ment Health 2010; doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.519319.
  • Yüksel G, Varlıbaş F, Karlıkaya G, Şıpka1 Y, Tireli H. Parkinson hastalığında bakıcı yükü. Parkinson Hastalığı ve Hareket Bozuklukları Dergisi 2007; 10(1-2):26-34.
  • Dunn J. Impact of mobility impairment on the burden of caregiving in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2010; 10:433-440.
  • Hirano A, Suzuki Y, Kuzuya M, Onishi J, Hasegawa J, Ban N et al. Association between the caregiver’s burden and physical activity in community-dwelling caregivers of dementia patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.04.011.
  • Carod-Artal FJ, Ferreira Coral L, Trizotto DS, Menezes Moreira C. Burden and perceived health status among caregivers of stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 28:472-480.
  • Akkuş Y. Multiple sclerosis patient caregivers: The relationship between their psychological and social needs and burden levels. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 33:326-333.
  • Weintraub D, Comella CL, Horn S. Parkinson’s disease-part 1: Pathophysiology, symptoms, burden, diagnosis and assessment. Am J Manag Care 2008; 14:40-48.
  • Bartolo M, De Luca D, Serrao M, Sinforiani E, Zucchella C, Sandrini G. Caregivers burden and needs in community neurorehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42:818- 822.
  • Buhse M. Assessment of caregiver burden in families of persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Nurs 2008; 40:25-31.
  • Rigby H, Gubitz G, Phillips S. A systematic review of caregiver burden following stroke. Int J Stroke 2009; 4:285-292.
  • Özlü A, Yıldız M, Aker T. Zarit Bakıcı Yük Ölçeğinin şizofreni hasta yakınlarında geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2009; 46(Özel Sayı):38-42.
  • Zarit SH, Zarit JM. The Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist and The Burden Interview. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University Gerontology Center Press, 1990.
  • Arslantaş H, Adana F, Dereboy İF, Altınyazar V, İnal S, Ildırlı S ve ark. Algılanan Aile Yük Ölçeği’nin Türkçe sürümünün geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2011; doi:10.4274/npa.y5617.
  • Levene JE, Lancee WJ, Seeman MV. The perceived family burden scale: measurement and validation. Schizophr Res 1996; 15:151-157.
  • Provencher HL, Mueser KT. Positive and negative symptom behaviors and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997; 26:71-80.
  • Lowyck B, De Hert M, Peeters E, Wampers M, Gilis P, Peuskens J. A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatry 2004; 19:395-401.
  • Doğan O, Doğan S, Tel H, Çoker F, Polatöz Ö, Başeğmez FD. Şizofrenide psikososyal yaklaşımlar: Aileler. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2002; 3:133-139.
  • Magliano L, Fadden G, Economou M, Held T, Xavier M, Guarneri M et al. Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: 1-year follow-up data from the BIOMED I study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2000; 35:109-115.
  • Gülseren L, Turgut S, Yaprak S, Kültür S. Şizofreni tanısı konmuş bir grup hastanın aileleriyle sosyometrik psikodramatik grup terapisi süreci. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 1999; 10:325-331.
  • Karancı N. Şizofren Hasta Ailelerinin Sağlık Personelinden Beklentileri. Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Şelale Matbaacılık, 1997.
  • Koukıa E, Madıanos MG. Is psychosocial rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients preventing family burden? A comparative study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2005; 12:415-422.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hülya Arslantaş Bu kişi benim

Filiz Adana Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Arslantaş H, Adana F. Şizofreninin Bakım Verenlere Yükü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Haziran 2011;3(2):251-277.

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.