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Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Basis of Impulsivity

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 254 - 280, 01.06.2010

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The term 'impulsivity' encompasses a multitude of behaviours that are poorly conceived, premature, inappropriate, and that frequently result in unwanted or deleterious outcomes. Impulsivity manifests as impatience carelessness, risk-taking, sensation-seeking and pleasure-seeking, an underestimated sense of harm, and extroversion. Impulsivity is a core symptom of a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders. Through focusing on different aspects of impulsive behavior, it has proved possible to devise a variety of behavioral paradigms to measure impulsivity in both human and non-human subjects. These can be broadly divided into two categories: those measuring impulsive action or motoric impulsivity, and those measuring impulsive choice or impulsive decision-making. Impulsive action can be broadly defined as the inability to withhold from making a response. Within the framework of behavioral neuroscience and cognitive psychology, impulse control has been described as an active inhibitory mechanism which modulates the internally or externally driven pre-potent desire for primary reinforcers such as food, sex or other highly desirable rewards. This inhibitory control mechanism may provide the substrate by which rapid conditioned responses and reflexes are transiently suppressed, so that slower cognitive mechanisms can guide behavior. This process is referred to as response inhibition. Two of the most common tests used to study inhibitory processes are the go/no-go and stop-signal reaction time tasks. Impulsivity is also evident in the making of impulsive decisions or choices as well as in impulsive actions. Here, there is no "pre-potent" response that is primed and then forcibly inhibited, but a decision-making processes. Impulsive decision making or impulsive choice is defined as initiating actions without adequately considering other possible choices or consequences. Impulsive choice is typically measured in the delay discounting paradigm. In tis paradigm, the tendency to prefer small immediate rewards over larger, more delayed reinforcers is measured. İmpulsive choice is defined by a greater tendency to value or choose smaller, more immediate reinforcers. Impulsivity is a multi-faceted behaviour. This behaviour may be studied by subdividing it into different processes neuroanatomically and neurochemically. Neuroanatomical data support the suggestion that behavioral disinhibition (impulsive action / motoric impulsivity) and delay-discounting (impulsive choice / decision making) differ in the degree to which various components of frontostriatal loops are implicated in their regulation. The dorsal prefrontal cortex does not appear to be involved in mediating impulsive choice, yet does have some role in regulating inhibitory processes. In contrast, there appears to be a pronounced role for the orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in controlling impulsive choice. Other structures, however, such as the nucleus accumbens and subthalamic nucleus may

Kaynakça

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Dürtüselliğin Nöroanatomik ve Nörokimyasal Temelleri

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 254 - 280, 01.06.2010

Öz

Dürtüsellik ortama uygun olmayan veya aşırı riskli, olgunlaşmamış, iyi planlanmamış ve çoğunlukla istenmeyen sonuçlara yol açan çeşitli davranışları kapsar. Dürtüsellik sabırsızlık, dikkatsizlik, risk alma, heyecan arama, zevk arama, zarar görme ihtimalini düşük hesaplama ve dışadönüklük gibi özellikler ile kendini gösterir. Dürtüsellik çok sayıda psikiyatrik bozukluğun çekirdek belirtilerinden biridir. Dürtüsel davranışların farklı yönlerine odaklanarak, hem insanda hem de hayvanlarda dürtüselliği ölçmek için birtakım davranışsal modeller geliştirmek mümkün olmuştur. Bunlar dürtüsel eylemi (motor dürtüsellik) ölçenler ve dürtüsel seçim ya da dürtüsel karar vermeyi (bilişsel dürtüsellik) ölçenler şeklinde iki ana kategoriye ayrılabilirler. Dürtüsel eylem bir yanıt vermeye engel olamamak olarak tanımlanabilir. Davranış bilimleri açısından, dürtü kontrolü yiyecek, cinsellik ya da yüksek derecede arzulanan diğer kazançlar için içsel veya dışsal olarak harekete geçirilen güçlü bir isteği modüle eden aktif bir inhibitör mekanizma şeklinde tarif edilir. Bu inhibitör kontrol mekanizması sayesinde hızlı koşullanmış yanıtlar ve refleksler geçici olarak baskılanır ve böylelikle daha yavaş bilişsel mekanizmalar davranışı yönlendirebilir. Bu sürece yanıt engellenmesi adı verilir. İnhibitör süreçleri incelemekte en yaygın kullanılan iki test go/no-go (yap/yapma) ve stop-signal reaction time (SSRT, dur işareti tepki süresi) testleridir. Dürtüsellik, dürtüsel eylemlerin yanısıra, dürtüsel kararlar veya seçimlerde de kendini belli eder. Burada ortaya çıkan ve inhibe edilen motor bir yanıt değil, bir karar verme süreci sözkonusudur. Dürtüsel karar verme ya da dürtüsel seçim yapma eylemlerin diğer muhtemel seçenekleri veya sonuçları yeterince düşünmeden başlatılması olarak tanımlanır. Dürtüsel seçim yapmanın ölçülmesinde kullanılan testlerden biri "gecikme indirimi"dir (delay-discounting). Burada bir ödülün verilmesi geciktiğinde subjektif olarak değerini kaybetmesi sözkonusudur. Bu tür testlerde hemen verilen daha küçük bir ödülün mü yoksa daha sonra verilen daha büyük bir ödülün mü tercih edileceği belirlenmeye çalışılır. Dürtüsel seçim hemen verilen küçük ödülün seçimi olarak tanımlanır. Dürtüsellik farklı bileşenleri olan bir davranıştır. Nöroanatomik ve nörokimyasal olarak birbirinden farklı süreçlere bölünerek incelenebilir. Nöroanatomik veriler yanıt engellenmesi (dürtüsel eylem/motor dürtüsellik) ve ödül gecikmesinin tolere edilememesi (dürtüsel seçim/karar verme) süreçlerinin farklı frontostriatal döngüler tarafından düzenlendiği düşüncesini desteklemektedir. Dorsal prefrontal korteks ve anterior singulat korteks dürtüsel seçim yapma ile ilgili görünmemekte, ancak inhibitör süreçlerin düzenlenmesinde bir şekilde rol oynamaktadır. Buna karşılık, orbitofrontal korteks ve bazolateral amigdala dürtüsel karar verme süreçlerinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Nukleus akumbens ve subtalamik çekirdek gibi diğer yapılar ise her iki sinir devresinde ortak yapılar olabili

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  • Pezze MA, Dalley JW, Robbins TW. Differential roles of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in attentional performance on the five-choice serial reaction time task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:273-283.
  • Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Threlkeld PG, Heiligenstein JH et al. Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27:699-711.
  • Baunez C, Robbins TW. Effects of dopamine depletion of the dorsal striatum and further interaction with subthalamic nucleus lesions in an attentional task in the rat. Neuroscience 1999; 92:1343-1356.
  • Rosa-Neto P, Lou HC, Cumming P, Pryds O, Karrebaek H, Lunding J et al. Methylphenidate-evoked changes in striatal dopamine correlate with inattention and impulsivity in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 2005; 25:868-876.
  • Volkow ND, Wang G, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gerasimov M, Maynard L et al. Therapeutic doses of oral methylphenidate significantly increase extracellular dopamine in the human brain. J Neurosci 2001; 21:RC121.
  • Dalley JW, Fryer TD, Brichard L, Robinson ES, Theobald DE, Lääne K et al. Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 2007; 315:1267-1270.
  • deWit H, Enggasser JL, Richards JB. Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;
  • Eagle DM, Tufft MR, Goodchild HL. Differential effects of modafinil and methylphenidate on stop-signal reaction time task performance in the rat, and interactions with the dopamine receptor antagonist cisflupenthixol. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007; 192:193-206.
  • Feola TW, de Wit H, Richards JB. Effects of d-amphetamine and alcohol on a measure of behavioral inhibition in rats. Behav Neurosci 2000; 114:838-848.
  • Bizot JC, Chenault N, Houzé B, Herpin A, David S, Pothion S et al. Methylphenidate reduces impulsive behaviour in juvenile Wistar rats, but not in adult Wistar, SHR and WKY rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007; 193:215-223.
  • Isles AR, Humby T, Wilkinson LS. Measuring impulsivity in mice using a novel operant delayed reinforcement task: effects of behavioural manipulations and d- amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 170:376-382.
  • Richards JB, Sabol KE, de Wit H. Effects of methamphetamine on the adjusting amount procedure, a model of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 146:432-439.
  • van Gaalen MM, van Koten R, Schoffelmeer AN. Critical involvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in impulsive decision making. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:66-73.
  • Wade TR, de Wit H, Richards JB. Effects of dopaminergic drugs on delayed reward as a measure of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000; 150:90- 101.
  • Winstanley CA, LaPlant Q, Theobald DE. DeltaFosB induction in orbitofrontal cortex mediates tolerance to cocaine-induced cognitive dysfunction. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10497-10507.
  • Floresco SB, Tse MT, Ghods-Sharifi S. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic regulation of effort- and delay-based decision making. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1966- 1979.
  • Kheramin S, Body S, Mobini S. Effects of quinolinic acid-induced lesions of the orbital prefrontal cortex on inter-temporal choice: a quantitative analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002; 165:9-17.
  • Balcıoğlu A, Zhang K, Tarazi FI. Dopamine depletion abolishes apomorphine- and amphetamine-induced increases in extracellular serotonin levels in the striatum of conscious rats: A microdialysis study. Neuroscience 2003; 119:1045-1053.
  • Cole BJ, RobbinsTW. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi on performance of a 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats: implications for theories of selective attention and arousal. Behav Brain Res 1989; 33:165-179.
  • Overtoom CC, Verbaten MN, Kemner C, Kenemans JL, van Engeland H, Buitelaar JK et al. Effects of methylphenidate, desipramine, and L-dopa on attention and inhibition in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Behav Brain Res 2003; 145:7-15.
  • Robinson ES, Eagle DM, Mar AC, Bari A, Banerjee G, Jiang X et al. Similar effects of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine on three distinct forms of impulsivity in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1028-1037.
  • Milstein JA, Lehmann O, Theobald DE. Selective depletion of cortical noradrenaline by anti-dopamine beta-hydroxylase-saporin impairs attentional function and enhances the effects of guanfacine in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;
  • Blondeau C, Dellu-Hagedorn F. Dimensional analysis of ADHD subtypes in rats. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:1340-1350.
  • Paine TA, Tomasiewicz HC, Zhang K, Carlezon WA. Sensitivity of the five-choice serial reaction time task to the effects of various psychotropic drugs in sprague-dawley rats. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:687-693.
  • Koskinen T, Haapalinna A, Sirviö J. Alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of 5- HT2 receptor agonist induced impulsive responding in a 5-choice serial reaction ti- me task. Pharmacol Toxicol 2003; 92:214-225.
  • Lin JS, Roussel B, Akaoka H, Fort P, Debilly G, Jouvet M. Role of catecholamines in the modafinil and amphetamine induced wakefulness, a comparative pharmacological study in the cat. Brain Res 1992; 591:319-326.
  • Ma CL, Qi XL, Peng JY, Li BM. Selective deficit in no-go performance induced by blockade of prefrontal cortical alpha 2-adrenoceptors in monkeys. Neuroreport 2003; 14:1013-1016.
  • Mirjana C, Baviera M, Invernizzi RW, Balducci C. The serotonin 5-HT2A receptors antagonist M100907 prevents impairment in attentional performance by NMDA receptor blockade in the rat prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:1637-1647.
  • Higgins GA, Ballard TM, Huwyler J. Evaluation of the NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonist Ro 63-1908 on rodent behaviour: evidence for an involvement of NR2B NMDA receptors in response inhibition. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44:324-341.
  • Sukhotina IA, Dravolina OA, Novitskaya Y, Zvartau EE, Danysz W, Bespalov AY. Effects of mGlu1 receptor blockade on working memory, time estimation, and impulsivity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 196:211-220.
  • Semenova S, Markou A. The effects of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP and the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 on rats’ performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:863-872.
  • Murphy ER, Dalley JW, Robbins TW. Local glutamate receptor antagonism in the rat prefrontal cortex disrupts response inhibition in a visuospatial attentional task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:99-107.
  • Pattij T, Janssen MC, Schepers I, González-Cuevas G, de Vries TJ, Schoffelmeer AN. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant on distinct measures of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:85-96.
  • Egertova M, Elphick MR. Localisation of cannabinoid receptors in the rat brain using antibodies to the intracellular C terminal tail of CB1. J Comp Neurol 2000; 422:159- 171.
  • Tsou K, Brown S, Sanudo-Pena MC, Mackie K, Walker JM. Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 1998; 83:393-411.
  • Egerton A, Allison C, Brett RR. Cannabinoids and prefrontal cortical function: insights from preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2006; 30:680-695.
  • Lane SD, Cherek DR, Tcheremissine OV, Lieving LM, Pietras CJ. Acute marijuana effects on human risk taking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:800-809.
  • McDonald J, Schleifer L, Richards JB, de Wit H. Effects of THC on behavioral measures of impulsivity in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:1356-1365.
  • Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, van Ruitenbeek P, Theunissen EL, Schneider E, Moeller MR. High-potency marijuana impairs executive function and inhibitory motor control. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:2296-2303.
  • Schlicker E, Kathmann M. Modulation of transmitter release via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001; 22:565-572.
  • Schoffelmeer ANM, Hogenboom F, Wardeh G, De Vries TJ. Interactions between CB1 cannabinoid and ì opioid receptors mediating inhibition of neurotransmitter release in rat nucleus accumbens core. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:773-781.
  • Cheer JF, Wassum KM, Heien ML, Phillips PE, Wightman RM. Cannabinoids enhance subsecond dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4393-4400.
  • Szabo B, Muller T, Koch H. Effects of cannabinoids on dopamine release in the corpus striatum and the nucleus accumbens in vitro. J Neurochem 1999; 73:1084- 1089.
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  • Xi ZX, Gilbert JG, Peng XQ, Pak AC, Li X, Gardner EL. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor anta- gonist AM251 inhibits cocaine-primed relapse in rats: role of glutamate in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8531-8536.
Toplam 147 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Kemal Yazıcı Bu kişi benim

Aylin Ertekin Yazıcı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Yazıcı K, Yazıcı AE. Dürtüselliğin Nöroanatomik ve Nörokimyasal Temelleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Haziran 2010;2(2):254-280.

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