Link between Impulsivity and Overeating: Psychological and Neurobiological Perspectives

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 131 - 147, 30.06.2018

Deniz Atalayer

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.358090

Cited By: 2

Öz

In most basic terms impulsivity is defined as a tendency to act without control. Impulsivity has been implicated in the onset, symptomatic expression, and maintenance of overeating. Specifically, high impulsivity and associated poor inhibitory control, along with sensation seeking and reward sensitivity, as well as negative affect have been found to have an interaction effect on emotional eating, which may lead to binge eating and obesity. Moreover, associations between overeating and impulsive behaviors such as difficulty in response inhibition, planning, attention, addiction, or risk taking etc. have been previously shown. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence from psychology regarding the potential role of the impulsivity trait in overeating, with implications on the treatments for obesity and binge eating.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Impulsivity, overeating, binge eating, obesity, external eating

Dürtüsellik ve Aşırı Yeme Arasındaki İlişki: Psikolojik ve Nörobiyolojik Yaklaşımlar

Öz

En temel tanımıyla dürtüsellik özdenetim olmadan davranma eğilimidir. Dürtüsellik eğilimi, aşırı yeme ve bununla ilgili belirtilerin ortaya çıkışı ve devamında da önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Daha detaylı olarak; yüksek düzeydeki dürtüselliğin ve bununla ilişkili olan tepki kontrolünde zorluk, heyecana eğilim, ödül zafiyeti ve olumsuz duygulanım durumlarının, tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğuna ve obeziteye kadar ilerleyebilen duygusal yeme üzerinde bir etkileşim etkisine sahip olduğu bulun-muştur. Bu derlemenin amacı, dürtüselliğin aşırı yeme üzerindeki olası rolüne yönelik bilişsel ve nöropsikoloji alanında yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen kanıtları bir araya getirmek ve bunun yanında obezite ve tıkınırcasına yemek bozukluğunun tedavi yöntemlerine, dürtüsellik özelliği göz önüne alınarak yapılabilecek olası değişiklik ve eklemelere önerme yapmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dürtüsellik, aşerme, tıkınırcasına yeme, obezite, dışsal yeme örüntüsü

Kaynakça

• APA (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association.
• Andreyeva T, Kelly IR, Harris JL (2011) Exposure to food advertising on television: associations with children's fast food and soft drink consumption and obesity. Econ Hum Biol, 9:221-233.
• Anokhin AP, Grant JD, Mulligan RC, Heath AC (2015) The genetics of impulsivity: evidence for the heritability of delay discounting. Biol Psychiatry, 77:887-894.
• Bai B, Wang Y (2010) The use of lorcaserin in the management of obesity: a critical appraisal. Drug Des Devel Ther, 5:1-7.
• Baldo BA, Kelley AE (2007) Discrete neurochemical coding of distinguishable motivational processes: insights from nucleus accum bens control of feeding. Psychopharmacology, 191:439–459.
• Balodis IM, Grilo CM, Kober H, Worhunsky PD, White MA, Stevens MC et al. (2012) A pilot study linking reduced frontostriatal recruitment during reward processing to persistent bingeing following treatment for binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 47:376-384.
• Batterink L, Yokum S, Stice E (2010) Body mass correlates inversely with inhibitory control in response to food among adolescent girls: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 52:1696-1703.
• Beaver JD, Lawrence AD, van Ditzhuijzen J, Davis MH, Woods A, Calder AJ (2006) Individual differences in reward drive predict neural responses to images of food. J Neurosci, 26:5160-5166.
• Bello NT, Liang NC (2011) The use of serotonergic drugs to treat obesity – is there any hope? Drug Des Devel Ther, 5:95–109.
• Berlim MT, McGirr A, Beaulieu MM, Turecki G (2011) High frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an augmenting strategy in severe treatment- resistant major depression: a prospective 4-week naturalistic trial. J Affect Disord, 130:312-317.
• Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (2008) Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals. Psychopharmacology, 199:457-480.
• Berridge KC, Ho CY, Richard JM, Difeliceantonio AG (2010) The tempted brain eats: pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders. Brain Res, 1350:43–64.
• Berthoud HR (2004) Mind versus metabolism in the control of food intake and energy balance. Physiol Behav, 81:781-793.
• Berthoud HR (2011) Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: who is the boss? Curr Opin Neurobiol, 21:888–896.
• Bevilacqua L, Goldman D (2013) Genetics of impulsive behavior. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 368:20120380.
• Bittel DC, Butler MG (2005) Prader-Willi syndrome: clinical genetics, cytogenetics and molecular biology. Expert Rev Mol Med, 7:1–20
• Blundell JE, Finlayson G (2004) Is susceptibility to weight gain characterized by homeostatic or hedonic risk factors for overconsumption? Physiol Behav, 82:21–25.
• Boettiger CA, Mitchell JM, Tavares VC, Robertson M, Joslyn G, D'Esposito M (2007) Immediate reward bias in humans: fronto-parietal networks and a role for the catechol-O-methyltransferase 158Val/Val genotype. J Neurosci, 27:14383-14391.
• Braet C, Claus L, Verbeken S, Van Vlierberghe L (2007) Impulsivity in overweight children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 16:473–483.
• Brooks S, Prince A, Stahl D, Campbell IC, Treasure J (2011) A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive bias to food stimuli in people with disordered eating behaviour. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:37–51.
• Burgess EE, Sylvester MD, Morse KE, Amthor FR, Mrug S, Lokken KL et al. (2016) Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 49:930-936.
• Burrows T, Hides L, Brown R, Dayas CV, Kay-Lambkin F (2017) Differences in dietary preferences, personality and mental health in australian adults with and without food addiction. Nutrients, 9:E285.
• Camerer CF, Loewenstein G, Prelec D (2004) Neuroeconomics: why economics needs brains. Scand J Econ, 106:555-579.
• Camus M, Halelamien N, Plassmann H, Shimojo S, O’Doherty J, Camerer C et al. (2009) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases valuations during food choices. Eur J Neurosci, 30:1980-1988.
• Carnell S, Gibson C, Benson L, Ochner CN, Geliebter A (2012) Neuroimaging and obesity: current knowledge and future directions. Obes Rev, 13:43–56.
• Carnell S, Wardle J (2008) Appetite and adiposity: a behavioral susceptibility model of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr, 88:22–29.
• Cho SS, Ko JH, Pellecchia G, Van Eimeren T, Cilia R, Strafella AP (2010) Continuous theta burst stimulation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induces changes in impulsivity level. Brain Stimul, 3:170–176.
• Choi JS, Park S, Lee JY, Jung HY, Lee HW, Jin CH, Kang DH (2011) The effect of repeated virtual nicotine cue exposure therapy on the psychophysiological responses: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Investig, 8:155–160.
• Cooper Z, Doll HA, Hawker DM, Byrne S, Bonner G, Eeley E et al. (2010) Testing a new cognitive behavioral treatment for obesity: A randomized controlled trial with three-year follow-up. Behav Res Ther, 48:706–713.
• Crosbie J, Arnold P, Paterson A, Swanson J, Dupuis A, Li X et al. (2013) Response inhibition and ADHD traits: correlates and heritability in a community sample. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 41:497–507.
• Davis C (2013) Compulsive overeating as an addictive behavior: overlap between food addiction and binge eating disorder. Curr Obes Rep, 2:171–178.
• de Koning PP, Figee M, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, Denys D (2011) Current status of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a clinical review of different targets. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 13:274-282.
• de Weijer BA, van de Giessen E, van Amelsvoort TA, Boot E, Braak B, Janssen IM et al. (2011) Lower striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in obese compared with non-obese subjects. EJNMMI Res, 1:37.
• Diamond A (1990) Developmental time course in human infants and infant monkeys, and the neural bases of inhibitory control in reaching. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 608:637-669.
• Dick DM, Smith G, Olausson P, Mitchell SH, Leeman RF, O'Malley SS et al. (2010) Review: understanding the construct of impulsivity and its relationship to alcohol use disorders. Addict Biol, 15:217-226.
• Dickenson J, Berkman ET, Arch J, Lieberman MD (2013) Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction. Soc Cogn Affec Neurosci, 8:40–47.
• Di Lazzaro V, Pilato F, Saturno E, Oliviero A, Dileone M, Mazzone P et al. (2005) Theta-burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation suppresses specific excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex. J Physiol, 565:945–950.
• Dir AL, Karyadi K, Cyders MA (2013) The uniqueness of negative urgency as a common risk factor for self-harm behaviors, alcohol consumption, and eating problems. Addict Behav, 38:2158–2162.
• Doehring A, Kirchof A, Lotsch J (2009) Genetic diagnostics of functional variants of the human D2 receptor gene. Psychiatr Genet, 19:259–268.
• Doyle AE, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Willcutt EG, Nigg JT, Waldman ID et al. (2005) Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD? J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 46:774-803.
• Drewnowski A (2004) Obesity and the food environment: dietary energy density and diet costs. Am J Prev Med, 27:154-162.
• Drukker M, Drukker M, Wojciechowski F, Drukker M, Wojciechowski F, Feron FJ et al. (2009) A community study of psychosocial functioning and weight in young children and adolescents. Int J Pediatr Obes, 4:91-97.
• Duckworth AL, Tsukayama E, Geier AB (2010) Self-controlled children stay leaner in the transition to adolescence. Appetite, 54:304–308.
• Eisenberg DT, MacKillop J, Modi M, Beauchemin J, Dang D, Lisman SA et al. (2007) Examining impulsivity as an endophenotype using a behavioral approach: a DRD2 TaqI A and DRD4 48-bp VNTR association study. Behav Brain Funct, 3:2.
• Elfhag K, Morey LC (2008) Personality traits and eating behavior in the obese: poor self-control in emotional and external eating but personality assets in restrained eating. Eating Behav, 9:285-293.
• Evenden JL (1999) Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 146:348–361.
• Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2013) From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: devolving views of their roles in drug addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37:1946-1954.
• Fernández-Aranda F, Pinheiro AP, Thornton LM, Berrettini WH, Crow S et al. (2008) Impulse control disorders in women with eating disorders. Psychiatry Res, 157:147–157.
• Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, Weissman NJ, Smith SR, Shanahan WR et al. (2011) A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96:3067–3077.
• Fields SA, Sabet M, Reynolds B (2013). Dimensions of impulsive behavior in obese, overweight, and healthy-weight adolescents. Appetite, 70:60-66.
• Fields SA, Smallman R, Hicks JA, Lange K, Thamotharan S (2017) Narrowing of attention following food cue exposure in emerging adults: Does impulsivity matter? Pers Individ Dif, 108:144-148.
• Figee M, Wielaard I, Mazaheri A, Denys D (2013) Neurosurgical targets for compulsivity: What can we learn from acquired brain lesions? Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37:328–339.
• Figner B, Knoch D, Johnson EJ, Krosch AR, Lisanby SH, Fehr E et al. (2010) Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice. Nat Neurosci, 13:538–539.
• Filbey FM, Yezhuvath US (2017). A multimodal study of impulsivity and body weight: Integrating behavioral, cognitive, and neuroimaging approaches. Obesity, 25:147-154.
• Fischer S, Settles R, Collins B, Gunn R, Smith GT (2012) The role of negative urgency and expectancies in problem drinking and disordered eating. Psychol Addict Behav, 26:112–123.
• Flint J, Munafo MR (2006) The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics. Psychol Med, 37:163–180.
• Forbes EE, Brown SM, Kimak M, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB, Hariri AR (2009) Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. Mol Psychiatry, 14:60-70.
• Franken IH, van Strien JW, Nijs I, Muris P (2008) Impulsivity is associated with behavioral decision-making deficits. Psychiatry Res, 158:155-163.
• Frankort A, Roefs A, Siep N, Roebroeck A, Havermans R, Jansen A (2014) The craving stops before you feel it: neural correlates of chocolate craving during cue exposure with response prevention. Cereb Cortex, 24:1589-1600.
• Frazier-Wood AC, Carnell S, Pena O, Hughes SO, O'Connor TM, Asherson P et al. (2014). Cognitive performance and BMI in childhood: Shared genetic influences between reaction time but not response inhibition. Obesity, 22:2312-2318.
• Frieling H, Römer KD, Scholz S, Mittelbach F, Wilhelm J, De Zwaan M, et al. (2010) Epigenetic dysregulation of dopaminergic genes in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 43:577-583.
• Fudge JL, Breitbart MA, Danish M, Pannoni V (2005) Insular and gustatory inputs to the caudal ventral striatum in primates. J Comp Neurol, 490:101–118.
• Gainetdinov RR (2007) Mesolimbic dopamine in obesity and diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 293:R601–R602.
• Galanti K, Gluck ME, Geliebter A (2007) Test meal intake in obese binge eaters in relation to impulsivity and compulsivity. Int J Eat Disord, 40:727-732.
• Garza KB, Ding M, Owensby JK, Zizza CA (2016) Impulsivity and fast-food consumption: a cross-sectional study among working adults. J Acad Nutr Diet, 116:61-68.
• Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD (2009) Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite, 52:430–436.
• Geliebter A, Ladell T, Logan M, Schweider T, Sharafi M, Hirsch J (2006) Responsivity to food stimuli in obese and lean binge eaters using functional MRI. Appetite, 46:31-35.
• Georgii C, Goldhofer P, Meule A, Richard A, Blechert J (2017) Food craving, food choice and consumption: The role of impulsivity and sham-controlled tDCS stimulation of the right dlPFC. Physiol Behav, 177:20-26.
• Gerlach G, Herpertz S, Loeber S (2015) Personality traits and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev, 16:32-63.
• Giel KE, Schag K, Plewnia C, Zipfel S (2013) Antisaccadic training to improve impulsivity in binge eating disorder. Eur Eating Dis Rev, 1:488-492.
• Giesen JC, Havermans RC, Douven A, Tekelenburg M, Jansen A (2010) Will work for snack food: the association of BMI and snack reinforcement. Obesity, 18:966–970.
• Goldberg LR, Strycker LA (2002) Personality traits and eating habits: The assessment of food preferences in a large community sample. Pers Individ Dif, 32:49–65.
• Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry, 160:636-645.
• Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A (2007) How impulsiveness and variety influence food intake in a sample of healthy women. Appetite, 48:119-122.
• Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A (2008) The effect of an impulsive personality on overeating and obesity: Current state of affairs. Psihologijske Teme, 17:265-286.
• Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Schrooten M, Martijn C, Jansen A (2009) Inducing impulsivity leads high and low restrained eaters into overeating, whereas current dieters stick to their diet. Appetite, 53:93-100.
• Halford JCG (2010) Obesity: Lorcaserin-not a new weapon in the battle with appetite. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 6:663–664.
• Haltia LT, Rinne JO, Merisaari H, Maguire RP, Savontaus E, Helin S et al. (2007) Effects of intravenous glucose on dopaminergic function in the human brain in vivo. Synapse, 61:748-756.
• Hanks AS, Just DR, Wansink B (2013) Preordering school lunch encourages better food choices by children. JAMA Pediatr, 167:673–674.
• Hare TA, Camerer CF, Rangel A (2009) Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science, 324:646–648.
• Harris JL, Bargh JA, Brownell KD (2009) Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. Health Psychol, 28:404–413.
• Hartmann AS, Czaja J, Rief W, Hilbert A (2010) Personality and psychopathology in children with and without loss of control over eating. Compr Psychiatry, 51:572–578.
• Hege MA, Stingl KT, Kullmann S, Schag K, Giel KE, Zipfel S et al. (2015) Attentional impulsivity in binge eating disorder modulates response inhibition performance and frontal brain networks. Int J Obes, 39:353-360.
• Hermans RC, Larsen JK, Herman CP, Engels RC (2012) How much should I eat? situational norms affect young women's food intake during meal time. Br J Nutr, 107:588–594.
• Hill JO, Peters JC (1998) Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science, 280:1371-1374.
• Ho AL, Sussman ES, Pendharkar AV, Azagury DE, Bohon C, Halpern CH (2015) Deep brain stimulation for obesity: rationale and approach to trial design. Neurosurg Focus, 38(6):E8.
• Hou R, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Moss-Morris R, Peveler R, Roefs A (2011) External eating, impulsivity and attentional bias to food cues. Appetite, 56:424–427.
• Houben K, Jansen A (2011) Training inhibitory control. a recipe for resisting sweet temptations. Appetite, 56:345-349.
• Ifland JR, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, Rourke KM, Taylor WC, Burau K et al. (2009) Refined food addiction: a classic substance use disorder. Med Hypotheses, 72:518-526.
• Jasinska AJ, Yasuda M, Burant CF, Gregor N, Khatri S, Sweet M et al. (2012) Impulsivity and inhibitory control deficits are associated with unhealthy eating in young adults. Appetite, 59:738-747.
• Jansen A, Van den Hout MA, De Loof C, Zandbergen J, Griez E (1989) A case of bulimia successfully treated by cue exposure. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 20:327–332.
• Jansen A, Broekmate J, Heymans M. 1992. Cue-exposure vs selfcontrol in the treatment of binge eating: a pilot study. Behav Res Ther, 30:235–241.
• Jansen A (1994) The learned nature of binge eating. In Appetite: Neural and behavioural bases, (Eds CR Legg, DA Booth):193-211. New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
• Jansen A (1998) A learning model of binge eating: cue reactivity and cue exposure. Behav Res Ther, 36:257-272.
• Jansen A, Vanreyten A, van Balveren T, Roefs A, Nederkoorn C, Havermans R (2008) Negative affect and cue-induced overeating in non-eating disordered obesity. Appetite, 51:556–562.
• Jansen A, Nederkoorn C, van Baak L, Keirse C, Guerrieri R, Havermans R (2009) High-restrained eaters only overeat when they are also impulsive. Behav Res Ther, 47:105-110.
• Jansen A (2010) Obesity needs experimental psychology. Eur Health Psychol, 4:488–505.
• Jastreboff AM, Sinha R, Lacadie C, Small DM, Sherwin RS, Potenza MN (2013) Neural correlates of stress-and food cue–induced food craving in obesity association with insulin levels. Diabetes Care, 36:394-402.
• Jimura K (2013) Impulsivity and self-control during intertemporal decision making linked to the neural dynamics of reward value representation, J Neurosci, 33:344–357.
• Kakoschke N, Kemps E, Tiggemann M (2015) External eating mediates the relationship between impulsivity and unhealthy food intake. Physiol Behav,147:117-121.
• Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES et al. (2012) The negative association of childhood obesity to cognitive control of action monitoring. Cereb Cortex, 24:654-662.
• Kavakcı Ö, Demirel Y, Kuğu N, Nur N, Doğan O (2011) Dikkat eksikliği/hiperaktivitenin, dürtüsellik ve obezite ile ilişkisi üzerine bir çalışma. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 33:413-420.
• Kekic M, McClelland J, Campbell I, Nestler S, Rubia K, David AS et al. (2014) The effects of prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving and temporal discounting in women with frequent food cravings. Appetite, 78:55-62.
• Kekic M, McClelland J, Bartholdy S, Boysen E, Musiat P, Dalton B et al. (2017) Single-session transcranial direct current stimulation temporarily ımproves symptoms, mood, and self-regulatory control in bulimia nervosa: a randomised controlled trial. PloS One, 12:e0167606.
• Kelley AE (2004) Ventral striatal control of appetitive motivation: Role in ingestive behavior and reward-related learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 27:765–776.
• Kelley AE, Schiltz CA, Landry CF (2005) Neural systems recruited by drug- and food related cues: Studies of gene activation in corticolimbic regions. Physiol Behav, 86:11–14.
• Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Chiu WT, Deitz AC, Hudson JI, Shahly V et al. (2013) The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the world health organization world mental health surveys. Biol Psychiatry, 73:904-914.
• Killgore WD, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2005) Body mass predicts orbitofrontal activity during visual presentations of high-calorie foods. Neuroreport, 16:859-863.
• Kishinevsky FI, Cox JE, Murdaugh DL, Stoeckel LE, Cook EW, Weller RE (2012) fMRI reactivity on a delay discounting task predicts weight gain in obese women. Appetite, 58:582-592.
• Kivetz R, Urminsky O, Zheng Y (2006) The goal-gradient hypothesis resurrected: purchase acceleration, illusionary goal progress, and customer retention. J Mark Res, 43:39–58.
• Koffarnus MN (2013) Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: a review. J Exp Anal Behav, 99:32–57.
• Koningsbruggen GM, Veling H, Stroebe W, Aarts H (2014) Comparing two psychological interventions in reducing impulsive processes of eating behaviour: effects on self-selected portion size. Br J Health Psychol, 19:767-782.
• Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010) Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35:217–238.
• Koren R, Munn-Chernoff MA, Duncan AE, Bucholz KK, Madden PA, Heath AC et al. (2014) Is the relationship between binge eating episodes and personality attributable to genetic factors? Twin Res Hum Genet, 17:65-71.
• Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2010) The functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Discov Med, 9:579–587.
• Kuntsi J, Rogers H, Swinard G (2006) Reaction time, inhibition, working memory and “delay aversion” performance: genetic influences and their interpretation. Psychol Med, 36:1613-1624.
• Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ (1996) Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274(5292):1527.
• Levitsky DA (2005) The non-regulation of food intake in humans: hope for reversing the epidemic of obesity. Physiol Behav, 86:623-632.
• Loewenstein G (2000) Emotions in economic theory and economic behavior. Am Econ Rev, 90:426–432.
• Lowe MR, Butryn ML (2007) Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite? Physiol Behav, 91:432–439.
• Lowe CJ, Vincent C, Hall PA (2017) Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on food cravings and consumption: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med, 79:2-13.
• Lunn TE, Nowson CA, Worsley A, Torres SJ (2014) Does personality affects dietary intake? Nutrition, 30:403–409.
• Lyke JA, Spinella M (2004) Associations among aspects of impulsivity and eating factors in a nonclinical sample. Int J Eat Disord, 36:229-233.
• Manwaring JL, Green L, Myerson J, Strube MJ, Wilfley DE (2011) Discounting of various types of rewards by women with and without binge eating disorder: evidence for general rather than specific differences. Psychol Rec, 61:561–582.
• Martinez-Mallén E, Castro-Fornieles J, Lázaro L, Moreno E, Morer A, Font E et al. (2007) Cue exposure in the treatment of resistant adolescent bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 40:596–601.
• McCrory MA, Fuss PJ, Hays NP, Vinken AG, Greenberg AS, Roberts SB (1999) Overeating in America: association between restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthy adult men and women ages 19 to 80. Obes Res, 7:564-571.
• Meule A, de Zwaan M, Müller A (2017) Attentional and motor impulsivity interactively predict ‘food addiction’in obese individuals. Compr Psychiatry, 72:83-87.
• Meule A and Platte P (2015) Facets of impulsivity interactively predict body fat and binge eating in young women. Appetite, 87:352-357.
• Metcalfe J, Mischel W (1999) A hot/cool system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower. Psychol Rev, 106:3-19.
• Mikami AY, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, Hoza B, Hechtman L, Newcorn JH (2010) Bulimia nervosa symptoms in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. Int J Eat Disord, 43:248–259.
• Mobbs O, Crépin C, Thiéry C, Golay A, Van der Linden M (2010) Obesity and the four facets of impulsivity. Patient Educ Couns, 79:372-377.
• Mottus R, Realo A, Allik J, Deary IJ, Esko T, Metspalu A (2012) Personality traits and eating habits in a large sample of Estonians. Health Psychol, 31:806–814.
• Müller UJ, Sturm V, Voges J, Heinze HJ, Galazky I, Heldmann M et al. (2009) Successful treatment of chronic resistant alcoholism by deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens: first experience with three cases. Pharmacopsychiatry, 42:288–291.
• Murphy CM, Stojek MK, Mackillop J (2013) Inter relationships among impulsive personality traits, food addiction, and body mass index. Appetite 73:45–50.
• Nasser JA, Gluck ME, Geliebter A (2004) Impulsivity and test meal intake in obese binge eating women. Appetite, 43:303–307.
• Nederkoorn C, Smulders FT, Havermans RC, Roefs A, Jansen A (2006a) Impulsivity in obese women. Appetite, 47:253–256.
• Nederkoorn C, Braet C, Van Eijs Y, Tanghe A, Jansen A (2006b) Why obese children cannot resist food: the role of impulsivity. Eat Behav, 7:315–322.
• Nederkoorn C, Jansen E, Mulkens S, Jansen A (2007) Impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in obese children. Behav Res Ther, 45:1071–1075.
• Nederkoorn C, Coelho JS, Guerrieri R (2012) Specificity of the failure to inhibit responses in overweight children. Appetite, 59:409-413.
• Nederkoorn C, Dassen FC, Franken L, Resch C, Houben K (2015) Impulsivity and overeating in children in the absence and presence of hunger. Appetite, 93:57-61.
• Nestle M (2006) Food marketing and childhood obesity. a matter of policy. N Engl J Med, 354:2527–2529.
• Nestor PG (2002) Mental disorder and violence: personality dimensions and clinical features. Am J Psychiatry, 159(12):1973-1978.
• O'doherty J, Dayan P, Schultz J, Deichmann R, Friston K, Dolan RJ (2004) Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science, 304:452-454.
• Oğuz G, Karabekiroğlu A, Kocamanoğlu B, Sungur MZ (2016) Obezite ve bilişsel davranışçı terapi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8:133-144.
• Olsen SO, Tuu HH, Honkanen P, Verplanken B (2015) Conscientiousness and (un)healthy eating: the role of impulsive eating and age in the consumption of daily main meals. Scand J Psychol, 56:397–404.
• O'neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Zhang J, et al. (2012) Randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM‐DM study. Obesity (Silver Spring), 20:1426–1436.
• Ongur D, Price JL (2000) The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb Cortex, 10:206–219.
• Paloyelis Y, Asherson P, Mehta MA, Faraone SV, Kuntsi J (2010) DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35:2414-2426.
• Pavlov IP (1927) Conditioned Reflexes. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Pearson CM, Zapolski TC, Smith GT (2014) A longitudinal test of impulsivity and depression pathways to early binge eating onset. Int J Eat Disord, 48:230-237.
• Peper JS, Mandl RC, Braams BR, de Water E, Heijboer AC, Koolschijn PC et al. (2012) Delay discounting and frontostriatal fiber tracts: a combined DTI and MTR study on impulsive choices in healthy young adults. Cereb Cortex, 23:1695-1702.
• Popien A, Frayn M, von Ranson KM, Sears CR (2015) Eye gaze tracking reveals heightened attention to food in adults with binge eating when viewing images of real-world scenes. Appetite, 91:233-240.
• Racine SE, Culbert KM, Larson CL, Klump KL (2009) The possible influence of impulsivity and dietary restraint on associations between serotonin genes and binge eating. J Psychiatry Res, 43:1278-1286.
• Reif A, Lesch KP (2003) Toward a molecular architecture of personality. Behav Brain Res, 139:1-20.
• Reynolds B, Ortengren A, Richards JB, de Wit H (2006) Dimensions of impulsive behavior: personality and behavioral measures. Pers Individ Dif, 40:305–315.
• Robbins TW, Gillan CM, Smith DG, de Wit S, Ersche KD (2012) Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: towards dimensional psychiatry. Trends Cogn Sci, 16:81-91.
• Rolls BJ (2003) The supersizing of America: portion size and the obesity epidemic. Nutr Today, 38:42–53.
• Roth CL, Hinney A, Schur EA, Elfers CT, Reinehr T (2013) Association analyses for dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms and weight status in a longitudinal analysis in obese children before and after lifestyle intervention. BMC Pediatr, 13:197.
• Rothemund Y, Preuschhof C, Bohner G, Bauknecht HC, Klingebiel R, Flor H et al. (2007) Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. Neuroimage, 37:410-421.
• Rydén A, Sullivan M, Torgerson JS, Karlsson J, Lindroos AK, Taft C (2003) Severe obesity and personality: a comparative controlled study of personality traits. Int J Obes Rel Metab Disord, 27:1534–1540.
• Sarısoy G, Atmaca A, Ecemiş G, Gümüş K, Pazvantoğlu O (2013) Obezite hastalarında dürtüsellik ve dürtüselliğin beden algısı ve benlik saygısı ile ilişkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 14:53-61.
• Schachar RJ, Forget-Dubois N, Dionne G, Boivin M, Robaey P (2011) Heritability of response inhibition in children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 17:238-247.
• Schag K, Schönleber J, Teufel M, Zipfel S, Giel KE (2013) Food‐related impulsivity in obesity and Binge Eating Disorder–a systematic review. Obes Rev, 14:477–495.
• Schlaepfer TE, George MS (2010) WFSBP guidelines on brain stimulation treatments in psychiatry. World J Biol Psychiatry, 11:2–18.
• Sevinçer GM, Coşkun H, Konuk N, Bozkurt S (2014) Bariatrik cerrahinin psikiyatrik ve psikososyal yönleri. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6:32-44.
• Sevinçer GM (2016) Türkiye'de obezite cerrahisinde psikiyatrik değerlendirme: uzlaşma ve kılavuz gereksinmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg, 17(Suppl 2):5-45.
• Slama F, Amrani H, Leboyer M, Houenou J (2012) Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification and pathological hoarding. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 24(2):E9.
• Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM (2010) For the behavioral modification and lorcaserin for overweight and obesity management (bloom) study group: multicenter, placebo controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med, 363(3):245–256.
• Sobik L, Hutchison K, Craighead L (2005) Cue-elicited craving for food: a fresh approach to the study of binge eating. Appetite, 44:253–261.
• Stanford MS, Bio DS, Machado-Vieira R, Moreno RA (2013) Association of the COMT Met158 allele with trait impulsivity in healthy young adults. Mol Med Rep, 7:1067-1072.
• Stanford MS, Mathias CW, Dougherty DM, Lake SL, Anderson NE, Patton JH. (2009) Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: an update and review. Pers Individ Dif, 47:385-395.
• Steiger H, Joober R, Israël M, Young SN, Kin NY, Kwong NM, et al. (2005) The 5HTTLPR polymorphism, psychopathologic symptoms, and platelet [3H-] paroxetine binding in bulimic syndromes. Int J Eat Disord, 37:57-60.
• Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Small DM (2008) Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele. Science, 322:449-452.
• Stoeckel LE, Weller RE, Cook EW, Twieg DB, Knowlton RC, Cox JE (2008) Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods Neuroimage, 41:636-647.
• Sysko R, Ojserkis R, Schebendach J, Evans SM, Hildebrandt T, Walsh BT (2017) Impulsivity and test meal intake among women with bulimia nervosa. Appetite, 112:1–8.
• Tetley AC, Brunstrom JM, Griffiths PL (2010) The role of sensitivity to reward and impulsivity in food-cue reactivity. Eat Behav, 11:138–143.
• Tomasi D, Volkow ND (2013) Striatocortical pathway dysfunction in addiction and obesity: differences and similarities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 48:1–19.
• Toni I, Passingham RE (1999) Prefrontal-basal ganglia pathways are involved in the learning of arbitrary visuomotor associations: a PET study. Exp Brain Res, 127:19-32.
• Toro J, Cervera M, Feliu MH, Garriga N, Jou M, Martinez E, Toro E (2003) Cue exposure in the treatment of resistant bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 34:227–234.
• Trifilieff P, Martinez D (2014). Imaging addiction: D 2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity. Neuropharmacology, 76:498-509.
• Uher R, Treasure J (2005) Brain lesions and eating disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76:852–857. Van den Akker K, Jansen A, Frentz F, Havermans RC (2013) Impulsivity makes more susceptible to overeating after contextual appetitive conditioning. Appetite, 70:73-80.
• van den Akker K, Stewart K, Antoniou EE, Palmberg A, Jansen A (2014) Food cue reactivity, obesity, and ımpulsivity: are they associated? Curr Addict Rep, 1:301–308.
• Van den Eynde F, Claudino AM, Mogg A, Horrell L, Stahl D, Ribeiro W et al. (2010) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cue-induced food craving in bulimic disorders. Biol Psychiatry, 67:793-795.
• Van Gucht D, Vansteenwegen D, Beckers T, Van den Bergh O (2008) Return of experimentally induced chocolate craving after extinction in a different context: divergence between craving for and expecting to eat chocolate. Behav Res Ther, 46:375–391.
• Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers G, Defares PB (1986) The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord, 5:295-315.
• Van Strien T, Herman CP, Verheijden MW (2009) Eating style, overeating, and overweight in a representative Dutch sample: does external eating play a role? Appetite, 52:380-387.
• Verdejo-García A, Pérez-Expósito M, Schmidt-Río Valle J, Fernández-Serrano MJ, Cruz F, Pérez-García M et al (2010) Selective alterations within executive functions in adolescents with excess weight. Obesity, 18:1572–1578.
• Vickers SP, Goddard S, Brammer RJ, Hutson PH, Heal DJ (2017) Investigation of impulsivity in binge-eating rats in a delay-discounting task and its prevention by the d-amphetamine prodrug, lisdexamfetamine: Lisdexamfetamine on impulsivity in binge-eating. J Psychopharmacol, 31:784-797.
• Vollstädt-Klein S, Loeber S, Kirsch M, Bach P, Richter A, Bühler M et al. (2011) Effects of cue-exposure treatment on neural cue reactivity in alcohol dependence: a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry, 69:1060–1066.
• Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ (2002) Role of dopamine in drug reinforcement and addiction in humans: results from imaging studies. Behav Pharmacol, 13:355–366.
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Logan J et al. (2008) Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage, 42:1537-1543.
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Alia‐Klein N et al. (2009) Inverse association between BMI and prefrontal metabolic activity in healthy adults. Obesity, 17:60-65.
• Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD (2011) Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci, 15:37-46.
• Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Logan J, Alexoff DL, Jayne M et al. (2014) Stimulant-induced dopamine increases are markedly blunted in active cocaine abusers. Mol Psychiatry, 19:1037-1043.
• Volkow ND, Baler RD (2015) NOW vs LATER brain circuits: implications for obesity and addiction. Trends Neurosci, 38:345-352.
• Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, et al. (2001) Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet, 357:354-357.
• Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS (2004) Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review. J Addict Dis, 23:39–53.
• Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F, Jayne M, Ma Y, Pradhan K et al. (2009) Evidence of gender differences in the ability to inhibit brain activation elicited by food stimulation Proc Natl Acad Sci, 106:1249-1254.
• Wansink B, Chandon P (2014) Slim by design: redirecting the accidental drivers of mindless overeating. J Consum Psychol, 24:413-431.
• Wardle J (1987) Eating style: A validation study of the dutch eating behavior questionnaire in normal subjects and women with eating disorders. J Psychosom Res, 31:161-169.
• Wardle J (1990) Conditioning processes and cue exposure in the modification of excessive eating. Addict Behav, 15:387–393. Waxman SE (2009) A systematic review of impulsivity in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 17:408-425.
• Weller RE, Cook EW, 3rd Avsar K B, Cox JE (2008) Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women. Appetite, 51:563–569.
• Weygandt M, Mai K, Dommes E, Leupelt V, Hackmack K, Kahnt T et al. (2013) The role of neural impulse control mechanisms for dietary success inobesity. NeuroImage, 83:669–678.
• Weygandt M, Mai K, Dommes E, Ritter K, Leupelt V, Spranger J, Haynes JD (2015) Impulse control in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex counteracts post-diet weight regain in obesity. NeuroImage, 109:318-327.
• White MJ, Lawford BR, Morris CP, Young RM (2009) Interaction between DRD2 C957T polymorphism and an acute psychosocial stressor on reward-related behavioral impulsivity. Behav Genet, 39:285–295.
• Winkler JK, Woehning A, Schultz JH, Brune M, Beaton N, Challa TD et al. (2012) TaqIA polymorphism in dopamine D2 receptor gene complicates weight maintenance in younger obese patients. Nutrition, 28:996-1001.
• Wood AC, Asherson P, van der Meere JJ (2010) Separation of genetic influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and reaction time performance from those on IQ. Psychol Med, 40:1027-1037.