Effect of Basic Emotional Facial Expressions on Time Perception

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı), 176 - 191, 29.12.2019

Şengül Erdoğan , Zeynel Baran

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.589233

Öz

The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of stimulus duration manipulations of pictures expressing universal six basic emotions by using a prospective paradigm including verbal estimation and reproduction tasks. The study was conducted with 75 participants (47 female and 28 male) who verbally estimated and reproduced the duration of emotional facial expressions (anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise, happiness and neutral) presented for different durations (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ms). In each presentation duration, durations of all emotional facial expressions were perceived to be shorter than target durations and temporal distortions increase with duration of intervals. On the other hand, durations of all emotional facial expressions except the sadness facial expression were perceived longer than the duration of neutral facial expression. According to internal clock model and in the context of arousal and attention, tendency to underestimate the duration of emotional stimuli compared to target duration was consistent with an attentional model while tendency to overestimate duration of the emotional stimuli compared to duration of neutral stimulus was consistent with the arousal based model. The findings of this study suggested that in regard to the effects of emotional facial expressions on time perception, not only the involvement of effects emanating from arousal and attention but also memory and decision making processes could have an effect due to the type of temporal task difference.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Time perception, attention, arousal, emotional facial expressions

Temel Duygusal Yüz İfadelerinin Zaman Algısı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, evrensel olarak kabul edilen 6
temel duyguya ait yüz ifadelerinin sunum süresi değişimlenmesinin zaman algısı
üzerindeki etkisini, zaman aralığı yeniden oluşturma ve süreyi sözel tahmin
etme yöntemleri aracılığıyla incelemektir.

Yöntem: Araştırma, dört farklı sunum süresinde (500, 1000, 1500
ve 2000 ms) sunulan yüz ifadelerinin (kızgınlık, korku, üzüntü, tiksinme,
şaşkınlık, mutluluk ve nötr) sözel olarak tahmin edilmesi ve yeniden
üretilmesini içeren iki farklı yöntemle 75 gönüllü öğrenci (47 Kadın ve 28
Erkek) ile yürütülmüştür. 

Bulgular: Her bir sunum süresinde, tüm duygusal yüz ifadeleri
hedef süreye göre kısa algılanmakta ve sunum süresi artıkça zamansal bozulmalar
artmaktadır. Öte yandan, tüm duygusal yüz ifadeleri, üzüntü yüz ifadesi hariç,
nötr yüz ifadesinden daha uzun algılanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, tüm uyarıcı
süreleri, zaman aralığı yeniden oluşturma görevinde, süreyi sözel tahmin etme
görevine göre daha uzun algılanmaktadır.

Sonuç: İçsel saat modeli ile dikkat ve genel uyarılmışlık düzeyi bağlamında, yüz
ifadelerinin hedef süreye göre kısa algılanması dikkat kaynaklı modelle; nötre
göre daha uzun algılanması ise genel uyarılmışlık düzeyi kaynaklı modelle daha
uyumlu görünmektedir. Duygusal yüz ifadelerinin zaman algısı üzerindeki
etkisinde, genel uyarılmışlık düzeyi ve dikkat kaynaklı ortak etkilerin yanı
sıra, zamansal yöntem türlerindeki farklılıklardan kaynaklanan bellek ve karar
verme süreçleri de etkili olabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zaman algısı, dikkat, genel uyarılmışlık düzeyi, duygusal yüz ifadeleri

Kaynakça

• 1. Allman MJ ve Meck WH (2012) Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance. Brain 135: 656-677.2. Angrilli A, Cherubini P, Pavese A ve ark. (1997) The influence of affective factors on time perception. Perception and Psychophysics 59: 972-982.3. Bahadırlı B, Tutuğ C, Ceviz H ve ark. (2013) Zaman algısı ve psikiyatrik bozukluklar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 5: 355-377.4. Bar-Haim Y, Kerem A, Lamy D ve ark. (2010) When time slows down: The influence of threat on time perception in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 24: 255-263.5. Beck AT, Erbaugh J, Ward CH ve ark. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4: 561-571. 6. Block RA, Gruber RP (2014) Time perception, attention, and memory: a selective review. Acta Psychologica 149: 129-133.7. Buhusi CV, Meck WH, Carolina N (2005) What Make Us Tick? Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Interval Timing. Neuroscience, 6: 755-765.8. Buhusi CV, Meck WH (2009) Relative time sharing: new findings and an extension of the resource allocation model of temporal processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 364: 1875-1885.9. Coull JT, Cheng R, Meck WH (2011) Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Substrates of Timing. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 3–25.10. Ekman P, Sorenson ER, Friesen WV (1969) Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164: 86-88.11. Ekman P, Friesen WV (1971) Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of personality and social psychology 17: 124-129.12. Ekman P, Friesen WV (1976) Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.13. Droit-Volet S, Brunot S, Niedenthal P (2004) Perception of the duration of emotional events. Cognition and Emotion 18: 849–858.14. Droit-Volet S, Meck WH (2007) How emotions colour our time perception of time. Trends of Cognitive Sciences 11: 504–513.15. Droit-Volet S, Gil S (2009) The time-emotion paradox. Journal of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B – Biological Sciences 364: 1943–1953.16. Droit-Volet S (2013) Time perception, emotions and mood disorders. Journal of Physiology-Paris 107: 255-264.17. Effron D, Niedenthal PM, Gil S ve ark. (2006) Embodied temporal perception of emotion. Emotion 6: 1–9.18. Gautier, T. ve Droit-Volet, S. (2002). Attention and time estimation in 5-and 8-year-old children: A dual-task procedure. Behavioural Processes 58: 57-66.19. Gil S, Niedenthal PM, Droit-Volet S (2007) Anger and time perception in children. Emotion 7: 219-225.20. Gil S, Droit-Volet S (2011) “Time flies in the presence of angry faces”… depending on the temporal task used! Acta Psychologica 136: 354-362.21. Grondin S (2010) Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics 72: 561-582.22. Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Psikoloji Dergisi 6: 118-122.23. Johnson LW, MacKay DG (2018) Relations between emotion, memory encoding, and time perception. Cognition and Emotion 33: 1-12.24. Lake JI, LaBar KS, Meck WH (2016) Emotional modulation of interval timing and time perception. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 64: 403-420.25. Lejeune H (1998) Switching or gating? The attentional challenge in cognitive models of psychological time. Behavioural Processes 44: 127-145.26. Lee KH, Seelam K, O'Brien T (2011) The relativity of time perception produced by facial emotion stimuli. Cognition and Emotion 25: 1471-1480.27. Lui MA, Penney TB, Schirmer A (2011) Emotion effects on timing: attention versus pacemaker accounts. PloS One 6: e21829. 28. Meck WH (2005) Neuropsychology of timing and time perception. Brain and Cognition 58: 1-8.29. Mella N, Conty L, Pouthas V (2011) The role of physiological arousal in time perception: psychophysiological evidence from an emotion regulation paradigm. Brain Cognition 7: 182-187.30. Mioni G, Stablum F, Prunetti E ve ark. (2016) Time perception in anxious and depressed patients: A comparison between time reproduction and time production tasks. Journal of Affective Disorders 196: 154-163.31. Noulhiane M, Mella N, Samson S ve ark. (2007) How emotional auditory stimuli modulate time perception. Emotion 7: 697-704.32. Ogden RS, Wearden JH, Montgomery C (2014) The differential contribution of executive functions to temporal generalisation, reproduction and verbal estimation. Acta Psychologica 152: 84-94.33. Öner N, Le Compte A (1985) Durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları. 34. Öner N (1997) Psikolojik Testler. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.35. Smith SD, McIver TA, Di Nella MS ve ark. (2011) The effects of valence and arousal on the emotional modulation of time perception: evidence for multiple stages of processing. Emotion 11: 1305-1313.36. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE (1970) STAI: manual for the. State Trait Anxiety. Palo Alto Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press.37. Tipples, J. (2008). Negative emotionality influences the effects of emotion on time perception. Emotion 8: 127-131.38. Tipples J (2011) When time stands still: fear-specific modulation of temporal bias due to threat. Emotion 11: 74-80.39. Zakay D, Block RA (1996) The role of attention in time estimation processes. Advances in Psychology 115: 143-164.