Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Bilişsel Faktörler ile Depresif Semptomlar ve İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı), 149 - 164, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.735193

Öz

Bu çalışma bilişsel faktörler (uyumsuz şemalar ve pozitif algı) ile psikolojik semptomlar (depresif semptomlar ve mental iyi oluş) arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik dayanıklılığın aracı rolünü incelemektedir. Onsekiz ile 30 yaş arasındaki 231 katılımcıya (174 kadın, 57 erkek) Young Şema Ölçeği, Pozitif Algı Ölçeği, Yetişkinler İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Warwick Edinburg Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği ve demografik bilgi formu uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların yaşı 18 ile 30 arasında değişmektedir. Bulgular, şema alanlarından kopukluk/reddedilmişlik ve zedelenmiş otonomi/özerklik’in depresif semptomları; kopukluk/reddedilmişlik, zedelenmiş otonomi/özerklik, diğerleri yönelimlilik ve yüksek standartlar/bastırılmışlığın iyi oluşu; kopukluk/reddedilmişlik, zedelenmiş otonomi/özerklik, zedelenmiş sınırlar ve yüksek standartlar/bastırılmışlığın ise psikolojik dayanıklılığı yordadığına işaret etmiştir. Psikolojik dayanıklılık, yüksek standartlar/bastırılmışlık ve depresyon arasında tam; zedelenmiş otonomi/özerklik ve depresif semptomlar arasında kısmi aracı rolü oynamaktadır. Kopukluk/reddedilmişlik ve zedelenmiş otonomi/özerklik ile iyi oluş ile ilişkisinde psikolojik dayanıklılığın tam aracı rolü bulunmaktadır. Koruyucu bir faktör olan pozitif algı puanları yükseldikçe dayanıklılık ve iyi oluş düzeyi yükselmekte ve depresyon düzeyi azalmaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akin A, Kaya M (2015) Pozitif Algı Olcegi Turkce formunun gecerlik ve guvenirligi. Eur J Educ, 5: 16-22. 
  • Alipourchushaly G, Taghiloo S (2015) The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas. JLS , 5: 161-168.
  • Allen W (2016) Examining the relationships between stress, depression, anxiety, and resilience in undergraduate Nursing Students (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Georgia, University of North Georgia.
  • Anderson MS (2011) Factors of resiliency and depression in adolescents (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). La Crosse, University of Winconsin.
  • Arbuckle JL (2007) AMOS (Version 7) [Computer software]. Chicago, SPSS.
  • Arslanoglu I (2005) Turk degerleri uzerine bir degerlendirme. Felsefe Dunyası Dergisi, 41: 64-67. Asghari F, Alipouri G, Sayadi A, Marjan E (2015) The moderating role of gender in relationship between schemas and subjective well-being. Trends in Life Sciences, 4:589-595.
  • Bandura A, Pastorelli C, Barbarelli C, Caprara GV (1999) Self-efficacy pathways
 to childhood depression. J Pers Soc Psychol, 76: 258-269.
  • Basim HN, Cetin F (2011) Yetiskinler icin Psikolojik Dayaniklilik Olcegi'nin guvenilirlik ve gecerlik calismasi. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 22:104-114.
  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4: 561-571. Benetti C, Kambouropoulos N(2006) Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem , 41: 341-352.
  • Benight CC, Cieślak R (2011) Cognitive factors and resilience: how self-efficacy contributes to coping with adversities. In Resilience and mental health. Challenges across the lifespan. (Eds SM Southwick, B Litz, D Charney, MJ Friedman): 45-55. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Blum R, McNeely C, Nonnemaker J (2002) Vulnerability, risk and protection. J Adolesc Health, 31: 28 - 39.
  • Boyraz G, Lightsey Jr OR (2012) Can positive thinking help? Positive automatic thoughts as moderators of the stress–meaning relationship. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 82, 267.
  • Burns RA, Anstey KJ, Windsor TD (2011) Subjective well-being mediates the effects of resilience and mastery on depression and anxiety in a large community sample of young and middle-aged adults. Aust N Z J Psychol, 45: 240-248.
  • Calvete E, Orue I, Hankin BL (2014) A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 37: 85-99.
  • Christopher KA (2000) Determinants of psychological well-being in Irish immigrants. West J Nurs Res, 22: 123-42.
  • Cole DA, Turner JE (1993) Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in child depression. J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 271–281.
  • Colman LK (2010) Maladaptive schemas and depression severity: Support for incremental validity when controlling for cognitive correlates of depression. (Unpublished master’s thesis). USA, University of Tennesse.
  • Desymyter F, Rudi DR (2012) The relationship between subjective well-being of older adults. Psychol Belg, 52: 19-38.
  • Drake L, Duncan E, Sutherland F, Abernethy C, Henry C (2008) Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time Society, 17: 47-61.
  • Dunkley DM, Blankstein KR, Halsall J, Williams M, Winkworth G (2000) The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. J Couns Psychol, 47: 437-453.
  • Dunkley DM, Zuroff DC, Blankstein KR (2003) Self-critical perfectionism and daily affect: Dispositional and situational influences on stress and coping. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84: 234-252.
  • Eberhart NK, Auerbach RP, Bigda-Peyton J, Abela JRZ (2011) Maladaptive schemas and depression: Tests of stress generation and diathesis-stress models. J Soc Clin Psychol, 30: 75-104.
  • Edward K (2005) The phenomenon of resilience in crisis care mental health clinicians. Int J Ment Health Nurs, 4: 142-148.
  • Erarslan O (2014) Universite ogrencilerinde psikolojik saglamlik ile depresif belirtiler ve yasam memnuniyeti arasındaki iliskide benlik sayisi, pozitif dunya gorusu ve umudun aracı rolunun incelenmesi. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ankara, Hacettepe Universitesi.
  • Feist GJ, Bodner TE, Jacobs JF, Miles M, Tan V (1995) Integrating top-down and bottom-up structural models of subjective well-being: A longitudinal investigation. J Pers Soc Psychol, 68(1), 138-150.
  • Felten BS, Hall JM (2001) Conceptualizing resilience in women older than 85: Overcoming adversity from illness or loss. J Gerontol Nurs, 27: 46-53.
  • Fredrickson BL (2001) The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden- and-build theory of positive emotion. Amer Psychol, 56: 218-226.
  • Friborg O, Barlaug D, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH, Hjemdal O (2005) Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 14: 29-42.
  • Friedmann J (2013) Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Canada, The University of Guelph.
  • Frost RO, Heimberg RG, Holt CS, Mattia JI, Neubauer AL 1993) A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Pers Individ Dif, 14: 119-126.
  • Gito M, Ihara H, Ogata H (2013) The relationship of resilience, hardiness, depression and burnout among Japanese psychiatric hospital nurses. J Nurs Educ Pract, 3: 12-18.
  • Gok AC (2012) Associated factors of psychological well-being: Early maladaptive schemas, schema coping processes, and parenting styles (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Universitesi.
  • Gurgan U (2014) Üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık ve iyilik halinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. NWSA-Education Sciences, 9: 18-35.
  • Haase JE (2004) The adolescent resilience model as a guide to interventions. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, 21: 289-299.
  • Haeffel GJ, Grigorenko EL (2007) Cognitive vulnerability to depression: Exploring risk and resilience. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 16: 435-448.
  • Heszen I, Sęk H (2007) Psychologia zdrowia. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanterinin geçerliği üzerine bir calisma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6: 18-126.
  • Howard S, Dryden J, Johnson B (1999) Childhood resilience: Review and critique of the literature. Oxf Rev Educ, 25: 307–23.
  • Humphreys J (2003) Research in sheltered battered women. Ment Health Nurs, 24: 137- 152.
  • Icekson T, Pines AM (2013) Positive perception: A three dimensional model and a scale. Pers Individ Dif, 54: 180-186.
  • Jaenicke C, Hammen C, Zupan B, Hiroto D, Gordon D, Adrian C, Burge D (1987) Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 15: 559-572.
  • Jessor R (1992) Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Dev Rev, 12: 374-390.
  • Johnson J, Gooding PA, Wood AM, Tarrier N (2010) Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behav Res Ther, 48: 179-186.
  • Judd MW (2016) The Moderating Effects of Positive and Negative Automatic Thoughts on the Relationship Between Positive Emotions and Resilience (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Statesboro, Georgia Southern University.
  • Kazakina E (1999) Time perspective of older adults: relationships to attachment style, psychological well-being and psychological distress (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York, Columbia University.
  • Keldal G (2015) Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Iyi Olus Olceği’nin Turkce formu: Gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3: 103-115.
  • Keyfitz L, Lumley MN, Hennig KH, Dozois DJA (2012) The role of positive schemas in child psychopathology and resilience. Cognit Ther Res, 1: 97-108.
  • Klohnen EC (1996) Conceptual Analysis and Measurement of the Construct of Ego Resiliency. J Pers Soc Psychol, 70: 1067-1079.
  • Kose B (2009) Associations of psychological well-being with early maladaptive schemas and self-construals (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Universitesi.
  • Lazarus RS (1993) From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annu Rev Psychol, 44: 1-21.
  • Lumley MN, Harkness KL (2007) Specificity in the relations among childhood adversities, early maladaptive schemas, and symptom profiles in adolescent depression. Cognit Ther Res, 31: 639-657.
  • Luthar SS (1991) Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Dev, 62: 600-616.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D (2000) The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Dev Psychopathol, 12: 857-885.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B (2000) The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev, 71: 543-562.
  • Ma Denise (2011) Self-criticism and personal standards dimensions of perfectionism and subjective well-being over three years: The mediating role of basic psychological needs (Unpublished master’s thesis). Canada, McGill University. Majid SJ, Hamid RH, Mohammad MB (2014) The relationship between defense styles and early maladaptive schemas with resilience in boy students of high school in Tehran city. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 8: 7-16.
  • Mak WS, Ng IS, Wong CC (2011) Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. J Couns Psychol, 58: 610- 617.
  • Malkoc A, Yalcin I (2015) The relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being: Forgiveness and hope as mediators. J Happiness Stud, 16: 915-929.
  • Masten AS (1994) Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospect (Eds MC Wang, EW Gordon). NJ, Hillside.
  • Masten AS (2001) Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Amer Psychol, 56: 227-238.
  • Masten AS, Best KM, Garmezy M (1990) Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev Psychopathol, 4: 425-444.
  • Masten AS, Garmezy N (1985) Risk, vulnerability, and protective factors in developmental psychopathology. In Advances in clinical child psychology (Eds B Lahey, A Kazdin): 1-52. New York, Plenum Press.
  • Masten AS, Reed MGJ (2002) Resilience in development. In Handbook of Positive Psychology (Eds C Snyder, SJ Lopez ): 74-88. London, Oxford University Press. Miller AM,
  • Chandler P (2002) Acculturation, resilience, and depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union. Nurs Res: 51, 26-32.
  • Nrughma L, Holen A, Sund A (2010) Associations between attempted suicide, violent life events, depressive symptoms, and resilience in adolescents and young adults. J Nerv Ment Dis, 5: 398.
  • Olssons AC, Bond L, Burns JM, Vella-Brodrick DA, Sawyer SM (2003) Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. J Adolesc, 26: 1-11.
  • Padron YN, Waxman HC, Huang SYL (1999) Classroom and instructional learning environment differences between resilient and non-resilient elementary school students. J Educ Stud Placed Risk, 4: 63-81.
  • Parr DG, Montgomery M, DeBell C (1998) Flow theory as a model for enhancing student resilience. Profes School Counsel, 1: 26-31.
  • Ponce- Garcia E (2012) Relationships between thinking styles and resilience (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Oklahoma, University of Science and Arts Chickasha.
  • Prieto S, Cole D, Tageson W (1992) Depressive self-schemas in clinic and nonclinic children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(5), 521–533.
  • Rafaeli E, Bernstein DP, Young JE (2012) Sema Terapi: Ayirici Ozellikler (M. Sasioglu). Psikonet Yayinlari, Istanbul.
  • Rew L, Horner SD (2003) Youth resilience framework for reducing health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 18(6), 379-388.
  • Riso LP, Froman SE, Raouf M, Gable P, Maddux RE, Turini-Santorelli N et al.(2006) The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cognit Ther Res, 30: 515-529. Rutter M (1999) Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. J Fam Ther, 21: 119-144.
  • Sahraee A, Yousefnejad M, Khosravi Z (2011) Predicting life satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among Iranian college students. Eur Psychiatry, 26: 19-62.
  • Sagone E, De Caroli, ME (2014) A correlational study on dispositional resilience, psychological well-being, and coping strategies in university students. Am J Educ Res, 2: 463-471.
  • Saritas AD, Gencoz T (2015). Anne ret algisi ile psikolojik sorunlar arasındaki iliskide erken dönem uyumsuz semaların aracı rolu. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 26: 40-47.
  • Shirk S, Boergers J, Eason,A, Van Horn M (1998) Dysphoricinterpersonal schemata and preadolescents’ sensitization to negative events. Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 27: 54- 68.
  • Smith PR (2009) Resilience: Resistance factor for depressive symptom. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 16: 829-837.
  • Souri H, Hasanirad T (2011) Relationship between resilience, optimism and psychological well-being in students of medicine. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 30: 1541-1544.
  • Soygut G, Karaosmanoglu A, Cakir Z (2009) Erken donem uyumsuz semaların degerlendirilmesi: Young Sema Olcegi Kisa Form-3'ün psikometrik ozelliklerine iliskin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 20: 75-84.
  • Stewart-Brown S, Janmohamed K (2008) Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale: User guide. Version, 1. UK, National Health Service.
  • Steyn ST (2006) Resilience in adolescents: a psychoeducational perspective (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pretoria, University of South Africa.
  • Tegin B (1980) Depresyonda bilişsel süreçler: Beck modeline göre bir inceleme. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ankara, Hacettepe University.
  • Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S. Et al. (2007) The Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 5, 63.
  • Terzi S (2008) Universite ogrencilerinin kendini toparlama gücünün icsel koruyucu faktorlerle iliskisi. Hacettepe Universitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35: 297-306.
  • Thimm JC (2011) Incremental validity of maladaptive schemas over five-factor model facets in the prediction of personality disorder symptoms. Pers Individ Dif, 50: 777-782.
  • Unal B (2012) Early maladaptive schemas and well-being: Importance of parenting styles and other psychological resources (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Universitesi.
  • Ungar M (2001) The Social Construction of Resilience Among “Problem” Youth in Out-of- Home Placement: A Study of Health-Enhancing Deviance. Child Youth Care Forum, 30:137-154.
  • Vanistendael S (1995) Humor, Spirituality, and Resilience: The Smile of God. Geneva, ICCB Series.
  • Wagnild GM, Young HM (1993) Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Resilience Scale. J Nurs Meas, 1: 165-178.
  • Wang J (2009) A study of resiliency characteristics in the adjustment of international graduate students at American universities. J Stud Int Educ, 13: 22-45.
  • Werner EE, Smith RS (1992) Overcoming the odds: High-risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press.
  • Whitman P, Leitenberg H (1990) Negatively biased recall in children with self-reported symptoms of depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 18: 15-27.
  • WHO Global Burden of Disease (2008) 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf
  • Windle M (1999) Critical conceptual and measurement issues in the study of resilience. In Resilience and Development: Positive life adaptations (Eds MD Glantz, JL Johnson): 161-178. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  • Yigit I, Erden G (2015) Çocukluk cagi istismar yasantilari ile genel psikolojik sağlık arasındaki iliskide erken donem uyum bozucu semaların aracı rolu. Turk Psikoloji Derg, 30: 47-59.
  • Young JE (1990) Cognitive therapy for personality disorders. Sarastoa, FL, Professional Resources Press.
  • Young JE (1999) Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota FL, Professional Resource Press. Young JE (2003) Young Parenting Inventory – 1 (YPI-1). New York, Cognitive Therapy Centre.
  • Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME (2003) Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Zahradnik M, Stewart SH, O’Connor RM, Stevens D, Ungar M, Wekerle (2010) Resilience moderates the relationship between exposure to violence and posttraumatic reexperiencing in Mi’kmaq youth. Int J Ment Health Addict, 31: 927-935.
  • Zimbardo P, Boyd J (1999) Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Difference Metric. J Pers Soc Psychol, 77, 1271-1288.

The Mediating Role of Resilience between Cognitive Factors and Depressive Symptoms and Well-being

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı), 149 - 164, 29.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.735193

Öz

This study investigated whether resilience mediated the relationship between cognitive factors (maladaptive schemas and positive perception) and psychological symptoms (depressive symptoms and wellbeing). Two hundred thirty one young adult participants were administered the Young Schema Scale, Positive Perception Scale, Resilience Scale for Adults, Beck Depression Scale, and Warwick and Edinburg Mental Wellbeing Scale. The participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 30. The Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy/Performance schema domains predicted depressive symptoms. The Disconnection/ Rejection, Impaired Autonomy/Performance, Other-Directedness and Overvigilance/Inhibition schema domains predicted wellbeing. Psychological resilience fully mediated the relationship between Overvigilance/Inhibition schema domain and depressive symptoms, and partially mediated the relationship between the Impaired Autonomy/Performance schema domain and depressive symptoms. Psychological resilience fully mediated the relationship between the Disconnection/Rejection, Impaired Autonomy/Performance schema domains, and well-being. High levels of positive perception enhanced psychological resilience and wellbeing, and reduced depressive symptoms. When individuals were psychologically resilient, they did not feel depressed even if they demonstrated an Overvigilance and Inhibition Schema. Individuals sustained well-being when they were resilient, even if they scored high on the Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy/Performance schema domains. The findings indicated that psychological resilience could protect individuals from feelings of depression only in the presence of certain maladaptive schemas.

Kaynakça

  • Akin A, Kaya M (2015) Pozitif Algı Olcegi Turkce formunun gecerlik ve guvenirligi. Eur J Educ, 5: 16-22. 
  • Alipourchushaly G, Taghiloo S (2015) The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas. JLS , 5: 161-168.
  • Allen W (2016) Examining the relationships between stress, depression, anxiety, and resilience in undergraduate Nursing Students (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Georgia, University of North Georgia.
  • Anderson MS (2011) Factors of resiliency and depression in adolescents (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). La Crosse, University of Winconsin.
  • Arbuckle JL (2007) AMOS (Version 7) [Computer software]. Chicago, SPSS.
  • Arslanoglu I (2005) Turk degerleri uzerine bir degerlendirme. Felsefe Dunyası Dergisi, 41: 64-67. Asghari F, Alipouri G, Sayadi A, Marjan E (2015) The moderating role of gender in relationship between schemas and subjective well-being. Trends in Life Sciences, 4:589-595.
  • Bandura A, Pastorelli C, Barbarelli C, Caprara GV (1999) Self-efficacy pathways
 to childhood depression. J Pers Soc Psychol, 76: 258-269.
  • Basim HN, Cetin F (2011) Yetiskinler icin Psikolojik Dayaniklilik Olcegi'nin guvenilirlik ve gecerlik calismasi. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 22:104-114.
  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4: 561-571. Benetti C, Kambouropoulos N(2006) Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem , 41: 341-352.
  • Benight CC, Cieślak R (2011) Cognitive factors and resilience: how self-efficacy contributes to coping with adversities. In Resilience and mental health. Challenges across the lifespan. (Eds SM Southwick, B Litz, D Charney, MJ Friedman): 45-55. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Blum R, McNeely C, Nonnemaker J (2002) Vulnerability, risk and protection. J Adolesc Health, 31: 28 - 39.
  • Boyraz G, Lightsey Jr OR (2012) Can positive thinking help? Positive automatic thoughts as moderators of the stress–meaning relationship. Am J Orthopsychiatry, 82, 267.
  • Burns RA, Anstey KJ, Windsor TD (2011) Subjective well-being mediates the effects of resilience and mastery on depression and anxiety in a large community sample of young and middle-aged adults. Aust N Z J Psychol, 45: 240-248.
  • Calvete E, Orue I, Hankin BL (2014) A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 37: 85-99.
  • Christopher KA (2000) Determinants of psychological well-being in Irish immigrants. West J Nurs Res, 22: 123-42.
  • Cole DA, Turner JE (1993) Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in child depression. J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 271–281.
  • Colman LK (2010) Maladaptive schemas and depression severity: Support for incremental validity when controlling for cognitive correlates of depression. (Unpublished master’s thesis). USA, University of Tennesse.
  • Desymyter F, Rudi DR (2012) The relationship between subjective well-being of older adults. Psychol Belg, 52: 19-38.
  • Drake L, Duncan E, Sutherland F, Abernethy C, Henry C (2008) Time perspective and correlates of wellbeing. Time Society, 17: 47-61.
  • Dunkley DM, Blankstein KR, Halsall J, Williams M, Winkworth G (2000) The relation between perfectionism and distress: Hassles, coping, and perceived social support as mediators and moderators. J Couns Psychol, 47: 437-453.
  • Dunkley DM, Zuroff DC, Blankstein KR (2003) Self-critical perfectionism and daily affect: Dispositional and situational influences on stress and coping. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84: 234-252.
  • Eberhart NK, Auerbach RP, Bigda-Peyton J, Abela JRZ (2011) Maladaptive schemas and depression: Tests of stress generation and diathesis-stress models. J Soc Clin Psychol, 30: 75-104.
  • Edward K (2005) The phenomenon of resilience in crisis care mental health clinicians. Int J Ment Health Nurs, 4: 142-148.
  • Erarslan O (2014) Universite ogrencilerinde psikolojik saglamlik ile depresif belirtiler ve yasam memnuniyeti arasındaki iliskide benlik sayisi, pozitif dunya gorusu ve umudun aracı rolunun incelenmesi. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ankara, Hacettepe Universitesi.
  • Feist GJ, Bodner TE, Jacobs JF, Miles M, Tan V (1995) Integrating top-down and bottom-up structural models of subjective well-being: A longitudinal investigation. J Pers Soc Psychol, 68(1), 138-150.
  • Felten BS, Hall JM (2001) Conceptualizing resilience in women older than 85: Overcoming adversity from illness or loss. J Gerontol Nurs, 27: 46-53.
  • Fredrickson BL (2001) The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden- and-build theory of positive emotion. Amer Psychol, 56: 218-226.
  • Friborg O, Barlaug D, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH, Hjemdal O (2005) Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 14: 29-42.
  • Friedmann J (2013) Cognitive schemas as longitudinal predictors of self-reported adolescent depressive symptoms and resilience. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Canada, The University of Guelph.
  • Frost RO, Heimberg RG, Holt CS, Mattia JI, Neubauer AL 1993) A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Pers Individ Dif, 14: 119-126.
  • Gito M, Ihara H, Ogata H (2013) The relationship of resilience, hardiness, depression and burnout among Japanese psychiatric hospital nurses. J Nurs Educ Pract, 3: 12-18.
  • Gok AC (2012) Associated factors of psychological well-being: Early maladaptive schemas, schema coping processes, and parenting styles (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Universitesi.
  • Gurgan U (2014) Üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık ve iyilik halinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. NWSA-Education Sciences, 9: 18-35.
  • Haase JE (2004) The adolescent resilience model as a guide to interventions. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, 21: 289-299.
  • Haeffel GJ, Grigorenko EL (2007) Cognitive vulnerability to depression: Exploring risk and resilience. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am, 16: 435-448.
  • Heszen I, Sęk H (2007) Psychologia zdrowia. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Hisli N (1988) Beck Depresyon Envanterinin geçerliği üzerine bir calisma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6: 18-126.
  • Howard S, Dryden J, Johnson B (1999) Childhood resilience: Review and critique of the literature. Oxf Rev Educ, 25: 307–23.
  • Humphreys J (2003) Research in sheltered battered women. Ment Health Nurs, 24: 137- 152.
  • Icekson T, Pines AM (2013) Positive perception: A three dimensional model and a scale. Pers Individ Dif, 54: 180-186.
  • Jaenicke C, Hammen C, Zupan B, Hiroto D, Gordon D, Adrian C, Burge D (1987) Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 15: 559-572.
  • Jessor R (1992) Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Dev Rev, 12: 374-390.
  • Johnson J, Gooding PA, Wood AM, Tarrier N (2010) Resilience as positive coping appraisals: Testing the schematic appraisals model of suicide (SAMS). Behav Res Ther, 48: 179-186.
  • Judd MW (2016) The Moderating Effects of Positive and Negative Automatic Thoughts on the Relationship Between Positive Emotions and Resilience (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Statesboro, Georgia Southern University.
  • Kazakina E (1999) Time perspective of older adults: relationships to attachment style, psychological well-being and psychological distress (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York, Columbia University.
  • Keldal G (2015) Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Iyi Olus Olceği’nin Turkce formu: Gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3: 103-115.
  • Keyfitz L, Lumley MN, Hennig KH, Dozois DJA (2012) The role of positive schemas in child psychopathology and resilience. Cognit Ther Res, 1: 97-108.
  • Klohnen EC (1996) Conceptual Analysis and Measurement of the Construct of Ego Resiliency. J Pers Soc Psychol, 70: 1067-1079.
  • Kose B (2009) Associations of psychological well-being with early maladaptive schemas and self-construals (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Universitesi.
  • Lazarus RS (1993) From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annu Rev Psychol, 44: 1-21.
  • Lumley MN, Harkness KL (2007) Specificity in the relations among childhood adversities, early maladaptive schemas, and symptom profiles in adolescent depression. Cognit Ther Res, 31: 639-657.
  • Luthar SS (1991) Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents. Child Dev, 62: 600-616.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D (2000) The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Dev Psychopathol, 12: 857-885.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B (2000) The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev, 71: 543-562.
  • Ma Denise (2011) Self-criticism and personal standards dimensions of perfectionism and subjective well-being over three years: The mediating role of basic psychological needs (Unpublished master’s thesis). Canada, McGill University. Majid SJ, Hamid RH, Mohammad MB (2014) The relationship between defense styles and early maladaptive schemas with resilience in boy students of high school in Tehran city. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 8: 7-16.
  • Mak WS, Ng IS, Wong CC (2011) Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. J Couns Psychol, 58: 610- 617.
  • Malkoc A, Yalcin I (2015) The relationship between meaning in life and subjective well-being: Forgiveness and hope as mediators. J Happiness Stud, 16: 915-929.
  • Masten AS (1994) Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospect (Eds MC Wang, EW Gordon). NJ, Hillside.
  • Masten AS (2001) Ordinary magic: resilience processes in development. Amer Psychol, 56: 227-238.
  • Masten AS, Best KM, Garmezy M (1990) Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev Psychopathol, 4: 425-444.
  • Masten AS, Garmezy N (1985) Risk, vulnerability, and protective factors in developmental psychopathology. In Advances in clinical child psychology (Eds B Lahey, A Kazdin): 1-52. New York, Plenum Press.
  • Masten AS, Reed MGJ (2002) Resilience in development. In Handbook of Positive Psychology (Eds C Snyder, SJ Lopez ): 74-88. London, Oxford University Press. Miller AM,
  • Chandler P (2002) Acculturation, resilience, and depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union. Nurs Res: 51, 26-32.
  • Nrughma L, Holen A, Sund A (2010) Associations between attempted suicide, violent life events, depressive symptoms, and resilience in adolescents and young adults. J Nerv Ment Dis, 5: 398.
  • Olssons AC, Bond L, Burns JM, Vella-Brodrick DA, Sawyer SM (2003) Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. J Adolesc, 26: 1-11.
  • Padron YN, Waxman HC, Huang SYL (1999) Classroom and instructional learning environment differences between resilient and non-resilient elementary school students. J Educ Stud Placed Risk, 4: 63-81.
  • Parr DG, Montgomery M, DeBell C (1998) Flow theory as a model for enhancing student resilience. Profes School Counsel, 1: 26-31.
  • Ponce- Garcia E (2012) Relationships between thinking styles and resilience (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Oklahoma, University of Science and Arts Chickasha.
  • Prieto S, Cole D, Tageson W (1992) Depressive self-schemas in clinic and nonclinic children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(5), 521–533.
  • Rafaeli E, Bernstein DP, Young JE (2012) Sema Terapi: Ayirici Ozellikler (M. Sasioglu). Psikonet Yayinlari, Istanbul.
  • Rew L, Horner SD (2003) Youth resilience framework for reducing health-risk behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 18(6), 379-388.
  • Riso LP, Froman SE, Raouf M, Gable P, Maddux RE, Turini-Santorelli N et al.(2006) The long-term stability of early maladaptive schemas. Cognit Ther Res, 30: 515-529. Rutter M (1999) Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. J Fam Ther, 21: 119-144.
  • Sahraee A, Yousefnejad M, Khosravi Z (2011) Predicting life satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among Iranian college students. Eur Psychiatry, 26: 19-62.
  • Sagone E, De Caroli, ME (2014) A correlational study on dispositional resilience, psychological well-being, and coping strategies in university students. Am J Educ Res, 2: 463-471.
  • Saritas AD, Gencoz T (2015). Anne ret algisi ile psikolojik sorunlar arasındaki iliskide erken dönem uyumsuz semaların aracı rolu. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 26: 40-47.
  • Shirk S, Boergers J, Eason,A, Van Horn M (1998) Dysphoricinterpersonal schemata and preadolescents’ sensitization to negative events. Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 27: 54- 68.
  • Smith PR (2009) Resilience: Resistance factor for depressive symptom. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 16: 829-837.
  • Souri H, Hasanirad T (2011) Relationship between resilience, optimism and psychological well-being in students of medicine. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 30: 1541-1544.
  • Soygut G, Karaosmanoglu A, Cakir Z (2009) Erken donem uyumsuz semaların degerlendirilmesi: Young Sema Olcegi Kisa Form-3'ün psikometrik ozelliklerine iliskin bir inceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Derg, 20: 75-84.
  • Stewart-Brown S, Janmohamed K (2008) Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale: User guide. Version, 1. UK, National Health Service.
  • Steyn ST (2006) Resilience in adolescents: a psychoeducational perspective (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pretoria, University of South Africa.
  • Tegin B (1980) Depresyonda bilişsel süreçler: Beck modeline göre bir inceleme. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ankara, Hacettepe University.
  • Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S. Et al. (2007) The Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 5, 63.
  • Terzi S (2008) Universite ogrencilerinin kendini toparlama gücünün icsel koruyucu faktorlerle iliskisi. Hacettepe Universitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35: 297-306.
  • Thimm JC (2011) Incremental validity of maladaptive schemas over five-factor model facets in the prediction of personality disorder symptoms. Pers Individ Dif, 50: 777-782.
  • Unal B (2012) Early maladaptive schemas and well-being: Importance of parenting styles and other psychological resources (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ankara, Ortadoğu Teknik Universitesi.
  • Ungar M (2001) The Social Construction of Resilience Among “Problem” Youth in Out-of- Home Placement: A Study of Health-Enhancing Deviance. Child Youth Care Forum, 30:137-154.
  • Vanistendael S (1995) Humor, Spirituality, and Resilience: The Smile of God. Geneva, ICCB Series.
  • Wagnild GM, Young HM (1993) Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Resilience Scale. J Nurs Meas, 1: 165-178.
  • Wang J (2009) A study of resiliency characteristics in the adjustment of international graduate students at American universities. J Stud Int Educ, 13: 22-45.
  • Werner EE, Smith RS (1992) Overcoming the odds: High-risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press.
  • Whitman P, Leitenberg H (1990) Negatively biased recall in children with self-reported symptoms of depression. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 18: 15-27.
  • WHO Global Burden of Disease (2008) 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf
  • Windle M (1999) Critical conceptual and measurement issues in the study of resilience. In Resilience and Development: Positive life adaptations (Eds MD Glantz, JL Johnson): 161-178. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
  • Yigit I, Erden G (2015) Çocukluk cagi istismar yasantilari ile genel psikolojik sağlık arasındaki iliskide erken donem uyum bozucu semaların aracı rolu. Turk Psikoloji Derg, 30: 47-59.
  • Young JE (1990) Cognitive therapy for personality disorders. Sarastoa, FL, Professional Resources Press.
  • Young JE (1999) Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota FL, Professional Resource Press. Young JE (2003) Young Parenting Inventory – 1 (YPI-1). New York, Cognitive Therapy Centre.
  • Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME (2003) Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Zahradnik M, Stewart SH, O’Connor RM, Stevens D, Ungar M, Wekerle (2010) Resilience moderates the relationship between exposure to violence and posttraumatic reexperiencing in Mi’kmaq youth. Int J Ment Health Addict, 31: 927-935.
  • Zimbardo P, Boyd J (1999) Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Difference Metric. J Pers Soc Psychol, 77, 1271-1288.
Toplam 100 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sinirbilim
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Bilgen Sağ Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1360-0334

F. Işıl Bilican 0000-0003-4546-8304

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 12 Sayı: Ek 1 (Araştırma Sayısı)

Kaynak Göster

AMA Sağ B, Bilican FI. Bilişsel Faktörler ile Depresif Semptomlar ve İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın Aracı Rolü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2020;12:149-164. doi:10.18863/pgy.735193

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.