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Karmaşık Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 589 - 596, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1050659

Öz

Karmaşık travma, tekrarlayan, uzun süreli ve kişilerarası ilişkilerden kaynaklı travmatik olaylardan dolayı meydana gelen ve belirtileri travma sonrası stres bozukluğundan (TSSB) farklı olan bir tanıdır. Karmaşık travma ile ilgili olarak uzun yıllardır çalışmalar yapılmasına rağmen farklı bir tanı olarak kabul edilmemiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından 2018 yılında yayınlanan Uluslararası Hastalık Sınıflandırmasının en güncel versiyonu olan 11. Baskısı (ICD-11), “Stres İle İlişkili Bozukluklar” kategorisi altında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ile birlikte yeni bir tanı olan karmaşık travma sonrası stres bozukluğuna yer vermiştir. Bu yeni tanı, TSSB’nin üç tanı ölçütünün (yeniden yaşantılama, kaçınma ve hipervijilans) yanı sıra duygu disregülasyonu, kişiler arası ilişkilerde sorunlar ve olumsuz benlik kavramı olmak üzere benlik organizasyonu ile ilgili 3 yeni belirtiyi de içermektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında ilk olarak Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabının (DSM) 5. baskısın (DSM-5) ve ICD-11’e göre TSSB tanısındaki farklılıklar incelenmiştir. Daha sonra karmaşık TSSB bozukluğunun tarihçesi, tanımı ve diğer bozukluklarla arasındaki farklılıklar incelenmiştir. Son olarak Karmaşık TSSB’nin tedavisinde kullanılan yöntemler ile ilgili çalışmalar aktarılmıştır.

Kaynakça

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Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 589 - 596, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1050659

Öz

Complex trauma is a diagnosis that occurs due to repetitive, long-term and interpersonal traumatic events and its symptoms are different from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although many studies have been conducted on complex trauma for many years, it has not been accepted as a different diagnosis. The 11th Edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published by the World Health Organization in 2018, includes complex post-traumatic stress disorder, a new diagnosis, besides post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) under the category of “Stress-Related Disorders”. In addition to the three diagnostic criteria of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hypervigilance), 3 new symptoms related to self-organization have been added to this new diagnosis, namely emotion dysregulation, problems in interpersonal relationships, and negative self-concept. In this review study, firstly, the differences in the diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-5 and ICD-11 were examined. Then, the history, definition and differences between complex PTSD disorder and other disorders were examined. Finally, studies on the methods used in the treatment of Complex PTSD were reviewed.

Kaynakça

  • Alpay EH, Aydın A, Bellur Z (2017) The mediating role of the emotion regulation difficulties on the relationship between childhood traumas, post traumatic stress symptoms and depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 20:218-226.
  • Achterhof R, Huntjens RJC, Meewisse ML, Kiers HAL (2019) Assessing the application of latent class and latent profile analysis for evaluating the construct validity of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 10:182-198.
  • Afzali MH, Sunderland M, Teesson M, Carragher N, Mills K, Slade TA (2017) Network approach to the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: The role of overlapping symptoms. J Affect Disord, 208:490-496.
  • American Psychological Association (2012) International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation. Complex Trauma Treatment Guidelines.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edition, (DSM-III). Washington, American Psychiatric Association.
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  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). Washington, American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2022) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, American Psychiatric Association.
  • Badour CL, Adams TG (2018) Contaminated by trauma: Understanding links between self-disgust, mental contamination, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In The Revolting Self: Perspectives on the Psychological, Social, and Clinical Implications of Self-Directed Disgust (Eds PG Overton, PA Powell, J Simpson) 127-149. New York, Routledge.
  • Ball JS, Links PS (2009) Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: evidence for a causal relationship. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 11:63-68.
  • Barbano AC, van der Mei WF, deRoon-Cassini TA, Grauer E, Lowe SR, Matsuoka YJ (2019) International Consortium to Prevent PTSD. Differentiating PTSD from anxiety and depression: Lessons from the ICD-11 PTSD diagnostic criteria. Depress Anxiety, 36:490-498.
  • Ben-Ezra M, Karatzias T, Hyland P, Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Bisson JI et al. (2018) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD-11 proposals: A population study in Israel. Depress Anxiety, 35:264-274.
  • Blalock JA, Minnix JA, Mathew AR, Wetter DW, McCullough JP, Cinciripini PM (2013) Relationship of childhood trauma to depression and smoking outcomes in pregnant smokers. J Consult Clin Psychol, 81:821.
  • Bicanic I, De Jongh A, Ten Broeke E (2015) Stabilisation in trauma treatment: necessity or myth?. Tijdschr Psychiatr, 57:332-339.
  • Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C (2013) Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev, 12:CD003388.
  • Brenner L, Köllner V, Bachem R (2019) Symptom burden and work-related impairment among patients with PTSD and complex PTSD. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 10:1694766.
  • Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA et al. (2017) A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clin Psychol Rev, 58:1-15.
  • Brown NR, Kallivayalil D, Mendelsohn M, Harvey MR (2012) Working the double edge: Unbraiding pathology and resiliency in the narratives of early-recovery trauma survivors. Psychol Trauma, 4:102.
  • Bruckmann P, Haselgruber A, Sölva K, Lueger-Schuster B (2020). Comparing rates of ICD-11 and DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Austrian children and adolescents in foster care: prevalence, comorbidity and predictors. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 11:1767988.
  • Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A (2017) Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms. BMC Psychiatry, 17:221.
  • Charuvastra A, Cloitre M (2008) Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annu Rev Psychol, 59:301-328.
  • Classen CC, Pain C, Field NP, Woods P (2006) Posttraumatic personality disorder: A reformulation of complex posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 29:87-112.
  • Cloitre M, Stovall-McClough KC, Nooner K, Zorbas P, Cherry S, Jackson CL et al. (2010) Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry, 167:915–924.
  • Cloitre M, Courtois CA, Charuvastra A, Carapezza R, Stolbach BC, Green BL (2011) Treatment of complex PTSD: Results of the ISTSS expert clinician survey on best practices. J Trauma Stress, 24:615-627.
  • Courtois CA, Ford JD, Cloitre M (2000) Best practices in psychotherapy for adults. In: Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders: An Evidence-Based Guide (Eds CA Courtois, JD Ford). New York, Guilford Press.
  • Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Maercker A (2013) Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 4:20706.
  • Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Weiss B, Carlson EB, Bryant RA (2014) Distinguishing PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder: A latent class analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 5:25097.
  • Cloitre M, Hyland P, Bisson JI, Brewin CR, Roberts NP, Karatzias T et al. (2019) ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: A population-based study. J Trauma Stress, 32:833-842.
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  • Cloitre M, Shevlin M, Brewin CR, Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Maercker A et al. (2018) The international trauma questionnaire: Development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 138:536-546.
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  • Courtois CA, Ford JD (2009) Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders: An Evidence-Based Guide. Guilford Press, New York.
  • Courtois CA (2010) Understanding complex trauma, complex reactions, and treatment approaches. https://www.aaets.org/traumatic-stress-library/understanding-complex-trauma-complex-reactions-and-treatment-approaches (Accessed 11.09.2021).
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  • Ford JD, Courtois, CA, Steele K, Hart OVD, Nijenhuis ER (2005) Treatment of complex posttraumatic self-dysregulation. J Trauma Stress, 18:437-447.
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  • Hyland P, Shevlin M, Cloitre M, Karatzias T, Vallières F, McGinty G et al. (2019) Quality not quantity: loneliness subtypes, psychological trauma, and mental health in the US adult population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 54:1089-1099.
  • Hyland P, Shevlin M, Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Downes AJ, Jumbe S. Roberts, NP (2017a) Validation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 136:313-322.
  • Hyland P, Shevlin M, Elklit A, Murphy J, Vallières F, Garvert DW et al. (2017b) An assessment of the construct validity of the ICD-11 proposal for complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Trauma, 9:1-10.
  • Jepsen EK, Langeland W, Heir T (2013) Impact of dissociation and interpersonal functioning on inpatient treatment for early sexually abused adults. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 4:13-32.
  • Karatzias T, Murphy P, Cloitre M, Bisson J, Roberts N, Shevlin M et al. (2019a) Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 49:1761-1775.
  • Karatzias T, Cloitre M (2019b) Treating adults with complex posttraumatic stress disorder using a modular approach to treatment: rationale, evidence, and directions for future research. J Trauma Stress, 32:870–876.
  • Knefel M, Garvert DW, Cloitre M, Lueger-Schuster B (2015) Update to an evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse by Knefel & Lueger-Schuster (2013). A latent profile analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 6:25290.
  • Knefel M, Lueger-Schuster B (2013) An evaluation of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD criteria in a sample of adult survivors of childhood institutional abuse. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 4:22608.
  • Kulkarni J (2017) Complex PTSD–a better description for borderline personality disorder? Australas Psychiatry, 25:333-335.
  • Lewis KL, Grenyer BF (2009) Borderline personality or complex posttraumatic stress disorder? An update on the controversy. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 17:322-328.
  • Lewis C, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Starling E, Bisson JI (2020) Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 11:1729633.
  • Levitt JT, Cloitre M (2005) A clinician’s guide to STAIR/MPE: Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Cogn Behav Pract, 12:40-52.
  • Lonergan M (2014) Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD: The role of complex PTSD on treatment outcome. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma, 23:494-512.
  • MacIntosh HB, Godbout N, Dubash N (2015) Borderline personality disorder: Disorder of trauma or personality, a review of the empirical literature. Can Psychol, 56:227-241.
  • Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, van Ommeren M, Jones LM et al. (2013) Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11. World J Psychiatry, 12:198-206.
  • Maughan A. Cicchetti D (2002) Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children’s emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Dev, 73:1525-1542.
  • McNally RJ (2009) Can we fix PTSD in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety, 26:597–600. 
  • Mendes DD, Mello MF, Ventura P, de Medeiros Passarela C, de Jesus Mari J (2008) A systematic review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med, 38:241-259.
  • Messman-Moore TL, Bhuptani PH (2017) A review of the long-term impact of child maltreatment on posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidities: An emotion dysregulation perspective. Clin Psychol, 24:154-169.
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2005) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. Leicester, UK, Gaskell.
  • O’donnell ML, Alkemade N, Nickerson A, Creamer M, McFarlane AC, Silove D et al. (2014) Impact of the diagnostic changes to post-traumatic stress disorder for DSM-5 and the proposed changes to ICD-11. Br J Psychiatry, 205:230-235.
  • Oe M, Ito M, Takebayashi Y, Katayanagi A, Horikoshi M (2020) Prevalence and comorbidity of the ICD-11 and DSM-5 for PTSD caseness with previous diagnostic manuals among the Japanese population. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 11:1753938.
  • Redican, E., Nolan, E., Hyland, P., Cloitre, M., McBride, O., Karatzias, T et al. (2021) A systematic literature review of factor analytic and mixture models of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. J Anxiety Disord, 79:102381.
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  • Shevlin M, Hyland P, Roberts NP, Bisson JI, Brewin CR, Cloitre M (2018) A psychometric assessment of Disturbances in Self-Organization symptom indicators for ICD-11 Complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 9:1419749.
  • Shevlin M, Hyland P, Vallières F, Bisson J, Makhashvili N, Javakhishvili J et al. (2018) A comparison of DSM-5 and ICD-11 PTSD prevalence, comorbidity and disability: An analysis of the Ukrainian Internally Displaced Person’s Mental Health Survey. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 137:138-147.
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  • van Der Kolk B, Ford JD, Pinazzola J (2019) Comorbidity of developmental trauma disorder (DTD) and post-traumatic stress disorder: Findings from the DTD field trial. Eur J Psychotraumatol, 10:1562841.
  • Walsh K, Fortier MA, DiLillo D (2010) Adult coping with childhood sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review. Aggress Violent Behav, 15:1-13.
  • Weiss DS (2012) Introduction to the special feature on complex PTSD. J Trauma Stress, 25:239-240.
  • Wilson JP (2001) An overview of clinical consideration and principles in the treatment of PTSD. Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD (Eds JP Wilson, MJ Friedman, JD Lindy):59-94. New York, Guilford Press.
  • Wisco BE, Marx BP, Miller MW, Wolf E.J, Krystal JH, Southwick SM et al. (2017) A comparison of ICD-11 and DSM criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in two national samples of US military veterans. J Affect Disord, 223:17-19.
  • WHO (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organization. 
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  • Yen S, Shea MT, Battle CL, Johnson DM, Zlotnick, C, Dolan-Sewell R et al. (2002) Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: Findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. J Nerv Ment Dis, 190:510-518
  • Vallières F, Ceannt, R, Daccache, F, Abou Daher R, Sleiman J, Gilmore B et al. (2018) ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: the factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 138:547-557.
Toplam 98 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Emre Han Alpay 0000-0002-3479-2013

Dilek Çelik 0000-0003-3030-6660

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Alpay EH, Çelik D. Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2022;14(4):589-596. doi:10.18863/pgy.1050659

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