COVID-19 Döneminde Ergenlerin Akıllı Telefon Alışkanlıklarına ve İnternet Bağımlılık Durumlarına Sistematik Bir Bakış

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 510 - 517, 27.12.2022

Yıldız Ay Yılmaz Fuat Aydoğdu Nilüfer Koçtürk

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1064501

Cited By: 1

Öz

Covid-19 salgın döneminde virüsün yayılmasını engellemek için birçok ülkede sosyal mesafeyi koruma, karantina uygulamaları, okulların kapalı tutulması gibi önlemler alınmıştır. Eve kapanmalarla ile birlikte azalan kişilerarası ilişkileri yeniden sağlamak için bu süreçte bireylerin internet kullanımı da artmıştır. Ek olarak salgın döneminde yüz yüze gerçekleştirilmesi riskli olan eğitim faaliyetlerinin pek çok ülkede olduğu gibi çevrimiçi platformlara taşınması, ergenlerde internet sağlayıcısı olan cihazlarda geçirilen sürede artışı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu sebeple Covid-19 döneminde internetin kullanımı ile ilişkili olarak internet ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı kavramlarının incelendiği araştırmaların sonuçlarını değerlendirmek önem kazanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu sistematik derlemede, Covid-19 döneminde artan internet/akıllı telefon bağımlılığı riskinin ergenlerdeki durumunu ortaya koymak için “Covid-19 döneminde ergenlerin akıllı telefon ve internet bağımlılıklarının durumu nedir?” sorusu yanıtlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Veri tabanlarında yapılan aramalar sonucunda on dört araştırmaya ulaşılmış olup bu araştırmalar derinlemesine incelenmiştir. Bulgular, ergenlerin internet/akıllı telefon bağımlılıklarının salgın öncesine göre yüksek oranda olduğunu, genel olarak internet/akıllı telefon bağımlılıklarının yaygınlığının arttığını ve internet/akıllı telefon bağımlılıklarının ergenlerin ruhsal bozukluklarıyla ve sorunlarıyla ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

internet bağımlılığı, akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, ergenler, Covid-19

A Systematic Overview of Adolescents’ Smartphone Habits and Internet Addiction During the COVID-19 Era

Öz

In order to prevent the spread of the virus during the Covid-19 epidemic period, measures such as maintaining social distance, quarantine practices, and keeping schools closed have been taken in many countries. In this process, individuals' internet use has also increased in order to restore interpersonal relationships that have decreased with staying at home. In addition, the transfer of educational activities, which are risky to be carried out face-to-face during the epidemic period, to online platforms, as in many countries, brought about an increase in the time spent on devices with internet providers in adolescents. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the results of studies examining the concepts of internet and smartphone addiction in relation to the use of the internet in the Covid-19 period. In this context, in this systematic review, "What is the status of adolescents' smartphone and internet addictions in the Covid-19 Era?" The question has been tried to be answered. As a result of the searches made in the databases, fourteen studies were reached and these studies were examined in depth. The findings showed that adolescents’ internet/smartphone addictions were higher than before the epidemic, the prevalence of internet/smartphone addictions increased in general, and internet/smartphone addictions were associated with adolescents' mental disorders and problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

internet addiction, smartphone addiction, adolescents, Covid-19

Kaynakça

• Alheneidi H, AlSumait L, AlSumait D, Smith AP (2021) Loneliness and problematic internet use during Covid-19 lock-down. Behavioral Sciences, 11:2-11.
• Arendt F, Markiewitz A, Mestas M, Scherr S (2020) Covid-19 pandemic, government responses, and public mental health: Investigating consequences through crisis hotline calls in two countries. Soc Sci Med, 265:113532.
• Aydoğdu F, Altay Y, Dilber Y (2021) Kaynaştırma/bütünleştirme yoluyla eğitim gören ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin internete ilişkin bilişsel kurgularının belirlenmesi. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1:174-206.
• Baltacı Ö, Akbulut ÖF, Zafer R (2020) COVID-19 pandemisinde problemli internet kullanımı: Bir nitel araştırma. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1:126-140.
• Beard KW (2005) Internet addiction: A review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions. Cyberpsychol Behav,8:7–14.
• Borg-Laufs M (2013) Basic Psychological needs in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Education and Research, 3:41–51
• Casaló LV, Escario JJ (2019) Predictors of excessive internet use among adolescents in Spain: The relevance of the relationship between parents and their children. Comput Human Behav, 92:344–351.
• Chang MK, Law SPM (2008) Factor structure for young’s internet addiction test: A confirmatory study. Comput Human Behav, 24:2597–2619.
• Chen CY, Chen IH, O’Brien KS, Latner JD, Lin CY (2021) Psychological distress and internet-related behaviors between schoolchildren with and without overweight during the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Obesity, 45:677–686.
• Chen IH, Chen CY, Liu CH, Ahorsu DK, Griffiths MD, Chen YP, Kuo YJ, Lin CY, Pakpour AHT, Wang SM (2021) Internet addiction and psychological distress among Chinese schoolchildren before and during the COVID-19 outbreak: A latent class analysis. J Behav Addict, 10:731–746.
• Chen YL, Chen SH, Gau SSF (2015) ADHD and autistic traits, family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for Internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan: A longitudinal study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 39:20–31.
• Cui X, Chi X (2021) The relationship between social support and internet addiction among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multiple mediation model of resilience and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 14:1665–1674.
• Dong H, Yang F, Lu X, Hao W (2020) Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in china during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) epidemic. Front Psychiatry, 11:1-9.
• Duan L, He J, Li M, Dai J, Zhou Y, Lai F, Zhu G (2021) Based on a decision tree model for exploring the risk factors of smartphone addiction among children and adolescents in china during the Covid-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry, 12:1-13.
• Duan L, Shao X, Wang Y, Huang Y, Miao J, Yang X, Zhu G (2020) An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of Covid-19. J Affect Disord, 275:112–118.
• Durkee T, Kaess M, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, Floderus B, Apter A, Balazs J, Barzilay S, Bobes J, Brunner R, Corcoran P, Cosman D, Cotter P, Despalins R, Graber N, Guillemin F, Haring C, Kahn J P, Wasserman D (2012) Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe: Demographic and social factors. Addiction, 107: 2210–2222.
• Fernandes B, Biswas UN, Tan-Mansukhani R, Vallejo A, Essau CA (2020) The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internet use and escapism in adolescents. Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes, 7:59–65.
• Fernandes B., Uzun B, Aydin C, Tan-Mansukhani R, Vallejo A, Saldaña-Gutierrez A, Nanda Biswas U, Essau CA (2021) Internet use during COVID-19 lockdown among young people in low- and middle-income countries: Role of psychological wellbeing. Addict Behav Rep, 14:100379.
• Fitria L, Ifdil I, Erwinda L, Ardi Z, Afdal A, Sari AP, Fadli RP, Rangka IB, Suranata K, Bariyyah K, Zola N, Churnia E (2018) Exploring internet addiction on adolescents. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1114:012076.
• Fung XCC, Siu AMH, Potenza MN, O’Brien KS, Latner JD, Chen CY, Chen IH, Lin CY (2021) Problematic use of internet-related activities and perceived weight stigma in schoolchildren: A longitudinal study across different epidemic periods of Covid-19 in China. Front Psychiatry, 12:1-10.
• Guo L, Shi G, Du X, Wang W, Guo Y, Lu C (2021) Associations of emotional and behavioral problems with Internet use among Chinese young adults: The role of academic performance. J Affect Disord, 287:214–221.
• Ha YM, Hwang WJ (2014) Gender differences in internet addiction associated with psychological health indicators among adolescents using a national web-based survey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 12:660–669.
• Hallauer CJ, Rooney EA, Yang H, Meng Q, Montag C, Elhai JD (2021) Anxiety sensitivity mediates relations between anxiety (but not depression) and problematic smartphone use severity, adjusting for age and sex, in Chinese adolescents early in the Covid ‐19 pandemic. Hum Behav Emerg Technol, 3:788–797.
• Harris A, Jones M (2020) Covid 19 – school leadership in disruptive times. School Leadership & Management, 40:243–247.
• Hermantoi YB, Srimulyani VA (2021) The Challenges of Online Learning During the Covid-19. Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 54:46-57.
• Huckins JF, daSilva AW, Wang W, Hedlund E, Rogers C, Nepal SK, Wu J, Obuchi M, Murphy EI, Meyer ML, Wagner DD, Holtzheimer PE, Campbell AT (2020) Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the Covid-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22:e20185.
• Jahan I, Hosen I, al Mamun F, Kaggwa MM, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA (2021) How has the Covid-19 pandemic impacted internet use behaviors and facilitated problematic internet use? a Bangladeshi study. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 14:1127–1138.
• Jeong H, Yim HW, Lee SY, Lee HK, Potenza MN, Park M (2021) Joint effects of children’s emotional problems and parental depressive symptoms on the occurrence of internet gaming disorder among children and adolescents: A longitudinal study. J Behav Addict, 10:244–252.
• Kahraman Z, Demirci EZ (2018) Internet addiction and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Effects of anxiety, depression and self-esteem. Pediatrics International, 60:529–534.
• Karaçam Z (2013) Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6:26-33.
• Kawabe K, Horiuchi F, Miyama T, Jogamoto T, Aibara K, Ishii E, Ueno SI (2019) Internet addiction and attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Res Dev Disabil, 89:22–28.
• Kaya A, Dalgıç AI (2021) How does internet addiction affect adolescent lifestyles? results from a school-based study in the mediterranean region of Turkey. J Pediatr Nurs, 59:e38–e43.
• Kim K, Ryu E, Chon MY, Yeun EJ, Choi SY, Seo JS, Nam BW (2006) Internet addiction in Korean adolescents and its relation to depression and suicidal ideation: A questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud, 43:185–192.
• King DL, Delfabbro PH, Griffiths, MD, Gradisar M (2011) Assessing clinical trials of Internet addiction treatment: A systematic review and CONSORT evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev, 31:1110–1116.
• Lee J, Lim H, Allen J, Choi G, Jung J (2021) Smartphone addiction and depression among low-income boys since Covid-19: The moderating effect of being an only child. Healthcare, 9:1350.
• Li Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Bao Y, Cheng J, Chang X, Ran M, Sun Y, Kosten T, Strang J, Lu L, Shi, J (2021) Internet addiction increases in the general population during Covid‐19: Evidence from China. Am J Addict, 30:389–397.
• Li ZL, Liu R, He F, Li SY, Zhao YJ, Zhang WY, Zhang Y, Cheung T, Jackson T, Tang YL, Xiang YT (2021) Prevalence of internet addiction disorder and its correlates among clinically stable adolescents with psychiatric disorders in china during the Covid-19 outbreak. Front Psychiatry, 12.
• Lin MP (2020) Prevalence of internet addiction during the Covid-19 outbreak and its risk factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17:8547
• Magson NR, Freeman JYA, Rapee RM, Richardson CE, Oar EL, Fardouly J (2020) Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Youth Adolesc, 50: 44–57.
• Marsh EJ, Rajaram S (2019) The digital expansion of the mind: Implications of internet usage for memory and cognition. J Appl Res Mem Cogn, 8:1–14.
• Masaeli N, Farhadi H (2021) Prevalence of internet-based addictive behaviors during Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. J Addict Dis, 39:468–488.
• Masi G, Berloffa S, Muratori P, Paciello M, Rossi M, Milone A (2020) Internet addiction disorder in referred adolescents: a clinical study on comorbidity. Addict Res Theory, 29:205–211.
• Maslow A (1954) Motivation and personality. Harper & Row.
• Munnoli PM, Nabapure S, Yeshavanth G (2020) Post-Covid-19 precautions based on lessons learned from past pandemics: a review. J Public Health.
• Nakayama H, Matsuzaki T, Mihara S, Kitayuguchi T, Higuchi S (2021) Change of internet use and bedtime among junior high school students after long-term school closure due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Children, 8:480.
• Omar SZ, Daud A, Hassan MS, Bolong J, Teimmouri M (2014) Children internet usage: Opportunities for self development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 155:75–80.
• Ozturk FO, Ayaz-Alkaya S (2021) Internet addiction and psychosocial problems among adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35:595–601.
• Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A., Lalu, MM, Li T, Lode, EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, Moher D (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71.
• Park MH, Jeon HO (2013) Relationships between health behaviors, mental health and internet addiction by gender differences among Korean adolescents. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 14:1283–1293.
• Peker A, Cengiz S, Nebioğlu Yıldız M (2021) The mediation relationship between life satisfaction and subjective vitality fear of COVID-19 and problematic internet use. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(2):199–206.
• Procházka R, Suchá J, Dostál D, Dominik T, Dolejš M, ŠMahaj J, Kolařík M, Glaser O, Viktorová L, Friedlová M (2021).Internet addiction among Czech adolescents. PsyCh Journal, 10:679–687.
• Ra CK, Cho J, Stone MD, de la Cerda J, Goldenson NI, Moroney E, Tung I, Lee, SS, Leventhal, AM (2018) Association of digital media use with subsequent symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents. JAMA, 320(3):255.
• Ratan ZA, Zaman SB, Islam SMS, Hosseinzadeh H (2021) Smartphone overuse: A hidden crisis in Covid-19. Health Policy Technol, 10:21–22.
• Rucsanda MD, Belibou A, Cazan AM (2021) Students’ attitudes toward online music education during the covid 19 lockdown. Front Psychol, 12:1-10.
• Sarıalioğlu A, Atay T, Arıkan D (2021) Determining the relationship between loneliness and internet addiction among adolescents during the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Nursing.
• Saurabh K, Ranjan S (2020) Compliance and psychological impact of quarantine in children and adolescents due to Covid-19 pandemic. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87:532–536.
• Serra G, lo Scalzo L, Giuffrè M, Ferrara P, Corsello G (2021) Smartphone use and addiction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic: Cohort study on 184 Italian children and adolescents. Ital J Pediatr, 47:150.
• Siste K, Hanafi E, Sen LT, Murtani BJ, Christian H, Limawan AP, Siswidiani LP, Adrian (2021) Implications of Covid-19 and lockdown on internet addiction among adolescents: Data from a developing country. Front Psychiatry, 12:1-11.
• So R, Makino K, Fujiwara M, Hirota T, Ohcho K, Ikeda S, Tsubouchi S, Inagaki M (2017) The prevalence of internet addiction among a japanese adolescent psychiatric clinic sample with autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47:2217–2224.
• Sultana A, Tasnim S, Hossain MM, Bhattacharya S, Purohit N (2021) Digital screen time during the Covid-19 pandemic: A public health concern. F1000Research, 10:81.
• Tang C, Wu A, Yan E, Ko J, Kwon J, Yogo M, Gan Y, Koh Y (2018) Relative risks of Internet-related addictions and mood disturbances among college students: A 7-country/region comparison. Public Health, 165:16–25.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [TÜİK] (2021) Çocuklarda bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
• UNESCO (2020, April 13) Education: From disruption to recovery. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
• Vejmelka L, Matković, R (2021) Online interactions and problematic internet use of croatian students during the covid-19 pandemic. Information, 12:399.
• Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M, Ting DSW (2021) Digital screen time during the covid-19 pandemic: Risk for a further myopia boom? American Journal of Ophthalmology, 223:333–337.
• Wong TY, Yuen KSL, Li WO (2015) A basic need theory approach to problematic Internet use and the mediating effect of psychological distress. Front Psychol, 5:1562.
• Wu CY, Lee MB, Liao SC, Chang LR (2015) Risk Factors of Internet Addiction among Internet Users: An online questionnaire survey. PLoS One, 10:e0137506.
• Zhang L, Amos C, McDowell WC (2008) A comparative study of ınternet addiction between the United States and China. Cyberpsychol Behav, 11:727–729.
• Zhao Y, Guo Y, Xiao Y, Zhu R, Sun W, Huang W, Liang D, Tang L, Zhang F, Zhu D, Wu J, L (2020) The effects of online homeschooling on children, parents, and teachers of grades 1–9 during the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical Science Monitor, 26:1-10.