Bir Narsisizm Öz Tatmini Olarak Ahlaki Duyarlılık Gösterisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 488 - 498, 27.12.2022

Gamze Şen Elif Manuoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1070103

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisi kavramını tanımlayarak bu davranışın öncüllerini, altında yatan motivasyonları ve sonuçlarını tartışmaktır. Ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisi, bireyin başkalarını ahlaki açıdan saygın olduğuna ikna etmek için ahlaki söyleme katkıda bulunması olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ahlaki konumlarına değer veren bireyler, tartıştıklarını iddia ettikleri konulardan çok benlikleri ile ilgili kaygılara sahiptir. Bu nedenle ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisinde bulunan bireylerin narsisizm kişilik özelliği bakımından yüksek olması da muhtemeldir. Çeşitli hayat amaçları açısından değerlendirildiğinde ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisi bireylere itibar ve ün kazandırabilir ve toplum katkısı ile ilişkilendirilebilir. Bireyler, toplum yanlısı davranışlarının reklamını yaparken gerçek motivasyonları belirgin olmayabilir. Dolayısıyla söz konusu davranış için bireylerin gerçek motivasyonunu ve narsisizm düzeyini anlamak, söz konusu davranışın ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisi adı altında değerlendirilip değerlendirilmeyeceğini anlamak açısından önemlidir. Ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisi kavramı ile ilgili mevcut anlayışı geliştirmek amacıyla bu çalışmada patolojik narsisizm ve öz-yönetim kuramının içsel ve dışsal motivasyon önermesi kullanılmıştır. Son olarak, pandemi gibi güncel meselelere atıfta bulunularak, ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisinin gerçek hayattaki etkileri tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ahlaki duyarlılık gösterisi, motivasyon, yaşam amaçları, narsisizm, sosyal medya

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Moral Grandstanding as a Narcissistic Intrinsic Satisfaction

Öz

The aim of this study is to define the concept of moral grandstanding and discuss its antecedents, motivations behind it, and implications. Moral grandstanding is described as contributing to moral discourse to persuade others that one is morally respectable. Individuals who value their moral standing are more concerned about their own self than the topics that they claim to discuss. Therefore, it is likely that individuals who perform moral grandstanding may be high on the narcissistic personality trait. Although moral grandstanding can bring about reputation and fame to individuals, it can be associated with society contribution in some cases. While advertising their prosocial behavior, individuals’ true motivation may not be obvious. Thus, it is essential to understand their actual motivation for the behavior in question as well as their level of narcissism in order to understand whether the behavior is considered as an example of moral grandstanding. Pathological narcissism and the intrinsic-extrinsic motivation concept of self-determination theory were used to extend the current understanding of the moral grandstanding concept in the present study. Lastly, the real-life implications of moral grandstanding were discussed with reference to current issues like the pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Moral grandstanding, motivation, narcisism, social media

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

• Andreoni J (1990) Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving. The Economic Journal, 100 (401), 464-477.
• Ackerman R, Witt E, Donnellan M, Trzesniewski K, Robins R ve Kashy D (2011) What does the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measure? Assessment, 18, 67–87. doi:10.1177/1073191110382845
• Almaas AH (2000) The point of existence: Transformations of narcissism in self-realization (Vol. 3). Shambhala Publications.
• Amaldoss W ve Jain S (2005) Conspicuous consumption and sophisticated thinking. Management Science, 51, 1449–1466. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1050.0399
• American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition: DSM-5. APA.
• Andersson LM (1996) Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Hum relat, 49(11), 1395-1418. doi:10.1177/001872679604901102
• Back M D, Küfner ACP, Dufner M, Gerlach TM, Rauthmann JF ve Denissen JJA (2013) Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 105, 1013–1037. doi:10.1037/a0034431
• Baier K (1965) The Moral Point of View: A Rational Basis of Ethics, abridged ed. New York: Random House, p. 3.
• Barnidge M (2017) Exposure to political disagreement in social media versus face-to-face and anonymous online settings. Political communication, 34(2), 302-321. doi:10.1080/10584609.2016.1235639
• Batson CD (2011) Altruism in humans. Oxford University Press.
• Baumeister RF ve Leary MR (1995) The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol. Bull, 117(3), 497.
• Brown R, Budzek K ve Tamborski M (2009) On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 35, 951–964. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0146167209335461
• Carpenter CJ (2012) Narcissism on Facebook: Selfpromotional and anti-social behavior. Pers. Individ. Differ, 52, 482–486. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.01
• Chaudhuri HR ve Mazumdar S (2010) Conspicuous consumption: Is that all bad? Investigating the alternative paradigm. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 35, 53–59. doi: 10.1177/0256090920100405
• Chaudhuri HR ve Mazumdar S (2006) Of diamonds and desires: Understanding conspicuous consumption from a contemporary marketing perspective. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 11, 1–18.
• Cheng JT, Tracy JL ve Henrich J (2010) Pride, personality, and the evolutionary foundations of human social status. Evol. Hum, 31(5), 334-347. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.004
• Cheng JT, Tracy JL, Foulsham T, Kingstone A ve Henrich J (2013) Two ways to the top: evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence. J Pers Soc Psychol, 104(1), 103 –125. doi:10.1037/a0030398
• Çokol E (2020) International Journal of Languages' Education and Teaching Volume 8, Issue 2, p. 404-419.
• Davenport SW, Bergman SM, Bergman JZ ve Fearrington ME (2014) Twitter versus Facebook: Exploring the role of narcissism in the motives and usage of different social media platforms. Comput. Hum. Behav, 32, 212–220. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.011
• Deci EL ve Ryan RM (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum.
• Deci EL ve Ryan RM (2000) The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychol. Inq, 11(4), 227-268.
• Dickinson KA ve Pincus AL (2003) Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Personal. Disord, 17, 188–207. doi:10.1521/pedi.17.3.188.22146
• Dixit N, Patel A ve Tiwari S (2015) The effect of narcissism on mental well-being in middle aged people. Indian J. Soc. Res, 12, 31–34.
• Funder DC ve Ozer DJ (2019) Evaluating Effect Size in Psychological Research: Sense and Nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156-168. doi:10.1177/2515245919847202
• Grapsas S, Brummelman E, Back MD ve Denissen JJA (2020) The "why" and "how" of narcissism: A process model of narcissistic status pursuit. Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 15, 150–172. doi:10.1177/1745691619873350
• Gray JM (2018) Performing Wokeness. https://www.thecrimson.com/column/better-left-unsaid/ article/2018/10/1/gray-performing-wokeness/.
• Gray JM (2018) Performing Wokeness. https://www.thecrimson.com/column/better-left-unsaid/article/2018/10/1/gray-performing-wokeness/.
• Grubbs JB ve Exline JJ (2016) Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress. Psychol. Bull, 142(11), 1204–1226. doi:10.1037/bul0000063
• Grubbs JB, James AS, Warmke B ve Tosi J (2022) Moral Grandstanding, Narcissism, and Self-Reported Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis. Personality disorders, 104187. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104187
• Grubbs JB, Tosi J ve Warmke B (2019a) Status seeking and public discourse ethics: A nationally representative sample with longitudinal follow-up. Unpublished Manuscript. osf. io/zbg3d Last accessed on October, 16, 2022. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/ZBG3D.
• Grubbs JB, Warmke B, Tosi J ve James AS (2020) Moral grandstanding and political polarization: A multi-study consideration. Personality disorders, 88, 104009. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104009
• Grubbs JB, Warmke B, Tosi J, James AS ve Campbell WK (2019b) Moral grandstanding in public discourse: status-seeking motives as a potential explanatory mechanism in predicting conflict. PLoS ONE, 14(10), e0223749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223749
• Hobfoll SE (2002) Social and psychological resources and adaptation. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen, 6(4), 307-324. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
• Hollenbeck CR ve Kaikati AM (2012) Consumers' use of brands to reflect their actual and ideal selves on Facebook. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(4), 395-405.
• Kasser T ve Ryan RM (2001) Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In: P. Schmuck and K. Sheldon (Eds.), Life Goals and Well-Being (pp.116-131). Hogrefe.
• Kastanakis MN ve Balabanis G (2012) Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the "bandwagon" luxury consumption behavior. J. Bus. Res, 65, 1399–1407. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.005
• Kastanakis MN ve Balabanis G (2014) Exploration variation in conspicuous luxury consumption: an individual differences' perspective. J. Bus. Res, 67, 2147–2154. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.04.024
• Khalis A ve Mikami AY (2018) Talking face-to-Facebook: Associations between online social interactions and offline relationships. Comput. Hum. Behav, 89, 88-97. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.033
• Kim Y, Kasser T ve Lee H (2003) Self-concept, aspirations, and well-being in South Korea and the United States. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol, 143(3), 277-290.
• Krizan Z (2018) The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Spectrum Perspective on Narcissistic Personality. In A. D. Hermann, A. B. Brunell, ve J. D. Foster (Eds.),
• Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies (pp.15–25). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_2.
• Krizan Z ve Herlache AD (2018) The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev, 22(1), 3–31. doi:10.1177/1088868316685018
• Lange J, Redford L ve Crusius J (2019) A Status-Seeking Account of Psychological Entitlement. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 45(7), 1113–1128. doi:10.1177/0146167218808501
• Levy N (2021) Virtue signalling is virtuous. Synthese, 198(10), 9545-9562. doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02653-9
• Loch C, Yaziji M ve Langen C (2001) The fight for the alpha position:: Channeling status competition in organizations. Eur., 19(1), 16-25.
• Magee JC ve Galinsky AD (2008) 8 social hierarchy: The self‐reinforcing nature of power and status. Acad. Manag. Ann, 2(1), 351-398. doi:10.5465/19416520802211628
• Mahadevan N ve Jordan C (2021) Desperately Seeking Status: How Desires for, and Perceived Attainment of, Status and Inclusion Relate to Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, Jun 11; 1461672211021189. doi:10.1177/01461672211021189
• Mahadevan N, Gregg AP, Sedikides C ve De Waal-Andrews W (2016) Winners, losers, insiders, and outsiders: Comparing hierometer and sociometer theories of self-regard. Front. Psychol, 7, 334. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00334
• Maner JK (2017) Dominance and prestige: A tale of two hierarchies. Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 26(6), 526-531. doi:10.1177/0963721417714323
• Manuoğlu E ve Uysal A (2020) Motivation for different Facebook activities and well-being: A daily experience sampling study. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(4), 456.
• Marshall TC, Ferenczi N, Lefringhausen K, Hill S ve Deng J (2020) Intellectual, narcissistic, or Machiavellian? How Twitter users differ from Facebook-only users, why they use Twitter, and what they tweet about. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(1), 14-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000209
• McCain JL ve Campbell WK (2018) Narcissism and social media use: A meta-analytic review. Psychol. Pop. Media Cult, 7(3), 308-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000137
• Miller J ve Campbell WK (2008) Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 76, 449–476. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x
• Moon JH, Lee E, Lee JA, Choi TR ve Sung Y (2016) The role of narcissism in self-promotion on Instagram. Pers. Individ. Differ, 101, 22–25. doi:10.1016/j.paid. 2016.05.042
• Neel R, Kenrick DT, White AE ve Neuberg SL (2016) Individual differences in fundamental social motives. J Pers Soc Psychol, 110(6), 887-907. 887. doi:10.1037/pspp0000068
• Nesi J, Prinstein M (2015) Using social media for social comparison and feedback-seeking: Gender and popularity moderate associations with depressive symptoms. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol, 43, 1427–1438.
• Niesiobędzka M (2017) An experimental study of the bandwagon effect in conspicuous consumption. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 6, 26–33. doi:10.5114/cipp.2017.67896
• Niesiobędzka M ve Konaszewski K (2021) Narcissism, activity on Facebook, and conspicuous consumption among young adults. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 9(1). 2-11. : doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.108751
• Pincus AL, Ansell EB, Pimentel CA, Cain NM, Wright AG ve Levy KN (2009) Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychol, 21(3), 365–379. doi:10.1037/a0016530
• Raskin R ve Terry H (1988) A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54, 890– 902. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.890
• Russ E, Shedler J, Bradley B ve Westen D (2008) Refining the construct of narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic criteria and subtypes. Am, 165, 1473–1481. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07030376
• Ryan RM ve Deci EL (2000) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemp. Educ. Psychol, 25(1), 54-67.
• Ryan RM ve Deci EL (2017) Self-Determination Theory. Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Publications.
• Ryan RM, Deci EL, Vansteenkiste M ve Soenens B (2021) Building a science of motivated persons: Self-determination theory's empirical approach to human experience and the regulation of behavior. Motiv, 7(2), 97.
• Ryan T ve Xenos S (2011) Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Comput. Hum. Behav, 27, 1658– 1664. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004
• Sedikides C, Rudich EA, Gregg AP, Kumashiro M ve Rusbult C (2004) Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters. J Pers Soc Psychol, 87, 400–416. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.400
• Seidman G (2013) Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Pers. Individ. Differ, 54(3), 402-407.
• Shariatmadari D (2016) 'Virtue-Signalling' The putdown that has passed its sell-by date. The Guardian. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/20/virtuesignalling-putdown-passed-sell-by-date
• Sheldon KM, Abad N ve Hinsch C (2011) A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: Disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it. J Pers Soc Psychol, 2-15.
• Singh S, Farley SD ve Donahue JJ (2018) Grandiosity on display: Social media behaviors and dimensions of narcissism. Pers. Individ. Differ, 134, 308–313. doi:10.1016/j. paid.2018.06.039
• Sunstein CR (2002) The Law of Group Polarization, 10 JPol. PHIL, 175, 179-80.
• Taylor DG ve Strutton D (2016) Does Facebook usage lead to conspicuous consumption? The role of envy, narcissism and self-promotion. J. Res. Interact. Mark, 10, 231–248. doi:10.1108/JRIM-01-2015-0009
• Tosi J ve Warmke B (2016) Moral grandstanding. J. Public Aff, 44(3), 197–217. https:// doi.org/10.1111/papa.12075
• Tosi J ve Warmke B (2020a) Moral Grandstanding As A Threat To Free Expression. Social Philosophy and Policy, 37(2), 170–189. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S0265052521000108
• Tosi J ve Warmke B (2020b). Grandstanding: The use and abuse of moral talk. Oxford University Press, USA.
• Tosi J ve Warmke B (2020c) Moral grandstanding as a threat to free speech. 91(4), 46-52
• Tsai WS, Yang Q ve Liu Y (2013) Young Chinese consumers' snob and bandwagon luxury consumption preferences. J. Int. Consum. Mark., 25, 290–304. doi:10.1080/089 61530.2013.827081
• Walasek L ve Brown GD (2015) Income inequality and status seeking: Searching for positional goods in unequal US states. Psychol. Sci, 26(4), 527-533.
• Wallace E, Buil I ve De Chernatony L (2020) 'Consuming good'on social media: What can conspicuous virtue signalling on Facebook tell us about prosocial and unethical intentions?. J. Bus. Ethics, 162(3), 577-592.
• Wink P (1991) Two faces of narcissism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 61, 590–597. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590
• Zeigler-Hill V, McCabe GA, Vrabel JK, Raby CM ve Cronin S (2018) The Narcissistic Pursuit of Status. In A. D. Hermann, A. B. Brunell, ve J. D. Foster (Eds.), Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies (pp. 299–306). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_32.
• Zeigler‐Hill V, Vrabel JK, McCabe GA, Cosby CA, Traeder CK, Hobbs KA ve Southard AC (2019) Narcissism and the pursuit of status. J Pers Psychol, 87(2), 310-327. doi:10.1111/jopy.12392