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Çekingen Kişilik Bozukluğunun Tedavisinde Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Grup Terapisinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 240 - 250, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1117523

Öz

Çalışmanın ilk amacı, çekingen kişilik bozukluğunun tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı terapi yöntemini ele alan çalışmaları derlemek, verilerini sunmaktır. Çalışmanın diğer amacı ise, bilişsel davranışçı grup terapilerinin, bilişsel davranışçı bireysel terapilere göre bu bozukluk üzerinde daha etkili olabileceğine dair nedenleri ile birlikte önerileri sunmak ve çekingen kişilik bozukluğu üzerinde bilişsel davranışçı grup terapilerinin uygulandığı çalışmaları derlemektir. Bu çalışmada çekingen kişilik bozukluğu ile sosyal anksiyete bozukluğuna sahip örneklem grubuyla yapılmış olan yerli ve yabancı kaynaklardaki araştırmalar incelenmiş ve çalışma, ikincil veri toplama tekniklerinden literatür taraması yapılarak hazırlanmıştır. Literatürde çekingen kişilik bozukluğuna dair çok fazla çalışma bulunmaması sebebi ile çekingen kişilik bozukluğunun, sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu ile yüksek benzerliği ve komorbiditesi göz önünde bulundurularak sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu ile ilgili bilişsel davranışçı grup terapilerinin ele alındığı çalışmalar da derlenmiştir. İncelenen araştırmalar sonucunda çekingen kişilik bozukluğunda ortaya çıkan belirtilerin kişilerin çarpık bilişi ile ilgili olması ve bilişsel davranışçı terapilerin de danışanların akıllarından geçen otomatik düşüncelerin farkındalığını artırması, doğruluğunu sorgulaması ve yerine alternatif düşüncelerin koyulmasını sağlaması sebebiyle oldukça etkili bir yaklaşım olduğu bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Acun Kapıkıran N (2004) İdeal ve gerçek benlik kavramı ölçeğinin güvenirliği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(16), 14-25.
  • Alden L (1989) Short-term structured treatment for avoidant personality disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol., 57(6):756-64. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.57.6.756. PMID: 2600246.
  • Alden LE, Laposa JM, Taylor CT, Ryder AG (2002) Avoidant personality disorder: current status and future directions. J Pers Disord, 16(1): 1–29.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3. Baskı). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
  • Arkowitz H, Lichtenstein E, McGovern K, Hines P (1975) The behavioral assessment of social competence in male. Behavior Therapy, 6(1), 3–13.
  • Ashbaugh A, Antony MM, Liss A, Summerfeldt LJ, McCabe, RE, Swinson RP (2007) Changes in perfectionism following cognitive‐behavioral treatment for social phobia. Depress and Anxiety, 24:169-177.
  • Beck AT (1970) Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(70)80030-2
  • Beck AT (2005) The current state of cognitive therapy: a 40-year retrospective. Arch Gen Psychatry, 62, 953-957.
  • Boettcher MA, Piacentini J (2007) Cognitive and behavioral therapies. Lewis’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; p. 796-819.
  • Brooks RB, Baltazar PL, Munjack DJ (1989) Co-occurrence of personality disorders with panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: a review of the literature. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3:359-385.
  • Brown EJ, Heimberg RG, Juster HR (1995) Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: Effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment. Behav Ther, 26:467–486.
  • Chen J, Nakano Y, Ietzugu T, Ogawa S, Funayam T, Watanabe N et al. (2007) Group cognitive behavior therapy for Japanese patients with social anxiety disorder: preliminary outcomes and their predictors. BMC Psychiatry, 7:69.
  • Clark DM, McManus F (2002) Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 51: 92-100.
  • Clark DM, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment And Treatment (Eds RG Heimberg, MR Liebowitz): 69-93. New York: Guildford Press.
  • Cramer V, Torgersen S, Kringlen E (2006) Personality disorders and quality of life. A population study. Compr Psychiatry, 47(3): 178– 84.
  • Crawford TN, Cohen P, Johnson JG, Kasen S, First MB, Gordon K et al. (2005) Self-reported personality disorder in the children in the community sample: convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood. J Pers Disord, 19(1): 30–52.
  • Elbir M, Alp Topbaş Ö, Bayad S, Kocabaş T, Topak OA, Çetin Ş, et al. (2019) DSM-5 bozuklukları için yapılandırılmış klinik görüşmenin klinisyen versiyonunun türkçeye uyarlanması ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türkiye Psikiyatri Dergisi, 30(1), 51-56.
  • Emmelkamp PM, Benner A, Kuipers A, Feiertag GA, Koster HC, Van Apeldoorn FJ (2006) Comparison of brief dynamic and cognitive behavioural therapies in avoidant personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 189: 60–4.
  • Erkan Y, Güçray D, Çam Y (2002) Ergenlerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerinin ana baba tutumları ve cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(10), 64-75.
  • First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL (2015) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-Research Version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, Research Version; SCID-5-RV). Arlington VA American Psychiatric Association.
  • Friborg O, Martinussen M, Kaiser S, Overgard KT, Rosenvinge JH (2013) Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: a metaanalysis of 30 years of research. J Affect Disord, 145(2): 143– 55.
  • Göcek Yorulmaz E, Tekinsav Sütcü S (2015) İnfertilitede bilişsel davranışçı grup terapilerinin etkililiği: sistematik gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(1), 144-156.
  • Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ et al. (2004) Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry, 65(7): 948–58.
  • Güleç C, Köroğlu E (2007) Psikiyatri temel kitabı. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği. Heimberg RG (1993) Specific issues in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. J Clin Psychiatry, 54 (Suppl 12): 36-45.
  • Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR (Eds.) (1995) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.
  • Heimberg RG, Becker RE (2002) Treatment manuals for practitioners. Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Strategies. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  • Herbert JD, Gaudiano BA, Rheingold AA, Moitra E, Myers VH, Dalrymple KL et al. (2009) Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 23: 167-177.
  • Hope DA, Herbert JD, White C (1995b): Diagnostic subtype, avoidant personality disorder, and efficacy of cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Cogn Ther Res, 19: 399–417.
  • Koerner N, Antony MM, Young L, McCabe RE (2013) Changes in beliefs about the social competence of self and others following group cognitive-behavioral treatment. Cognit Ther Res, 37: 256-265.
  • Köroğlu E, Bayraktar S (2010) Kişilik bozuklukları (2. baskı) içinde (s.7-155). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Mahoney AE, McEvoy PM (2012) Changes in intolerance of uncertainty during cognitive behavior group therapy for social phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43: 849-854.
  • Manassis K, Mendlowitz SL, Scapillato D, Avery D, Fiksenbaum L, Freire, M et al. (2002) Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 41: 1423-1430.
  • McEvoy PM, Perin SJ (2009) Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia with or without attention training: a controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 23: 519-528.
  • Millon T (1969) Modern psychopnthology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
  • Leahy L, Robert and Holland Stephen (2009) Depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarında tedavi plânları ve girişimleri. (Köroğlu E, Türkçapar H ve Aslan S Çev). HYB Basın Yayın.
  • Özcan Ö, Çelik G (2017) Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi. Türkiye Klinikleri. vol.3, no.2, 115-120.
  • Reich J (2014) Chapter 2-avoidant personality disorder and its relationship to social anxiety disorder. In: Hofmann SG, DiBartolo PM, editors. Social anxiety. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic; p. 27–44.
  • Renneberg B, Goldstein AJ, Phillips D, Chambless DL (1990) Intensive behavioral Group treatment of avoidant personality-disorder. Behav Ther, 21(3): 363–77.
  • Renneberg B, Chambless DL, Dowdall D, Fauerbach JA, Gracely EJ (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R, Axis II and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: A concurrent validity study with anxious outpatients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6 (2) pp. 117-124.
  • Rose SD (1999) Group Therapy. A Guide to Starting Psychotherapy Groups, 99–113. doi:10.1016/b978-012564745-8/50015-7 10.1016/B978-012564745-8/50015-7
  • Sevinçok L, Dereboy F, Dereboy Ç (1998) Çekingen kişilik bozukluğunun klinik özellikleri ve tedavisi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 1, 22-26.
  • Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (2007). Kaplan and sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (10. Baskı). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
  • Sanislow CA, Bartolini E, Zoloth (2012) Avoidant Personality Disorder. In Ramachandran VS (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd Ed. (pp. 257-266) Academic Press: San Diego.
  • Stone MH (1993) Abnormalities of personality: within and beyond the realm of treatment. New York: Norton.
  • Strauss JL, Hayes AM, Johnson SL, Newman CF, Brown GK, Barber JP et al. (2006) Early alliance, alliance ruptures, and symptom change in a nonrandomized trial of cognitive therapy for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol, 74(2): 337–45.
  • Stravynski A, Marks I, Yule W (1982) Social skills problems in neurotic outpatients: Social skills training with and without cognitive modification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(12), 1378–1385.
  • Stravynski A, Belisle M, Marcouiller M, Lavallee YJ, Elie R (1994) The treatment of avoidant personality disorder by social skills training in the clinic or in real-life settings. Can J Psychiatry, 39(8):377– 83.
  • Torgersen S (2009) The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scand J Psychol, 50(6): 624–32.
  • Türkçapar H (2015) Bilişsel terapi. HYB Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ullrich S, Farrington DP, Coid JW (2007) Dimensions of DSM-IV personality disorders and life-success. J Pers Disord, 21(6): 657– 63.
  • Waugh R (2001) "Measuring ideal and Real Self-Concept on the Same Scale, Based on a Multipaceted Hierarchical Model of Self-Concept" Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61-1 85-92.
  • Watson D, Friend R (1969) Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457.
  • Weinbrecht A, Schulze L, Boettcher J, Renneberg B (2016) Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 18(3): 29. doi: 10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6. PMID: 26830887.
  • Yalçın M, Sütcü S (2016) Yetişkinlerde Sosyal Fobinin Tedavisinde Bilişsel Davranışçı Grup Terapisinin Etkililiği: Sistematik Bir Gözden Geçirme, 8(1): 61-78.
  • Yalom LD, Greaves C (1977) Group therapy with the terminally ill. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134(4), 396-400.
  • Yalom ID (1985) The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (3 rd ed.) New York: Basic Books.
  • Zimmerman M, Rothschild L ,Chelminski I (2005) The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry, 162(10): 1911–8.

Comparison of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy in the Treatment of Avoidant Personality Disorder

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 240 - 250, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1117523

Öz

The primary aim of this study is to compile studies on cognitive behavioral therapy method in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder and present their data. Another aim is to discuss with the reasons, cognitive behavior group therapies may be more effective on this disorder than cognitive behavioral individual therapies, since the main problem in avoidant personality disorder stems from interpersonal communication and because the cognitive behavioral therapies applied as a group were found to be quite effective when the avoidant personality disorder was first defined. The aim of this study is to present recommendations together and to compile studies in which cognitive behavioral group therapies were applied on avoidant personality disorder. In this study, studies in domestic and foreign sources, which were conducted with a sample group with avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety disorder, were examined and the study was prepared by reviewing the literature, which is one of the secondary data collection techniques. Since there are not many studies on avoidant personality disorder in the literature, considering the high similarity and comorbidity of avoidant personality disorder with social anxiety disorder, studies on cognitive behavioral group therapies related to social anxiety disorder have also been compiled. As a result of the studies examined, it has been found that the symptoms of avoidant personality disorder are related to the distorted cognition of individuals and cognitive behavioral therapies are a very effective approach because they increase the awareness of the automatic thoughts in the minds of the clients, question their correctness and provide alternative thoughts to replace them.

Kaynakça

  • Acun Kapıkıran N (2004) İdeal ve gerçek benlik kavramı ölçeğinin güvenirliği. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(16), 14-25.
  • Alden L (1989) Short-term structured treatment for avoidant personality disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol., 57(6):756-64. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.57.6.756. PMID: 2600246.
  • Alden LE, Laposa JM, Taylor CT, Ryder AG (2002) Avoidant personality disorder: current status and future directions. J Pers Disord, 16(1): 1–29.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3. Baskı). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. Ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
  • Arkowitz H, Lichtenstein E, McGovern K, Hines P (1975) The behavioral assessment of social competence in male. Behavior Therapy, 6(1), 3–13.
  • Ashbaugh A, Antony MM, Liss A, Summerfeldt LJ, McCabe, RE, Swinson RP (2007) Changes in perfectionism following cognitive‐behavioral treatment for social phobia. Depress and Anxiety, 24:169-177.
  • Beck AT (1970) Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(70)80030-2
  • Beck AT (2005) The current state of cognitive therapy: a 40-year retrospective. Arch Gen Psychatry, 62, 953-957.
  • Boettcher MA, Piacentini J (2007) Cognitive and behavioral therapies. Lewis’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; p. 796-819.
  • Brooks RB, Baltazar PL, Munjack DJ (1989) Co-occurrence of personality disorders with panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: a review of the literature. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 3:359-385.
  • Brown EJ, Heimberg RG, Juster HR (1995) Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: Effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive behavioral treatment. Behav Ther, 26:467–486.
  • Chen J, Nakano Y, Ietzugu T, Ogawa S, Funayam T, Watanabe N et al. (2007) Group cognitive behavior therapy for Japanese patients with social anxiety disorder: preliminary outcomes and their predictors. BMC Psychiatry, 7:69.
  • Clark DM, McManus F (2002) Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 51: 92-100.
  • Clark DM, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment And Treatment (Eds RG Heimberg, MR Liebowitz): 69-93. New York: Guildford Press.
  • Cramer V, Torgersen S, Kringlen E (2006) Personality disorders and quality of life. A population study. Compr Psychiatry, 47(3): 178– 84.
  • Crawford TN, Cohen P, Johnson JG, Kasen S, First MB, Gordon K et al. (2005) Self-reported personality disorder in the children in the community sample: convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood. J Pers Disord, 19(1): 30–52.
  • Elbir M, Alp Topbaş Ö, Bayad S, Kocabaş T, Topak OA, Çetin Ş, et al. (2019) DSM-5 bozuklukları için yapılandırılmış klinik görüşmenin klinisyen versiyonunun türkçeye uyarlanması ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türkiye Psikiyatri Dergisi, 30(1), 51-56.
  • Emmelkamp PM, Benner A, Kuipers A, Feiertag GA, Koster HC, Van Apeldoorn FJ (2006) Comparison of brief dynamic and cognitive behavioural therapies in avoidant personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry, 189: 60–4.
  • Erkan Y, Güçray D, Çam Y (2002) Ergenlerin sosyal kaygı düzeylerinin ana baba tutumları ve cinsiyet açısından incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(10), 64-75.
  • First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL (2015) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5-Research Version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, Research Version; SCID-5-RV). Arlington VA American Psychiatric Association.
  • Friborg O, Martinussen M, Kaiser S, Overgard KT, Rosenvinge JH (2013) Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: a metaanalysis of 30 years of research. J Affect Disord, 145(2): 143– 55.
  • Göcek Yorulmaz E, Tekinsav Sütcü S (2015) İnfertilitede bilişsel davranışçı grup terapilerinin etkililiği: sistematik gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 8(1), 144-156.
  • Grant BF, Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou SP, Ruan WJ et al. (2004) Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry, 65(7): 948–58.
  • Güleç C, Köroğlu E (2007) Psikiyatri temel kitabı. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği. Heimberg RG (1993) Specific issues in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia. J Clin Psychiatry, 54 (Suppl 12): 36-45.
  • Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR (Eds.) (1995) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.
  • Heimberg RG, Becker RE (2002) Treatment manuals for practitioners. Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Strategies. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  • Herbert JD, Gaudiano BA, Rheingold AA, Moitra E, Myers VH, Dalrymple KL et al. (2009) Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized social anxiety disorder in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 23: 167-177.
  • Hope DA, Herbert JD, White C (1995b): Diagnostic subtype, avoidant personality disorder, and efficacy of cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Cogn Ther Res, 19: 399–417.
  • Koerner N, Antony MM, Young L, McCabe RE (2013) Changes in beliefs about the social competence of self and others following group cognitive-behavioral treatment. Cognit Ther Res, 37: 256-265.
  • Köroğlu E, Bayraktar S (2010) Kişilik bozuklukları (2. baskı) içinde (s.7-155). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Mahoney AE, McEvoy PM (2012) Changes in intolerance of uncertainty during cognitive behavior group therapy for social phobia. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43: 849-854.
  • Manassis K, Mendlowitz SL, Scapillato D, Avery D, Fiksenbaum L, Freire, M et al. (2002) Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 41: 1423-1430.
  • McEvoy PM, Perin SJ (2009) Cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia with or without attention training: a controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 23: 519-528.
  • Millon T (1969) Modern psychopnthology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
  • Leahy L, Robert and Holland Stephen (2009) Depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarında tedavi plânları ve girişimleri. (Köroğlu E, Türkçapar H ve Aslan S Çev). HYB Basın Yayın.
  • Özcan Ö, Çelik G (2017) Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi. Türkiye Klinikleri. vol.3, no.2, 115-120.
  • Reich J (2014) Chapter 2-avoidant personality disorder and its relationship to social anxiety disorder. In: Hofmann SG, DiBartolo PM, editors. Social anxiety. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic; p. 27–44.
  • Renneberg B, Goldstein AJ, Phillips D, Chambless DL (1990) Intensive behavioral Group treatment of avoidant personality-disorder. Behav Ther, 21(3): 363–77.
  • Renneberg B, Chambless DL, Dowdall D, Fauerbach JA, Gracely EJ (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R, Axis II and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory: A concurrent validity study with anxious outpatients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6 (2) pp. 117-124.
  • Rose SD (1999) Group Therapy. A Guide to Starting Psychotherapy Groups, 99–113. doi:10.1016/b978-012564745-8/50015-7 10.1016/B978-012564745-8/50015-7
  • Sevinçok L, Dereboy F, Dereboy Ç (1998) Çekingen kişilik bozukluğunun klinik özellikleri ve tedavisi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 1, 22-26.
  • Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (2007). Kaplan and sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (10. Baskı). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
  • Sanislow CA, Bartolini E, Zoloth (2012) Avoidant Personality Disorder. In Ramachandran VS (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd Ed. (pp. 257-266) Academic Press: San Diego.
  • Stone MH (1993) Abnormalities of personality: within and beyond the realm of treatment. New York: Norton.
  • Strauss JL, Hayes AM, Johnson SL, Newman CF, Brown GK, Barber JP et al. (2006) Early alliance, alliance ruptures, and symptom change in a nonrandomized trial of cognitive therapy for avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol, 74(2): 337–45.
  • Stravynski A, Marks I, Yule W (1982) Social skills problems in neurotic outpatients: Social skills training with and without cognitive modification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39(12), 1378–1385.
  • Stravynski A, Belisle M, Marcouiller M, Lavallee YJ, Elie R (1994) The treatment of avoidant personality disorder by social skills training in the clinic or in real-life settings. Can J Psychiatry, 39(8):377– 83.
  • Torgersen S (2009) The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scand J Psychol, 50(6): 624–32.
  • Türkçapar H (2015) Bilişsel terapi. HYB Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ullrich S, Farrington DP, Coid JW (2007) Dimensions of DSM-IV personality disorders and life-success. J Pers Disord, 21(6): 657– 63.
  • Waugh R (2001) "Measuring ideal and Real Self-Concept on the Same Scale, Based on a Multipaceted Hierarchical Model of Self-Concept" Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61-1 85-92.
  • Watson D, Friend R (1969) Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448–457.
  • Weinbrecht A, Schulze L, Boettcher J, Renneberg B (2016) Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 18(3): 29. doi: 10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6. PMID: 26830887.
  • Yalçın M, Sütcü S (2016) Yetişkinlerde Sosyal Fobinin Tedavisinde Bilişsel Davranışçı Grup Terapisinin Etkililiği: Sistematik Bir Gözden Geçirme, 8(1): 61-78.
  • Yalom LD, Greaves C (1977) Group therapy with the terminally ill. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134(4), 396-400.
  • Yalom ID (1985) The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (3 rd ed.) New York: Basic Books.
  • Zimmerman M, Rothschild L ,Chelminski I (2005) The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry, 162(10): 1911–8.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Esra Amet 0000-0002-6517-5480

Tuğba Hüseyin Muhtar Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3375-2252

Fatma Nur Özçelik Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9612-0773

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Amet E, Hüseyin Muhtar T, Özçelik FN. Comparison of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy in the Treatment of Avoidant Personality Disorder. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Haziran 2023;15(2):240-250. doi:10.18863/pgy.1117523

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