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Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: Suppl. 1, 682 - 698, 31.08.2016

Öz

Bu makalede Devrek’ten (Zonguldak) satın alınarak
Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’ne kazandırılan yazılı bir heykelcik kaidesi
tanıtılmaktadır. Kaidede yer alan yazıttan Asklepiodoros adında bir kişinin bir
kehanet uyarınca heykelciği Herakles Aleksikakos’a adadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu
adak objesi ve üzerindeki yazıt, Roma dönemi Bithynia bölgesinde ve bilhassa da
adını mitolojik kurucusu olan Herakles’ten alan Herakleia Pontike (Karadeniz
Ereğli) kentinde Herakles kültünün varlığına ve önemine; Herakles Aleksikakos’un
niteliğine ve kökenine ve aynı zamanda da kehanet emrinin alınışı ve yerine
getirilme usullerine dair düşünmeye sevk etmektedir. “Aleksikakos”
epitheton’undan hareketle bu tanrının hastalıklardan ve kötülüklerden uzak
tutan özelliklerinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Söz konusu tanrının geçtiği en
erken bilgi M.Ö. 429 yılına dayanmaktadır. Aristophanes’in “Kurbağalar” adlı
eserinin yorumcusunun aktardığına göre Peloponnesos Savaşı’nın ilk yıllarında,
Atina’da bir salgın felaketi baş gösterince, Melite demos’unda Herakles
Aleksikakos için bir tapınak inşa edilmiş ve tanrının iyileştirici ve
kahramanlık özelliklerini onurlandırmak için de Argos’lu ünlü heykeltıraş
Hageladas tarafından tanrının bir heykeli yapılarak bu tapınağa konulmuştur.
Asklepiodoros tarafından Herakles Aleksikakos’a yapılan adağın nedeni de yine
tanrının söz konusu bu iyileştirme özelliğiyle ilişkili olduğu şeklinde
yorumlanabilir.  Muhtemelen bölgede baş gösteren salgına bizzat maruz
kalmamak için Herakles tapınağında uyuyup rüya gördükten  sonra rahiplerce
salık verilen kehanete binaen (inkubasyon) ya da tanrıyla doğrudan iletişime
geçtiği bir rüya sonrası bu adağı yerine getirmişti. Herakleia Pontike
territoryumunda Herakles için bilinen ilk adak yazıtı olmasının yanı sıra,
üzerindeki heykelcik Roma dönemi Bithynia bölgesindeki Herakles kültünün
sürekliğini gösterir. Heykelcik üzerindeki “erkek figüre ait iki ayak”, “sopa”
ve “aslan postu” betimlemeleri bu heykelciğin,  orijinali Lysippos’a
atfedilen meşhur Herakles Fernese’nin yerel bir atölyede üretilen yerel üslupla
yapılmış bir benzeri olduğunu gösteriyor; “sopa altında bulunan domuz” ise
Herakles’in on iki görevinden dördüncüsüne, yani Erymanthos yabandomuzunu
yakalaması mythos’una bir göndermede bulunuyor.

Kaynakça

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Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: Suppl. 1, 682 - 698, 31.08.2016

Öz

In this article an inscribed pedestal of a
statuette held in the Karadeniz Ereğli Museum (Zon­guldak/Devrek province) is
presented. From the inscription it is understood that a man named
Asklepiodoros, following the order of an oracle, dedicated the statuette to
Heracles Alexi­kakos. This votive object and inscription encourage reflection
on the presence and impor­tance of Heracles’ cult in Roman Bithynia and
specifically Heraclea Pontica, the city named after Heracles as its
mythological founder, the origin and the character of Heracles Alexikakos, and
the ways that orders given by oracles were received and enacted upon. Based on
the epitheton “Alexi­kakos”, it is understood that this god’s qualities include
warding off ill and mischief. The earliest mention of the god goes back to 429
BC when the commentator of Aristophanes’ Frogs notes that a shrine was built in
his honour in the demos of Melitine following an outbreak of the plague at the
be­ginning of Peloponnessian Wars, a statue of Heracles Alexikakos was created
by the famous sculp­­tor Hageladas of Argos for this shrine to honour the god’s
healing and heroic character. The sug­gested purpose of the dedication by
Asklepiodoros to Heracles Alexikakos is also related to the god’s healing
qualities, and was the result of an order of the oracle after an incubation in
the shrine of Heracles, or after a dream in which he had direct contact with
the god, possibly in order not to be infected with the plague that affected the
region. Besides being the first known votive inscrip­tion to Heracles in the
territory of Heraclea Pontica, the statue demonstrates continuity of the cult
of Heracles in Roman Bithynia. Representations of the “feet of a man”, “club” and
“lion skin” on the statuette puts forth this as a local variation of the famous
Heracles Farnese of Lysippos pro­duced in a local atelier, “a boar under the
club” makes a reference to the fourth of Heracles’ twelve Labours – the capture
the Erymanthian boar.

Kaynakça

  • Abbasoğlu – Akçay-Güven 2013 H. Abbasoğlu – B. Akçay-Güven, Perge’den Bir Bütün Olarak Herakles Heykeli, şurada: O. Tekin et al. (edd.), Tarhan Armağanı. M. Taner Tarhan’a Sunulan Makaleler. Essays in Honour of M. Taner Tarhan, İstanbul 2013, 1–12.
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  • Avram et al. 1999 A. Avram – M. Barbulescu – V. Georgescu, Deux tablets sacrées de Callatis, Horos 13, 1999, 225–232.
  • Boardman et al. 1988(a-b) J. Boardman – O. Palagia – S. Woodford, s.v. Herakles, LIMC 4,1, 1988, 728–838, 4,2, 1988, 444–559.
  • Boardman et al. 1990(a-b) J. Boardman – O. Palagia – S. Woodford, s.v. Herakles, LIMC 5,1, 1990, 1–192, 5,2, 1990, 6–188.
  • Bosch 1967 E. Bosch, Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ankara im Altertum, Ankara 1967.
  • Burkert 1985 W. Burkert, Greek Religion, Harvard 1985.
  • Burstein 1976 S. M. Burstein, Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea, Berkeley 1976.
  • Chirica 1998 É. Chirica, Le culte d’Héraclès Pharangetiès à Héraclée du Pont, RÉG 111, 1998, 722–731.
  • Cluzeau 2014 F. Cluzeau, An Homeric Dream Oracle From Termessos, Adalya 17, 2014, 159–179.
  • Comstock – Vermeule 1976 M. B. Comstock – C. V. Vermeule, Sculpture in stone: the Greek, Roman and Etruscan collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1976.
  • Corsten 2006 T. Corsten, Prosopographische und onomastische Notizen II, EA 39, 2006, 121–132.
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  • Cseprigi 2012 I. Cseprigi, Changes in Dream Patterns between Antiquity and Byzantium: The Impact of Medical Learning on Dream Healing, şurada: I. Cseprigi – C. Burnett (edd.), Ritual Healing. Magic, Ritual and Medical Therapy from Antiquity until the Early Modern Period, Frenze 2012, 131–145.
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  • Krull 1985 D. Krull, Der Herakles vom Typ Farnese. Kopienkritische Untersuchung einer Schöpfung des Lysipp, Frankfurt a. M. 1985 (Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe 38, Archäologie, Bd. 5).
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  • Lauriola 2013 R. Lauriola, Heracles Alexikakos and Heracles Opsophagos: Multiple Symbolism of an Aristophanic Image, şurada: G. Rata (ed.), Linguistic Studies of Human Language, Atiner 2013, 117–128.
  • Leschhorn 1998 W. Leschhorn, Die Verbreitung von Agonen in den östlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Stadion 24.1, 1998, 31–57.
  • Leuci 1993 V. A. Leuci, Dream-technical terms in the Greco-Roman world, 1993 (University of Missouri PhD Thesis).
  • McLean 2005 B. H. McLean, An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Alexander the Great Down to the Reign of Constantine (323 B.C.E. A.D. 337), Ann Arbor 2005.
  • Meier 2009 C. A. Meier, Healing Dream and Ritual. Ancient Incubation and Modern Psychotherapy, Einsiedeln 2009.
  • Mendel 1901 G. Mendel, Inscriptions de Bithynia, BCH 25, 1901, 1–92.
  • Merkelbach 1991 R. Merkelbach, Weg mit Dir, Herakles, in die Feuershölle!, ZPE 86, 1991, 41–43.
  • Mitchell-Boyask 2008 R. Mitchell-Boyask, Plague and the Athenian Imagination: Drama, History, and the Cult of Asclepius, Cambridge – New York 2008.
  • Mora 1994 F. Mora, Die griechischen Theophoren Namen (im Bereich der griechischen Inseln), Pomoerium 1, 1994, 15–35.
  • Oberhelman 1983 S. M. Oberhelman, Galen. On Diagnosis from Dreams, Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 38, 1983, 36–47.
  • Oberhelman 1987 S. M. Oberhelman, The Diagnostic Dream in Ancient Medical Theory and Practice, Bulletin of the history of medicine 61, 1987, 47–60.
  • Olshausen 1990 E. Olshausen, Götter, Heroen und ihre Kulte in Pontos. Ein erster Bericht, ANRW II 18.3, 1990, 1865–1906.
  • Öztürk 2013a B. Öztürk, Herakleia Pontika (Karadeniz Ereğli) Antik Kenti Epigrafik Araştırmaları ve Tarihsel Sonuçları, şurada: N. Türker (ed.), Sinop, I. Uluslararası Karadeniz Kültür Kongresi Bildirileri, 6–9 Ekim 2011, Karabük 2013, 505–528.
  • Öztürk 2013b B. Öztürk, Tios (Zonguldak-Filyos) Antik Kenti’nde Dinsel İnanışlar ve Kültler, şurada: Ş. Dönmez (ed.), Güneş Karadeniz’den Doğar. Sümer Atasoy Armağanı/Lux Ex Ponto Euxino. Studies Presented in Honour of Sümer Atasoy, İstanbul 2013, 331–346.
  • Öztürk – Sönmez 2009 B. Öztürk – İ. F. Sönmez, New Inscriptions from Karadeniz Ereğli Museum, ArkSan 133, 2009, 129–138.
  • Öztürk – Sönmez 2011 B. Öztürk – İ. F. Sönmez, New Inscriptions from the Karadeniz Ereğli Museum II, ArkSan 137, 2011, 155–166.
  • Paris – Holleaux 1885 P. Paris – M. Holleaux, Inscriptions de Carie, BCH 9, 1934, 68–84.
  • Parker 1996 R. Parker, Athenian Religion: A History, Oxford 1996.
  • Parker 2000 R. Parker, Theophoric Names and the History of Greek Religion, şurada: S. Hornblower – E. Matthews, Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, New York 2000, 53–79.
  • Pearcy 1988 L. T. Pearcy, Theme, Dream, and Narrative: Reading the Sacred Tales of Aelius Aristides, Transactions of the American Philological Association 118, 1988, 377–391.
  • Petsalis-Diomidis 2006 A. Petsalis-Diomidis, ‘Sacred writing, sacred reading: the function of Aelius Aristides’ self-presentation as author in the Sacred Tales, şurada: J. Mossman – B. McGing (edd.), The Limits of Ancient Biography, Swansea 2006, 193–211.
  • Preisendanz – Henrichs 1974 K. Preisendanz – A. Henrichs, Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die griechischen Zauberpapyri I–II, Stuttgart 21974.
  • Rec. Gén. W. H. Waddington – F. Babelon – T. Reinach (edd.), Recueil général des monnaies grecques d’Asier mineure. Tome premier 1er fascicule: Pont et Paphlagonie, Paris 21925.
  • Renberg 2003 G. H. Renberg, Commanded by the Gods: An Epigraphical Study of Dreams and Visions in Greek and Roman Religious Life, North Caroline 2003 (Duke University, Department of Classical Studies, PhD Thesis).
  • Robert 1936 L. Robert, Bibliothèque Nationale: Département des médailles et des antiques: Collection Froehner I: Inscriptions grecques, Paris 1936.
  • Robert 1937 L. Robert, Études Anatoliennes. Recherches sur les inscriptions grecques de l’Asie Mineure, Paris 1937.
  • Robert 1965 L. Robert, Hellenica. Recueil d’épigraphie, de numismatique et d’antiquités grecques, XIII, Paris 1965.
  • Robu 2012 A. Robu, Les établissements mégariens de la Propontide et du Pont-Euxin: réseaux, solidarités et liens institutionnels, Pallas 89, 2012, 181–195.
  • Rouse 1902 W. H. D. Rouse, Greek Votive Offerings. An essay in the History of Greek Religion, Cambridge 1902.
  • Rösch 1979 G. Rösch, Der Aufstand der Herakleioi gegen Phokas (608–610) im Spiegel numismatischer Quellen, Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 28, 1979, 51–62.
  • Salowey 2002 C. A. Salowey, Herakles and Healing Cult in the Peloponnesos, şurada: R. Hægg (ed.), Peloponnesian Sanctuaries and Cults, Proceeding of the Ninth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 11–13 June 1994, Stocholm 2002, 171–177.
  • Santoro 1974 M. Santoro, Epitheta Deorum in Asia Graeca Cultorum ex Auctoribus Graecis et Latinis, Milano 1974.
  • Saprykin 1978 S. J. Saprykin, О культе Геракла в Херсонесе и Гераклее в эпоху эллинизма (Le culte d’Héraclès à Chersonèse et à Héraclée à l’époque de l’hellénisme), Sovetskaja archeologija 1, 1978, 38–62 (Rusça).
  • Saprykin 2010 S. J. Saprykin, Male Deities and their Cults on the South Black Sea Coast: Hellenistic and Roman Periods, şurada: E. K. Petropoulos – A. A. Maslennikov (edd.), Ancient Sacral Monuments in the Black Sea, Thessaloniki 2010, 465–514.
  • Stafford 2010 E. Stafford, Herakles between Gods and Heroes, şurada: N. Bremmer – A. Erskine (edd.), The Gods of Ancient Greece, Identities and Transformations, Edinburg 2010, 228–244.
  • Stafford 2012 E. Stafford, Herakles, Oxford 2012.
  • Süsserott 1968 H. K. Süsserott, Griechische Plastik des 4. Jahrhunderts vor Christus. Untersuchungen zur Zeitbestimmung, Roma 1968.
  • Svoronos 1911 J. N. Svoronos, Das Athener Nationalmuseum, Textband II, Athen 1911.
  • Terpstra 2011 T. T. Terpstra, Trade in the Roman Empire: A Study of the Institutional Framework, Columbia University 2011.
  • Wiegand 1904 T. Wiegand, Reisen in Mysien, MDAI(A) 29, 1904, 254–339.
  • Woodford 1971 S. Woodford, Cults of Heracles in Attica, şurada: D. G. Mitten et al. (edd.), Studies presented to George M. A. Hanfmann, Mainz 1971, 211–225.
  • Woodford 1976 S. Woodford, Heracles Alexikakos Reviewed, AJA 80.3, 1976, 291–294.
  • Wycherley 1959 R. E. Wycherley, Two Athenian Shrines, AJA 63.1, 1959, 67–72.
  • Vanderpool 1960 E. Vanderpool, News Letter from Greece, AJA 64.3, 1960, 265–271.
  • Van de Vorst 1911 L. Van de Vorst, Saint Phocas, Analecta Bollandiana 30, 1911, 252–295.
  • Van Straten 1976 F. T. Van Straten, Daikrates’ dream. A votive relief from Kos, and some other “kat’ onar” dedications, Bulletin antieke beschaving: annual papers on classical archaeology 51, 1976, 1–27.
  • Vermeule 1990 C. C. Vermeule, 172. Statue of Herakles resting, maybe contemplating Telephos, şurada: D. v. Bothmer (ed.), Glories of the Past. Ancient Art from the Shelby White and Leon Levy Collection, New York 1990, 237–238.
  • Versnel 1987 S. Versnel, What did Ancient Man see when He saw a God? Some Reflections on Greco-Roman Epiphany, şurada: D. v. d. Plas (ed.), Effigies Dei. Essays on the History of Religions, Leiden 1987, 42–55.
  • Von Heintze 1965 H. von Heintze, Herakles Alexikakos, MDAI(R) 72, 1965, 14–40.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dilbilim
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bülent Öztürk

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: Suppl. 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, B. (2016). Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri. PHILIA, Suppl. 1, 682-698.
AMA Öztürk B. Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri. PHILIA. Ağustos 2016;Suppl. 1:682-698.
Chicago Öztürk, Bülent. “Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri”. PHILIA Suppl. 1, Ağustos (Ağustos 2016): 682-98.
EndNote Öztürk B (01 Ağustos 2016) Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri. PHILIA Suppl. 1 682–698.
IEEE B. Öztürk, “Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri”, PHILIA, c. Suppl. 1, ss. 682–698, 2016.
ISNAD Öztürk, Bülent. “Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri”. PHILIA SUPPL. 1 (Ağustos 2016), 682-698.
JAMA Öztürk B. Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri. PHILIA. 2016;Suppl. 1:682–698.
MLA Öztürk, Bülent. “Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri”. PHILIA, c. Suppl. 1, 2016, ss. 682-98.
Vancouver Öztürk B. Karadeniz Ereğli Müzesi’nden Herakles Aleksikakos’a Sunulan Bir Adağın Düşündürdükleri. PHILIA. 2016;Suppl. 1:682-98.