Examination of Re-Functionalized Museums in the Context of the Principles of Universal Design: Bursa

Öz

Museums should be open to the experiences of all users without any discrimination. Universal design that includes everyone is critical for identifying how users with different physical and mental characteristics experience spaces. This study aimed to evaluate the status of re-functionalized museums in the context of the principles of universal design. This study employed observation and on-site inspection to evaluate whether the re-functionalized museums in Bursa satisfied the principles of universal design. The sample consisted of seven museums under active preservation. The museums were assessed based on seven principles established by the Centre for Universal Design at North Carolina State University. The buildings in question originally had different functions. They were then re-functionalized into museums. However, the results show that users cannot experience the museums as much as they should. Although the museums have reasonable adjustments for disabled access, those adjustments do not allow users with diverse abilities to use the spaces without discrimination and assistance. Museums nurture their users culturally and socially. In return, users develop a sense of belonging to the society in which they live. When repurposing old buildings, architects and designers should not only focus on accessibility but also on inclusiveness. Therefore, they should make sure that their designs comply with the principles of universal design. Repurposing should focus on melting cultural heritage and universal design in the same pot and meeting user needs while avoiding damaging cultural heritage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Accessibility
• cultural heritage
• repurposing
• universal design
• user experience

Yeniden İşlevlendirilen Müzelerin Evrensel Tasarım İlkeleri Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Bursa

Öz

Müze yapılarının farklı özellikteki kullanıcıların deneyimine açık olması ve bu deneyimleri kullanıcılar arasında ayırımcılık yapmadan sağlaması gerekmektedir. Evrensel tasarımın herkes için kapsayıcı olması farklı kullanıcıları dikkate alması, farklı özellikteki kullanıcıların mekân deneyimini belirlemede önemli bir etmendir. Bu araştırma, müze olarak yeniden işlevlendirilen tarihi yapıları evrensel tasarım kriterleri bağlamında değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, Bursa’da müze olarak yeniden işlevlendirilen tarihi yapılarında gözlem ve yerinde tespitler yapılarak, bu yapıların evrensel tasarım kriterlerine uygunluk durumları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamında aktif koruma yaklaşımı ile müze olarak kullanılan 7 müze, Kuzey Karolina Devlet Üniversitesi Evrensel Tasarım Merkezi tarafından belirlenen ve evrensel tasarım anlayışı bağlamında literatürde kabul görmüş 7 prensip temel alınarak incelenmiştir. Özgün halinde farklı işlevlerle inşa edilmiş, günümüzdeyse müze olarak kullanılan yapıların farklı özellikteki kullanıcılar tarafından yeterince deneyimlenemediği saptanmıştır. Bu yapılarda engelli kullanıcılar için çözüm önerileri geliştirildiği tespit edilmesine rağmen, uygulanan çözümlerin farklı özellikteki kullanıcıları ayrımcılığa sebep olmadan ve mekânları yardım almadan kullanabilmesi için yeterli olmadığı dikkati çekmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmada; yeniden işlevlendirilme çalışmalarında hem kültürel miras hem de evrensel tasarımın ortak payda da buluşturulması ihtiyacı görülmektedir. Uygulanacak çözümlerin hem kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak, hem de kültürel mirasa zarar vermeyecek nitelikte olması gerektiği vurgulanmak istenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Erişilebilirlik
• kültürel miras
• yeniden kullanım
• evrensel tasarım
• kullanıcı deneyimi

Kaynakça

1. ADA (Americans With Disabilities Act), Standards for Accesible Design Depatment of Justice, USA, 2010. http://www.ada.gov
2. Alagöz, M. (2017). Giving function to obsolete industrial areas to increase urban value: Bursa Merinos Cultural Centre and Park. International Refereed Journal of Design and Architecture, (10), 219–237. https://doi.org/10.17365/TMD.2017.1.004.x
3. Andy, D. (2014). Building for everyone: A universal design approach. Centre for Excellence in Universal Design National Disability Authority. https://universaldesign.ie/built-environment/building-for-everyone/
4. Aras, A. (2020). Accessibility analysis of reused historical museum for physically disabled people: Museum buildings in Bursa. International Refereed Journal of Design and Architecture, 21, 56–90. https://doi.org/10.17365/TMD.2020.21.6
5. Aslaksen, F., Bergh, S., Bringa, OR., & Heggem, EK. (1997). Universal design: Planning and design for all. The Norwegian State Council on Disability. March 17, 2023, https://www.independentliving.org/docs1/nscd1997.html
6. Aydın, ÖA. (2014). Conservation-living transformation of historic industrial areas in Italy: Evaluations on current projects. Mimarlık, 378. June 18, 2021, http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=392&RecID=3440
7. Çağlayan Gümüş, D (Ed.) (2020). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Family and Social Services Accessibility Guide, Uzman Publishing.
8. Çepehan, İ., & Güller, E. (2020). Accessible design for all within the scope of universal design. Journal of Social Policy Studies, “Accessibility” Special Issue, 2, 383–410. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.818236

9. Dostoğlu, N., Şahin, E., & Taneli, Y. (2009). Inclusive approach to design: Design for all universal design: Definitions, goals, principles. Mimarlık, 347. http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=361&RecID=2062
10. Duncan, R. (2006). Universal design and overview of Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University. Japan Railway & Transport Review, 45, 232–237. Retrieved from https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr45/pdf/f32_dun.pdf
11. Evcil, A. N. (2014). Design for everyone: Universal design. Boğaziçi Publishing.
12. Imrie, R. (2014). Designing inclusive environments and the significance of universal design. Disabling barriers–enabling environments (pp. 287–296). London: Sage Publications.
13. Imrie, R., & Hall, P. (2003). Inclusive design: Designing and developing accessible environments. Taylor & Francis.
14. İslamoğlu, Ö. (2018). The structure-function coherence in the reuse of historical buildings: Rize museum sample. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 7(5), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i5.1573
15. Kristl, Ž., Temeljotov Salaj, A., & Roumboutsos, A. (2020). Sustainability and universal design aspects in heritage building refurbishment. Facilities, 38(9/10), 599–623. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-07-2018-0081
16. Kurak Açıcı, F., Ertaş, Ş., & Koç, S. (2018). Circulation with accessibility concept: Trabzon Forum Shopping Centre case. Online Journal of Art and Design, 6(2), 33–47. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from http://www.adjournal.net/articles/62/623.pdf
17. Ma, P., Li, X., & Lan, DA. (2023). Dual strategy in the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage buildings: The Shanghai West Bund Waterfront Refurbishment. Buildings, 13(7), 1582. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071582
18. Marín-Nicolás, J., Sáez-Pérez, MP., Tajani, F., & Sica, F. (2023). Analysis of the accessibility improvement index in urban areas through heritage buildings used as museums—Case studies in the region of Murcia (Spain). Sustainability, 15, 13517. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813517
19. Neufert, E. & Neufert, P. (2012). Neufert: Architects’ Data, Translated: David Sturge, Fourth Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
20. Pritchard, E. (2014). Body size and the built environment: Creating an inclusive built environment using universal design. Geography Compass, 8(1), 63–73.
21. Sungur Ergenoğlu, A. (2013). Inclusion in Architecture: Design for All, Yıldız Technical University.
22. TS 12576 Urban roads - Design Rules for Structural Measures and Markings for Accessibility on Pavements and Pedestrian Crossings. TSE Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Türkiye, 2000. (in Turkish)
23. TS 9111 Accessibility Requirements in Buildings for Persons with Disabilities and Mobility Impairments. TSE Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Türkiye, 2000. (in Turkish)
24. Türkyılmaz, E., & İskender, E. (2018). An Analysis of Accessibility in Architectural Design in terms of Wheel Chair Users, Megaron, 13, 2, 297-323.
25. URL- 1. (June 18, 2021). The Ronald L. Mace Universal Design Institute. Principles of Universal Design. https://www.udinstitute.org/principles
26. URL- 2. (February 20, 2024). The Centre for Excellence in Universal Design (CEUD). https://universaldesign.ie/
27. URL- 3 (December 13, 2019). Bursa Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. http://www.bursakulturturizm.gov.tr/TR-70230/tarihce.html
28. URL- 4. (December 13, 2019). Bursa Metropolitan Municipality City Museum. http://www.bursamuze.com/bursa-kent-muzesi-496/
29. URL- 5. (February 21, 2020). Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Textile Industry Museum. http://tekstilmuzesi.bursa.bel.tr/muze/
30. URL- 6. (December 15, 2019). Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Karagöz Museum. http://karagozmuzesi.bursa.bel.tr/
31. URL- 7. (December 25, 2019). Tophane Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School. http://tophanemtal.meb.k12.tr
32. URL- 8. (January 5, 2020). Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Muradiye Quran and Manuscripts Museum. https://www.bursamuze.com/muradiye-medresesi-kuran-ve-el-yazmalari-muzesi-990/
33. URL- 9. (December 13, 2019). TOFAŞ Anatolian Cars Museum. http://www.tofasanadoluarabalarimuzesi.com/
34. URL- 10. (Decmeber 23, 2019). The Madrasa of Şair Ahmet Pasha. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/bursa/kulturenvanteri/sair-ahmed-pasa-medresesi
35. URL-11. (July 6, 2024) Museum Definition.https://icom.museum/en/resources/standards-guidelines/museum-definition/
36. Yi, E., Jeon, S.-W., & Oh, A. (2022). Development of evaluation indicators for sports facilities for people with disabilities considering the universal design: Focusing on the Republic of Korea. Healthcare, 10, 2151. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10112151